754
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Factors Influencing Parental Acceptance of Trans Children and Young People: Findings from Trans Pathways

, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, , , , & ORCID Icon show all

References

  • Abreu, R. L., Rosenkrantz, D. E., Ryser-Oatman, J. T., Rostosky, S. S., & Riggle, E. D. B. (2019). Parental reactions to transgender and gender diverse children: A literature review. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 15(5), 461–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2019.1656132
  • Aramburu Alegría, C. (2018). Supporting families of transgender children/youth: Parents speak on their experiences, identity, and views. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(2), 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1450798
  • Bennett, G. G., & Glasgow, R. E. (2009). The delivery of public health interventions via the Internet: Actualizing their potential. Annual Review of Public Health, 30(1), 273–292. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.031308.100235
  • Birnkrant, J. M., & Przeworski, A. (2017). Communication, advocacy, and acceptance among support-seeking parents of transgender youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 21(2), 132–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2016.1277173
  • Bradlow, J., Bartram, F., Guasp, A., & Vasanti, J. (2017). School report: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bi and trans young people in Britain’s schools in 2017. Stonewall.
  • Bull, B., & D’Arrigo-Patrick, J. (2018). Parent experiences of a child’s social transition: Moving beyond the loss narrative. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 30(3), 170–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952833.2018.1448965
  • Bürkner, P. C. (2018). Advanced bayesian multilevel modeling with the R package brms. The R Journal, 10(1), 395. https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2018-017
  • Coolhart, D., Ritenour, K., & Grodzinski, A. (2018). Experiences of ambiguous loss for parents of transgender male youth: A phenomenological exploration. Contemporary Family Therapy, 40(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-017-9426-x
  • Costa, A. B., Silva, B. D. B., Bercht, A. M., Cerqueira-Santos, E., Koller, S. H., Catelan, R. F., DeSousa, D. A., Fontanari, A. M. V., Stucky, J. L., Seibel, B. L., & Nardi, H. C. (2018). The impact of the parental support on risk factors in the process of gender affirmation of transgender and gender diverse people. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00399
  • Di Ceglie, D., & Thümmel, E. C. (2006). An experience of group work with parents of children and adolescents with gender identity disorder. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11(3), 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104506064983
  • Durwood, L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Olson, K. R. (2017). Mental health and self-worth in socially transitioned transgender youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(2), 116–123.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.10.016
  • Evans, Y. N., Gridley, S. J., Crouch, J., Wang, A., Moreno, M. A., Ahrens, K., & Breland, D. J. (2017). Understanding online resource use by transgender youth and caregivers: A qualitative study. Transgender Health, 2(1), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2017.0011
  • Gartner, R. E., & Sterzing, P. R. (2018). Social ecological correlates of family-level interpersonal and environmental microaggressions toward sexual and gender minority adolescents. Journal of Family Violence, 33(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-017-9937-0
  • Gray, S. A. O., Sweeney, K. K., Randazzo, R., & Levitt, H. M. (2016). “Am I doing the right thing?”: Pathways to parenting a gender variant child. Family Process, 55(1), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12128
  • Gregor, C., Hingley-Jones, H., & Davidson, S. (2015). Understanding the experience of parents of pre-pubescent children with gender identity issues. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32(3), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-014-0359-z
  • Grossman, A. H., D'Augelli, A. R., Howell, T. J., & Hubbard, S. (2005). Parents’ reactions to transgender youths’ gender nonconforming expression and identity. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 18(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1300/J041v18n01_02
  • Hidalgo, M. A., & Chen, D. (2019). Experiences of gender minority stress in cisgender parents of transgender/gender-expansive prepubertal children: A qualitative study. Journal of Family Issues, 40(7), 865–886. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19829502
  • Ishii, Y. (2018). Rebuilding relationships in a transgender family: The stories of parents of Japanese transgender children. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 14(3), 213–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2017.1326015
  • Johnson, D., Sikorski, J., Savage, T. A., & Woitaszewski, S. A. (2014). Parents of youth who identify as transgender: An exploratory study. School Psychology Forum, 8(1), 56–74.
  • Johnson, K. C., LeBlanc, A. J., Deardorff, J., & Bockting, W. O. (2020). Invalidation experiences among non-binary adolescents. Journal of Sex Research, 57(2), 222–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1608422
  • Johnson, K. C., LeBlanc, A. J., Sterzing, P. R., Deardorff, J., Antin, T., & Bockting, W. O. (2020). Trans adolescents’ perceptions and experiences of their parents’ supportive and rejecting behaviors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 67(2), 156–170. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000419
  • Kane, E. W. (2006). “No way my boys are going to be like that!” Parents’ responses to children’s gender nonconformity. Gender & Society, 20(2), 149–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205284276
  • Katz-Wise, S. L., Budge, S. L., Fugate, E., Flanagan, K., Touloumtzis, C., Rood, B., Perez-Brumer, A., & Leibowitz, S. (2017). Transactional pathways of transgender identity development in transgender and gender-nonconforming youth and caregiver perspectives from the Trans Youth Family Study. The International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(3), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2017.1304312
  • Katz-Wise, S. L., Budge, S. L., Orovecz, J. J., Nguyen, B., Nava-Coulter, B., & Thomson, K. (2017). Imagining the future: Perspectives among youth and caregivers in the trans youth family study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(1), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000186
  • Katz-Wise, S. L., Ehrensaft, D., Vetters, R., Forcier, M., & Austin, S. B. (2018). Family functioning and mental health of transgender and gender-nonconforming youth in the Trans Teen and Family Narratives Project. Journal of Sex Research, 55(4–5), 582–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1415291
  • Katz-Wise, S. L., Rosario, M., & Tsappis, M. (2016). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth and family acceptance. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 63(6), 1011–1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.005
  • Kidd, K. M., Sequeira, G. M., Douglas, C., Paglisotti, T., Inwards-Breland, D. J., Miller, E., & Coulter, R. W. S. (2021). Prevalence of Gender-Diverse Youth in an Urban School District. Pediatrics, 147(6), e2020049823. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-049823
  • Koken, J. A., Bimbi, D. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2009). Experiences of familial acceptance-rejection among transwomen of color. Journal of Family Psychology: JFP: Journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43), 23(6), 853–860. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017198
  • Kuvalanka, K. A., Allen, S. H., Munroe, C., Goldberg, A. E., & Weiner, J. L. (2018). The experiences of sexual minority mothers with trans* children. Family Relations, 67(1), 70–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12226
  • Kuvalanka, K. A., Weiner, J. L., & Mahan, D. (2014). Child, family, and community transformations: Findings from interviews with mothers of transgender girls. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 10(4), 354–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2013.834529
  • Malpas, J. (2011). Between pink and blue: A Multi-Dimensional Family Approach to gender nonconforming children and their families. Family Process, 50(4), 453–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2011.01371.x
  • Maslowe, K. E., & Yarhouse, M. A. (2015). Christian parental reactions when a LGB child comes out. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 43(4), 352–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2015.1051901
  • Matsuno, E., McConnell, E., Dolan, C. V., & Israel, T. (2022). “I am fortunate to have a transgender child”: An investigation into the barriers and facilitators to support among parents of trans and nonbinary youth. LGBTQ + Family: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 18(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2021.1991541
  • McDermott, E. (2016). Queer futures final report: Understanding lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) adolescents’ suicide, self-harm and help-seeking behaviour. Retrieved from http://www.queerfutures.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Queer-Futures-Final-Report.pdf
  • McElreath, R. (2020). Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and STAN. CRC Press LLC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315372495
  • Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., DeMeules, M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities. Pediatrics, 137(3), e20153223. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3223
  • Parker, C. M., Hirsch, J. S., Philbin, M. M., & Parker, R. G. (2018). The urgent need for research and interventions to address family-based stigma and discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 63(4), 383–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.05.018
  • Platero, R. (2014). The influence of psychiatric and legal discourses on parents of gender-nonconforming children and trans youths in Spain. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 10(1–2), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2014.857232
  • Pullen Sansfaçon, A., Kirichenko, V., Holmes, C., Feder, S., Lawson, M. L., Ghosh, S., Ducharme, J., Temple Newhook, J., & Suerich-Gulick, F. (2020). Parents’ journeys to acceptance and support of gender-diverse and trans children and youth. Journal of Family Issues, 41(8), 1214–1236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19888779
  • Pullen Sansfaçon, A., Medico, D., Gelly, M., Kirichenko, V., & Suerich-Gulick, F. (2021). Blossoming child, mourning parent: A qualitative study of trans children and their parents navigating transition. Journal of Child and Family Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02178-w
  • Pullen Sansfaçon, A., Robichaud, M.-J., & Dumais-Michaud, A.-A. (2015). The experience of parents who support their children’s gender variance. Journal of LGBT Youth, 12(1), 39–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2014.935555
  • Pyne, J. (2016). “Parenting is not a job … it’s a relationship”: Recognition and relational knowledge among parents of gender non-conforming children. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 27(1), 21–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2016.1108139
  • Rahilly, E. P. (2015). The gender binary meets the gender-variant child: Parents’ negotiations with childhood gender variance. Gender & Society, 29(3), 338–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243214563069
  • Resnick, M. D., Bearman, P. S., Blum, R. W., Bauman, K. E., Harris, K. M., Jones, J., Tabor, J., Beuhring, T., Sieving, R. E., Shew, M., Ireland, M., Bearinger, L. H., & Udry, J. R. (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm. Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. JAMA, 278(10), 823–832. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.278.10.823
  • Rider, G. N., McMorris, B. J., Gower, A. L., Coleman, E., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2018). Health and care utilization of transgender and gender nonconforming youth: a population-based study. Pediatrics, 141(3), e20171683. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1683
  • Riggs, D. W., & Due, C. (2015). Support experiences and attitudes of Australian parents of gender variant children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(7), 1999–2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9999-z
  • Riley, E. A., Sitharthan, G., Clemson, L., & Diamond, M. (2011). The needs of gender-variant children and their parents: A parent survey. International Journal of Sexual Health, 23(3), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2011.593932
  • Riley, E. A., Sitharthan, G., Clemson, L., & Diamond, M. (2013). Recognising the needs of gender-variant children and their parents. Sex Education, 13(6), 644–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2013.796287
  • Rohner, R., Khaleque, A., & Cournoyer, D. (2003). Cross-national perspectives on Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory. Marriage & Family Review, 35(3–4), 85–105. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v35n03_06
  • Rohner, R. P., Khaleque, A., & Cournoyer, D. E. (2005). Parental Acceptance-Rejection: Theory, methods, cross-cultural evidence, and implications. Ethos, 33(3), 299–334.
  • Ryan, C., Russell, S. T., Huebner, D., Diaz, R., & Sanchez, J. (2010). Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing : official Publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, Inc, 23(4), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2010.00246.x
  • Ryan, K. (2018). Parenting outside the gender box: Raising the gender-nonconforming child [Ph.D.]. University of California.
  • Saeger, K. (2006). Finding our way: Guiding a young transgender child. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 2(3–4), 207–245. https://doi.org/10.1300/J461v02n03_11
  • Sansfaçon, A. P., Hébert, W., Lee, E. O. J., Faddoul, M., Tourki, D., & Bellot, C. (2018). Digging beneath the surface: Results from stage one of a qualitative analysis of factors influencing the well-being of trans youth in Quebec. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(2), 184–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1446066
  • Schlehofer, M. M., Cortez-Regan, L., & Harbaugh, J. (2020). “If extended family can’t deal…” Disclosing trans and gender non-conforming children’s identity. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-020-00709-w
  • Simons, L., Schrager, S. M., Clark, L. F., Belzer, M., & Olson, J. (2013). Parental support and mental health among transgender adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 53(6), 791–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.019
  • Spivey, L. A., Huebner, D. M., & Diamond, L. M. (2018). Parent responses to childhood gender nonconformity: Effects of parent and child characteristics. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5(3), 360–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000279
  • Strauss, P., Cook, A., Winter, S., Watson, V., Wright-Toussaint, D., & Lin, A. (2017). Trans-pathways: The mental health experiences and care pathways of trans young people. Telethon Kids Institute.
  • Testoni, I., & Pinducciu, M. A. (2019). Grieving those who still live: Loss experienced by parents of transgender children. Gender Studies, 18(1), 142–162. https://doi.org/10.2478/genst-2020-0011
  • Thomas, D. R. (2006). A General Inductive Approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214005283748
  • Travers, R., Bauer, G., Pyne, J., Bradley, K., Gale, L., & Papadimitriou, M. (2012). Impacts of strong parental support for trans youth. TransPulse.
  • van Buuren, S., & Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K. (2011). Mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 45(3), 1–67. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v045.i03
  • Veale, J. F., Peter, T., Travers, R., & Saewyc, E. M. (2017). Enacted stigma, mental health, and protective factors among transgender youth in Canada. Transgender Health, 2(1), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2017.0031
  • Veale, J. F., Watson, R. J., Peter, T., & Saewyc, E. M. (2017). Mental health disparities among Canadian transgender youth. The Journal of Adolescent Health : official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 60(1), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.09.014
  • Wallace, W., & Drake, S. J. (2018). A qualitative study of transgender children with early social transition: parent perspectives and clinical implications. PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 1970–1985. https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2017.32.19701985
  • Westwater, J. J., Riley, E. A., & Peterson, G. M. (2019). What about the family in youth gender diversity? A literature review. The International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(4), 351–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1652130
  • Wilson, E. C., Iverson, E., Garofalo, R., & Belzer, M. (2012). Parental support and condom use among transgender female youth. The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care: JANAC, 23(4), 306–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2011.09.001
  • Wren, B. (2002). ‘I can accept my child is transsexual but if I ever see him in a dress I’ll hit him’: Dilemmas in parenting a transgendered adolescent. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(3), 377–397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007003006
  • Zhou, X., & Reiter, J. P. (2010). A note on Bayesian inference after multiple imputation. The American Statistician, 64(2), 159–163.
  • Zubrick, S. R., Hafekost, J., Johnson, S. E., Lawrence, D., Saw, S., Sawyer, M., Ainley, J., & Buckingham, W. J. (2016). Suicidal behaviours: Prevalence estimates from the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(9), 899–910. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415622563

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.