Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation and Post-Exercise Recovery: An Overview of Systematic Reviews

References

• Harper AE, Miller RH, Block KP. Branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr. 1984;4(1):409–54. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rennie MJ, Tipton KD. Protein and amino acid metabolism during and after exercise and the effects of nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr. 2000;20(1):457–83. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.457.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blomstrand E, Eliasson J, Karlsson HKR, Köhnke R. Branched-chain amino acids activate key enzymes in protein synthesis after physical exercise. J Nutr. 2006;136(1 Suppl):269S–73S. doi:10.1093/jn/136.1.269S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipton KD, Ferrando AA, Phillips SM, Doyle D, Jr, Wolfe RR. Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. Am J Physiol. 1999;276(4):E628–E634. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.4.E628.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicastro H, da Luz CR, Chaves DFS, Bechara LRG, Voltarelli VA, Rogero MM, Lancha AH. Does branched-chain amino acids supplementation modulate skeletal muscle remodeling through inflammation modulation? Possible mechanisms of action. J Nutr Metab. 2012;2012:136937–10. doi:10.1155/2012/136937.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthews DE. Observations of branched-chain amino acid administration in humans. J Nutr. 2005;135(6 Suppl):1580S–4S. doi:10.1093/jn/135.6.1580S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorissen SH, Phillips SM. Branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and skeletal muscle. Nutr Skel Muscle Elsevier. 2019:283–98.
   Google Scholar
• Fouré A, Bendahan D. Is branched-chain amino acids supplementation an efficient nutritional strategy to alleviate skeletal muscle damage? A systematic review. Nutrients. 2017;9(10):1047. doi:10.3390/nu9101047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valerio A, D’Antona G, Nisoli E. Branched-chain amino acids, mitochondrial biogenesis, and healthspan: an evolutionary perspective. Aging (Albany NY). 2011;3(5):464–78. doi:10.18632/aging.100322.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blomstrand E, Hassmén P, Ekblom B, Newsholme EA. Administration of branched-chain amino acids during sustained exercise–effects on performance and on plasma concentration of some amino acids. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1991;63(2):83–8. doi:10.1007/BF00235174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomstrand E, Hassmén P, Ek S, Ekblom B, Newsholme EA. Influence of ingesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on perceived exertion during exercise. Acta Physiol Scand. 1997;159(1):41–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-201X.1997.547327000.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fujita S, Dreyer HC, Drummond MJ, Glynn EL, Cadenas JG, Yoshizawa F, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Nutrient signalling in the regulation of human muscle protein synthesis. J Physiol. 2007;582(Pt 2):813–23. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.134593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse T, Willoughby D. Efficacy of BCAA supplementation for exercise performance and recovery: a narrative review. J Nutr Health Food Eng. 2019;9(3):128–33.
   Google Scholar
• Doma K, Singh U, Boullosa D, Connor JD. The effect of branched-chain amino acid on muscle damage markers and performance following strenuous exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2021;46(11):1303–13. doi:10.1139/apnm-2021-0110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedewa MV, Spencer SO, Williams TD, Becker ZE, Fuqua CA. Effect of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on ­muscle soreness following exercise: a meta-analysis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2019;89(5-6):348–56. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hormoznejad R, Zare Javid A, Mansoori A. Effect of BCAA supplementation on central fatigue, energy metabolism substrate and muscle damage to the exercise: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sport Sci Health. 2019;15(2):265–79. doi:10.1007/s11332-019-00542-4.
   Google Scholar
• Khemtong C, Kuo CH, Chen CY, Jaime SJ, Condello G. Does branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) supplementation attenuate muscle damage markers and soreness after resistance exercise in trained males? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):1880. PubMed PMID: 34072718; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8230327. doi:10.3390/nu13061880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinho DV, Nobari H, Faria A, Field A, Duarte D, Sarmento H. Oral branched-chain amino acids supplementation in athletes: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2022;14(19):4002. doi:10.3390/nu14194002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahimlou M, Ramezani A, Mahdipour M, Palimi E, Moradipoodeh B. Reduction of muscle injuries and improved post-exercise recovery by branched-chain amino acid supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Fasting Health. 2020;8(1):1–16. doi:10.22038/jnfh.2019.38666.1177.
   Google Scholar
• Weber MG, Dias SS, de Angelis TR, Fernandes EV, Bernardes AG, Milanez VF, Jussiani EI, de Paula Ramos S. The use of BCAA to decrease delayed-onset muscle soreness after a single bout of exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Amino Acids. 2021;53(11):1663–78. doi:10.1007/s00726-021-03089-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahimi MH, Shab-Bidar S, Mollahosseini M, Djafarian K. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and exercise-induced muscle damage in exercise recovery: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutrition. 2017;42:30–6. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.05.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcon M, Zanella PB. The effect of branched-chain amino acids supplementation in physical exercise: a systematic review of human randomized controlled trials. Sci Sports. 2022;37(5-6):393–404. doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2021.05.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira GE, Abdel-Shaheed C, Underwood M, Finnerup NB, Day RO, McLachlan A, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of antidepressants for pain in adults: overview of systematic reviews. BMJ. 2023;380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bougioukas KI, Vounzoulaki E, Mantsiou CD, Papanastasiou GD, Savvides ED, Ntzani EE, Haidich A-B. Global mapping of overviews of systematic reviews in healthcare published between 2000 and 2020: a bibliometric analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;137:58–72. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.03.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollock M, Fernandes RM, Becker LA, Pieper D, Hartling L. Chapter V: overviews of reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;6.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez-Calderon J. Overviews of systematic reviews in sports and exercise medicine: what are they and why are they important? Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(16):1005–6. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2022-106635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders TJ, McIsaac T, Douillette K, Gaulton N, Hunter S, Rhodes RE, Prince SA, Carson V, Chaput J-P, Chastin S, et al. Sedentary behaviour and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020;45(10 (Suppl. 2):S197–S217. doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates M, Gates A, Pieper D, Fernandes RM, Tricco AC, Moher D, et al. Reporting guideline for overviews of reviews of healthcare interventions: development of the PRIOR statement. BMJ. 2022;378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, Moher D, Tugwell P, Welch V, Kristjansson E, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008. doi:10.1136/bmj.j4008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santaguida PL, Keshavarz H, Carlesso LC, Lomotan M, Gross A, Macdermid JC, Walton DM. A description of the methodology used in an overview of reviews to evaluate evidence on the treatment, harms, diagnosis/classification, prognosis and outcomes used in the management of neck pain. Open Orthop J. 2013;7(1):461–72. doi:10.2174/1874325001307010461.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hartling L, Chisholm A, Thomson D, Dryden DM. A descriptive analysis of overviews of reviews published between 2000 and 2011. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49667. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard M, Montgomery P. Risk of bias in overviews of reviews: a scoping review of methodological guidance and four-item checklist. Res Synth Methods. 2017;8(1):92–108. doi:10.1002/jrsm.1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieper D, Antoine S-L, Mathes T, Neugebauer EA, Eikermann M. Systematic review finds overlapping reviews were not mentioned in every other overview. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67(4):368–75. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.11.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bougioukas KI, Diakonidis T, Mavromanoli AC, Haidich AB. ccaR: a package for assessing primary study overlap across systematic reviews in overviews. Res Synth Methods. 2023;14(3):443–54. doi:10.1002/jrsm.1610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Bracchiglione J, Meza N, Bangdiwala SI, Niño de Guzmán E, Urrútia G, Bonfill X, Madrid E. Graphical representation of overlap for overviews: groove tool. Res Synth Methods. 2022;13(3):381–8. doi:10.1002/jrsm.1557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein M. Comprehensive meta‐analysis software. Syst Rev Health Res Meta Analy Cont. 2022:535–48.
   Google Scholar
• Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor Package. J Stat Soft. 2010;36(3):1–48. doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IntHout J, Ioannidis JPA, Borm GF. The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian-Laird method. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14(1):25. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-14-25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• IntHout J, Ioannidis JPA, Rovers MM, Goeman JJ. Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016;6(7):e010247. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Aromataris E, Fernandez R, Godfrey CM, Holly C, Khalil H, Tungpunkom P. Summarizing systematic reviews: methodological development, conduct and reporting of an umbrella review approach. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015;13(3):132–40. doi:10.1097/xeb.0000000000000055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer BK, Woodard JL, White JP, Arguello EM, Haymes EM. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and indicators of muscle damage after endurance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2007;17(6):595–607. PubMed PMID: WOS:000251559700007. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.6.595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanDusseldorp TA, Escobar KA, Johnson KE, Stratton MT, Moriarty T, Cole N, McCormick JJ, Kerksick CM, Vaughan RA, Dokladny K, et al. Effect of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on recovery following acute eccentric exercise. NUTRIENTS. 2018;10(10):1389. PubMed PMID: WOS:000448821300055. doi:10.3390/nu10101389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimomura Y, Inaguma A, Watanabe S, Yamamoto Y, Muramatsu Y, Bajotto G, Sato J, Shimomura N, Kobayashi H, Mawatari K. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation before squat exercise and delayed-onset muscle soreness. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2010;20(3):236–44. PubMed PMID: WOS:000278918800007. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.20.3.236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howatson G, Hoad M, Goodall S, Tallent J, Bell PG, French DN. Exercise-induced muscle damage is reduced in resistance-trained males by branched chain amino acids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9(1):20. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenoy S, Dhawan M, Sandhu JS. Effect of chronic supplementation of branched chain amino acids on exercise-induced muscle damage in trained athletes. J Sports Sci. 2017;5:265–73.
   Google Scholar
• Moeyaert M, Ugille M, Natasha Beretvas S, Ferron J, Bunuan R, Van den Noortgate W. Methods for dealing with multiple outcomes in meta-analysis: a comparison between averaging effect sizes, robust variance estimation and multilevel meta-analysis. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2017;20(6):559–72. doi:10.1080/13645579.2016.1252189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kephart WC, Wachs TD, Thompson RM, Brooks Mobley C, Fox CD, McDonald JR, Ferguson BS, Young KC, Nie B, Martin JS, et al. Ten weeks of branched-chain amino acid supplementation improves select performance and immunological variables in trained cyclists. Amino Acids. 2016;48(3):779–89. PubMed PMID: WOS:000370817900012. doi:10.1007/s00726-015-2125-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callegari GA, Novaes JS, Neto GR, Dias I, Garrido ND, Dani C. Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase responses after different resistance and aerobic exercise protocols. J Hum Kinet. 2017;58(1):65–72. doi:10.1515/hukin-2017-0071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ra S-G, Miyazaki T, Kojima R, Komine S, Ishikura K, Kawanaka K, Honda A, Matsuzaki Y, Ohmori H. Effect of BCAA supplement timing on exercise-induced muscle soreness and damage: a pilot placebo-controlled double-blind study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;58(11):1582–91. Epub 20170922. doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07638-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radák Z, Pucsok J, Mecseki S, Csont T, Ferdinandy P. Muscle soreness-induced reduction in force generation is accompanied by increased nitric oxide content and DNA damage in human skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;26(7-8):1059–63. doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00309-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malm C. Exercise‐induced muscle damage and inflammation: fact or fiction? Acta Physiol Scand. 2001;171(3):233–9. doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.00825.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Proske U, Morgan DL. Muscle damage from eccentric exercise: mechanism, mechanical signs, adaptation and clinical applications. J Physiol. 2001;537(Pt 2):333–45. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00333.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ra S-G, Miyazaki T, Ishikura K, Nagayama H, Komine S, Nakata Y, Maeda S, Matsuzaki Y, Ohmori H. Combined effect of branched-chain amino acids and taurine supplementation on delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle damage in high-intensity eccentric exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013;10(1):51. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Street B, Byrne C, Eston R. Glutamine supplementation in recovery from eccentric exercise attenuates strength loss and muscle soreness. J Exerc Sci Fitn. 2011;9(2):116–22. doi:10.1016/S1728-869X(12)60007-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldron M, Whelan K, Jeffries O, Burt D, Howe L, Patterson SD. The effects of acute branched-chain amino acid supplementation on recovery from a single bout of hypertrophy exercise in resistance-trained athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017;42(6):630–6. PubMed PMID: WOS:000402309000009. doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Coso J, González C, Abian-Vicen J, Salinero Martín JJ, Soriano L, Areces F, Ruiz D, Gallo C, Lara B, Calleja-González J, et al. Relationship between physiological parameters and performance during a half-ironman triathlon in the heat. J Sports Sci. 2014;32(18):1680–7. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.915425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim I-S. Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplement on knee peak torque and indicators of muscle damage following isokinetic exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness. Phys Act Nutr. 2020;24(4):28–33. doi:10.20463/pan.2020.0025.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hyldahl RD, Hubal MJ. Lengthening our perspective: morphological, cellular, and molecular responses to eccentric exercise. Muscle Nerve. 2014;49(2):155–70. Epub 20131203. doi:10.1002/mus.24077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amirsasan R, Nikookheslat S, Sari-Sarraf V, Kaveh B, Letafatkar A. The effects of two different dosages of BCAA supplementation on a serum indicators of muscle damage in wrestlers. Int J Wrestl Sci. 2014;1(2):32–6. doi:10.1080/21615667.2011.10878928.
   Google Scholar
• Jackman SR, Witard OC, Jeukendrup AE, Tipton KD. Branched-chain amino acid ingestion can ameliorate soreness from eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(5):962–70. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c1b798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richens A. Proof of efficacy trials: cross-over versus parallel-group. Epilepsy Res. 2001;45(1-3):43–7. doi:10.1016/s0920-1211(01)00214-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorneles GP, Dos Passos AA, Romão PR, Peres A. New insights about regulatory T cells distribution and function with exercise: the role of immunometabolism. Curr Pharm Des. 2020;26(9):979–90. doi:10.2174/1381612826666200305125210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda K, Kinoshita M, Kayama H, Nagamori S, Kongpracha P, Umemoto E, Okumura R, Kurakawa T, Murakami M, Mikami N, et al. Slc3a2 mediates branched-chain amino-acid-dependent maintenance of regulatory T cells. Cell Rep. 2017;21(7):1824–38. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombes JS, McNaughton LR. Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase after prolonged exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2000;40(3):240–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee TI, Deniel S. Branched-chain aminoacid supplementation attenuates a decrease in power-producing ability following acute strength training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2016;56(12):1511–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto K, Koba T, Hamada K, Sakurai M, Higuchi T, Miyata H. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation attenuates muscle soreness, muscle damage and inflammation during an intensive training program. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2009;49(4):424–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieli-Conwright CM, Spektor TM, Rice JC, Sattler FR, Schroeder ET. Hormone therapy attenuates exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009;107(3):853–8. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00404.2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Areces F, González-Millán C, Salinero JJ, Abian-Vicen J, Lara B, Gallo-Salazar C, Ruiz-Vicente D, Del Coso J. Changes in serum free amino acids and muscle fatigue experienced during a half-ironman triathlon. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138376. PubMed PMID: WOS:000361604400069. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo GH, Woo J, Kang S, Shin KO. Effects of Supplementation with BCAA and L-glutamine on Blood Fatigue Factors and Cytokines in Juvenile Athletes Submitted to Maximal Intensity Rowing Performance. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(8):1241–6. doi:10.1589/jpts.26.1241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koba T, Hamada K, Sakurai M, Matsumoto K, Hayase H, Imaizumi K, et al. Branched-chain amino acids supplementation attenuates the accumulation of blood lactate dehydrogenase during distance running. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2007;47(3):316–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting P, Savović J, Higgins JPT, Caldwell DM, Reeves BC, Shea B, Davies P, Kleijnen J, Churchill R, ROBIS group ROBIS: a new tool to assess risk of bias in systematic reviews was developed. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;69:225–34. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.06.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry R, Whitmarsh A, Leach V, Davies P. A comparison of two assessment tools used in overviews of systematic reviews: ROBIS versus AMSTAR-2. Syst Rev. 2021;10(1):273. doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01819-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiedler J, Eckert T, Wunsch K, Woll A. Key facets to build up eHealth and mHealth interventions to enhance physical activity, sedentary behavior and nutrition in healthy subjects–an umbrella review. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1605. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09700-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates M, Gates A, Guitard S, Pollock M, Hartling L. Guidance for overviews of reviews continues to accumulate, but important challenges remain: a scoping review. Syst Rev. 2020;9(1):254. doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01509-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunny C, Brennan SE, McDonald S, McKenzie JE. Toward a comprehensive evidence map of overview of systematic review methods: paper 1—purpose, eligibility, search and data extraction. Syst Rev. 2017;6(1):231. doi:10.1186/s13643-017-0617-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. doi:10.1136/bmj.n71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieper D, Rombey T. Where to prospectively register a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2022;11(1):8. doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01877-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandau N, Aagaard TV, Hróbjartsson A, Harris IA, Brorson S. A meta-epidemiological study found that meta-analyses of the same trials may obtain drastically conflicting results. J Clin Epidemiol. 2023;(156)::95–104. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann HJ, GRADE Working Group GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammar A, Bailey SJ, Chtourou H, Trabelsi K, Turki M, Hökelmann A, Souissi N. Effects of pomegranate supplementation on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery in healthy adults: a systematic review. Br J Nutr. 2018;120(11):1201–16. doi:10.1017/S0007114518002696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammar A, Chtourou H, Turki M, Hammouda O, Chaari A, Boudaya M, et al. Acute and delayed responses of steroidal hormones, blood lactate and biomarkers of muscle damage after a resistance training session: time-of-day effects. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2017;58(7-8):980–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammar A, Chtourou H, Trabelsi K, Padulo J, Turki M, El Abed K, Hoekelmann A, Hakim A. Temporal specificity of training: intra-day effects on biochemical responses and Olympic-Weightlifting performances. J Sports Sci. 2015;33(4):358–68. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.944559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammar A, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Effect of time-of-day on biochemical markers in response to physical exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(1):272–82. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammar A, Chtourou H, Hammouda O, Turki M, Ayedi F, Kallel C, AbdelKarim O, Hoekelmann A, Souissi N. Relationship between biomarkers o™f muscle damage and redox status in response to a weightlifting training session: effect of time-of-day. Physiol Int. 2016;103(2):243–61. doi:10.1556/036.103.2016.2.11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammar A, Chtourou H, Hammouda O, Trabelsi K, Chiboub J, Turki M, AbdelKarim O, El Abed K, Ben Ali M, Hoekelmann A, et al. Acute and delayed responses of C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde and antioxidant markers after resistance training session in elite weightlifters: effect of time of day. Chronobiol Int. 2015;32(9):1211–22. doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1079215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radak Z, Zhao Z, Koltai E, Ohno H, Atalay M. Oxygen consumption and usage during physical exercise: the balance between oxidative stress and ROS-dependent adaptive signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013;18(10):1208–46. doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobley JN, Close GL, Bailey DM, Davison GW. Exercise redox biochemistry: conceptual, methodological and technical recommendations. Redox Biol. 2017;12:540–8. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2017.03.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B, Whiteman M. Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol. 2004;142(2):231–55. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar