544
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Emerging Topics in Nutrition

Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) on Cardiometabolic Parameters in Patients with Dyslipidemia: A Randomized, Add-on Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 244-251 | Received 08 Jul 2023, Accepted 04 Sep 2023, Published online: 14 Sep 2023

References

  • Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):937–52. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9.
  • Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, Neaton JD, Castelli WP, Knoke JD, Jacobs DR, Bangdiwala S, Tyroler HA. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation. 1989;79(1):8–15. doi:10.1161/01.cir.79.1.8.
  • Sarwar N, Danesh J, Eiriksdottir G, Sigurdsson G, Wareham N, Bingham S, Boekholdt SM, Khaw K-T, Gudnason V. Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 Western prospective studies. Circulation. 2007;115(4):450–8. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.637793.
  • Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM. Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. JAMA. 2007;298(3):309–16. doi:10.1001/jama.298.3.309.
  • Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CNB, Brewer HB, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, Pasternak RC, Smith SC, Stone NJ, American Heart Association, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110(2):227–39. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E.
  • Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, Goldberg AC, Gordon D, Levy D, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S1–S45. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a.
  • Pearson TA, Laurora I, Chu H, Kafonek S. The lipid treatment assessment project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidemic patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(4):459–67. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.4.459.
  • Pearson TA. The undertreatment of LDL-cholesterol: addressing the challenge. Int J Cardiol. 2000;74 Suppl 1(1):S23–S8. doi:10.1016/s0167-5273(99)00108-4.
  • Velarde GP, Choudhary N, Bravo-Jaimes K, Smotherman C, Sherazi S, Kraemer DF. Effect of atorvastatin on lipogenic, inflammatory and thrombogenic markers in women with the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;31(2):634–40. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.10.002.
  • Deedwania P, Murphy SA, Scheen A, Badariene J, Pineda AL, Honarpour N, Keech AC, Sever PS, Pedersen TR, Sabatine MS, et al. Efficacy and safety of PCSK9 inhibition with evolocumab in reducing cardiovascular events in patients with metabolic syndrome receiving statin therapy: secondary analysis from the FOURIER randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(2):139–47. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3151.
  • Sampson UK, Fazio S, Linton MF. Residual cardiovascular risk despite optimal LDL cholesterol reduction with statins: the evidence, etiology, and therapeutic challenges. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2012;14(1):1–10. doi:10.1007/s11883-011-0219-7.
  • Ridker PM, Genest J, Boekholdt SM, Libby P, Gotto AM, Nordestgaard BG, Mora S, MacFadyen JG, Glynn RJ, Kastelein JJP, et al. HDL cholesterol and residual risk of first cardiovascular events after treatment with potent statin therapy: an analysis from the JUPITER trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9738):333–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60713-1.
  • Ballantyne CM, Houri J, Notarbartolo A, Melani L, Lipka LJ, Suresh R, Sun S, LeBeaut AP, Sager PT, Veltri EP, et al. Effect of ezetimibe coadministered with atorvastatin in 628 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Circulation. 2003;107(19):2409–15. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000068312.21969.C8.
  • Davidson MH, Rosenson RS, Maki KC, Nicholls SJ, Ballantyne CM, Mazzone T, Carlson DM, Williams LA, Kelly MT, Camp HS, et al. Effects of fenofibric acid on carotid intima-media thickness in patients with mixed dyslipidemia on atorvastatin therapy: randomized, placebo-controlled study (FIRST). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(6):1298–306. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302926.
  • McKenney JM. Combination treatment with atorvastatin plus niacin provides effective control of complex dyslipidemias: a literature review. Postgrad Med. 2012;124(1):7–20. doi:10.3810/pgm.2012.01.2513.
  • Famurewa AC, Ekeleme-Egedigwe CA, Nwali SC, Agbo NN, Obi JN, Ezechukwu GC. Dietary supplementation with virgin coconut oil improves lipid profile and hepatic antioxidant status and has potential benefits on cardiovascular risk indices in normal rats. J Diet Suppl. 2018;15(3):330–42. doi:10.1080/19390211.2017.1346031.
  • Babu AS, Veluswamy SK, Arena R, Guazzi M, Lavie CJ. Virgin coconut oil and its potential cardioprotective effects. Postgrad Med. 2014;126(7):76–83. doi:10.3810/pgm.2014.11.2835.
  • Famurewa AC, Ejezie FE. Polyphenols isolated from virgin coconut oil attenuate cadmium-induced dyslipidemia and oxidative stress due to their antioxidant properties and potential benefits on cardiovascular risk ratios in rats. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2018;8(1):73–84.
  • Arunima S, Rajamohan T. Virgin coconut oil improves hepatic lipid metabolism in rats–compared with copra oil, olive oil and sunflower oil. Indian J Exp Biol. 2012;50(11):802–9.
  • Nevin KG, Rajamohan T. Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro LDL oxidation. Clin Biochem. 2004;37(9):830–5. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.04.010.
  • Cardoso DA, Moreira AS, de Oliveira GM, Raggio Luiz R, Rosa G. A coconut extra virgin oil-rich diet increases Hdl cholesterol and decreases waist circumference and body mass in coronary artery disease patients. Nutr Hosp. 2015;32(5):2144–52.
  • Chinwong S, Chinwong D, Mangklabruks A. Daily consumption of virgin coconut oil increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:7251562–8. doi:10.1155/2017/7251562.
  • Neelakantan N, Seah JYH, van Dam RM. The effect of coconut oil consumption on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Circulation. 2020;141(10):803–14. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043052.
  • Harris M, Hutchins A, Fryda L. The impact of virgin coconut oil and high-oleic safflower oil on body composition, lipids, and inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women. J Med Food. 2017;20(4):345–51. doi:10.1089/jmf.2016.0114.
  • Teramoto T, Sasaki J, Ueshima H, Egusa G, Kinoshita M, Shimamoto K, Daida H, Biro S, Hirobe K, Funahashi T, et al. Diagnostic criteria for dyslipidemia. Executive summary of Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guideline for diagnosis and prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases for Japanese. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2007;14(4):155–8. doi:10.5551/jat.e537.
  • Goff DC, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D’Agostino RB, Gibbons R, Greenland P, Lackland DT, Levy D, O’Donnell CJ, et al. ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S49–S73. 2014doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98.
  • Yahyavi H, Kaykhaii M, Hashemi M. A rapid spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of malondialdehyde in human plasma after its derivatization with thiobarbituric acid and vortex assisted liquid–liquid microextraction. RSC Adv. 2016;6(3):2361–7. doi:10.1039/C5RA22079C.
  • Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Dis Model Mech. 2009;2(5-6):231–7. doi:10.1242/dmm.001180.
  • Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112(17):2735–52. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404.
  • St-Onge MP, Bosarge A, Goree LL, Darnell B. Medium chain triglyceride oil consumption as part of a weight loss diet does not lead to an adverse metabolic profile when compared to olive oil. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27(5):547–52. doi:10.1080/07315724.2008.10719737.
  • Jadhav HB, Annapure US. Triglycerides of medium-chain fatty acids: a concise review. J Food Sci Technol. 2023;60(8):2143–52. doi:10.1007/s13197-022-05499-w.
  • Wang Y, Liu Z, Han Y, Xu J, Huang W, Li Z. Medium Chain Triglycerides enhances exercise endurance through the increased mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism. PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0191182. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191182.
  • Adeyemi WJ, Olayaki LA, Abdussalam TA, Toriola AP, Olowu AB, Yakub AJ, Raji AO. Investigation of the effects of dietary modification in experimental obesity: low dose of virgin coconut oil has a potent therapeutic value. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;126:110110. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110110.
  • Nevin KG, Rajamohan T. Influence of virgin coconut oil on blood coagulation factors, lipid levels and LDL oxidation in cholesterol fed Sprague–Dawley rats. e-SPEN. 2008;3(1):e1–e8. doi:10.1016/j.eclnm.2007.09.003.
  • Arunima S, Rajamohan T. Effect of virgin coconut oil enriched diet on the antioxidant status and paraoxonase 1 activity in ameliorating the oxidative stress in rats - a comparative study. Food Funct. 2013;4(9):1402–9. doi:10.1039/c3fo60085h.
  • Chen X, Kim DI, Moon HG, Chu M, Lee K. Coconut oil alleviates the oxidative stress-mediated inflammatory response via regulating the mapk pathway in particulate matter-stimulated alveolar macrophages. Molecules. 2022;27(9):2898. doi:10.3390/molecules27092898.
  • Jose SP, K IM, Ratheesh M, Asha S, Sandya S, Rajmohan V. Polyphenolic fraction of virgin coconut oil inhibits the inflammatory response in oxidized LDL activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by modulating TLR/NF-κB signaling pathways. Eur J Integr Med. 2017;10:59–65. doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2017.01.004.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.