References
- Abd-Alrazaq, A., Alhuwail, D., Househ, M., Hamdi, M., & Shah, Z. (2020). Top concerns of tweeters during the COVID-19 pandemic: Infoveillance study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(4), e19016. https://doi.org/10.2196/19016
- Africaportal (2020). COVID-19: Implications for the ‘digital divide’ in Africa. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from https://www.africaportal.org/features:https://www.africaportal.org/features/covid-19-implications-of-the-pandemic-for-the-digital-divide-in-africa/
- Alwashmi, M. (2020). The use of digital health in the detection and management of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2906–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082906
- Aranda-Jan, C., Mohutsiwa-Dibe, N., & Loukanova, S. (2014). Systematic review on what works, what does not work and why of implementation of mobile health (mHealth) projects in Africa. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-188
- Barutçu, S. (2019). mHealth apps are design using quality function deployment. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 32(4), 698–708. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-08-2018-0195
- Baskerville, R. (2008). What design science is not. Eur J Inform Syst, 17(5), 441–443. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2008.45
- Burger, A. (2014). Gartner: Mobile App Downloads To Exceed 268 Billion. Gartner. Retrieved October 22 2021, from https://www.telecompetitor.com:https://www.telecompetitor.com/gartner-mobile-app-downloads-exceed-268-billion/
- Busvine, D. (2020). Covid-19: Germany launches smartwatch app to monitor coronavirus spread. https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2020/04/07/covid-19-germany-launches-smartwatch-app-to-monitor-coronavirus-spread
- CDC. (2021). Coronavirus Self-Checker. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/coronavirus-self-checker.html#
- Ceci, L. (2021). Global year-over-year change in mobile app opens 2020 by vertical. Statista. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://www.statista.com/statistics:https://www.statista.com/statistics/1170488/yoy-percent-change-mobile-app-vertical/
- Chaparadza, A. (2019). Zimbabwe now has the most expensive mobile data in the world – report. Techzim. Retrieved August 12, 2021, from https://www.techzim.co.zw:https://www.techzim.co.zw/2019/03/zimbabwe-now-has-the-most-expensive-data-in-the-world-report/
- Chronicle. (2016). 1 doctor, 250 000 patients. Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://chronicle.co.zw:https://www.chronicle.co.zw/1-doctor-250-000-patients/
- Craig, J., & Patterson, V. (2005). Practice of telemedicine. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 11(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X0501100102
- Das, S. (2020). Corontine platform by IIT profs to help govt and private firms build COVID-19 tracker. https://www.news18.com/news/tech/corontine-platform-by-iit-profs-to-help-govt-private-firms-build-covid-19-trackers-2555947.html
- Dzinamarira, T., Chisungo, I., & Dzobo, M. (2020). COVID-19: A perspective for lifting lockdown in Zimbabwe. Pan Africa Medical Journal, 35(2), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.35.2.23059
- Gregor, S., & Jones, D. (2007). The anatomy of a design theory. J Assoc Inform Syst Online, 8(5), 312–335. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00129
- Grobbelaar, S. S., & Uriona-Maldonado, M. (2019). Using technology to improve access to healthcare: The case of the MomConnect programme in South Africa. Local Economy, 34(8), 838–852. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094219897544
- Hevner, A. R., & March, S. (2003). The information systems research cycle. IT Systems Perspective, 36(11), 111–113. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2003.1244541
- HIMSS. (2018). What is Interoperability? https://www.himss.org:https://www.himss.org/library/interoperability-standards/what-is-interoperability
- Hussain, A., Mkpojiogu, E., Abubakar, H., & Hassan, M. (2017). The usability evaluation of Mudah.my on mobile device. The 2nd International Conference on Applied Science and Technology 2017 (ICAST’17) (pp. 020058-1–020058–7). AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5005391
- Iivari, N., Sharma, S., & Ventä-Olkkonen, L. (2020). Digital transformation of everyday life – How COVID-19 pandemic transformed the basic education of the young generation, and why information management research should care? International Journal of Information Management, 55, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102183
- Karahoca, D., Karahoca, A., Ozdemir, N., & Karaosmanoğlu, B. (2017). Designing prototype model to support language development of autistic learners in early childhood. RED. Revista de Educación a Distancia, 53(9), 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/red/53/9
- Khalil, M., Wong, J., Baars, M., Zafar, F., & Wasson, B. (2019). Evaluating the Usability of a Study Support Mobile App for Higher Education. World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning, (pp. 85–93).
- Knighton, A., Brunisholz, K., & Savitz, S. (2017). Detecting risk of low health literacy in disadvantaged populations using area-based measures. EGEMS the Journal for Electronic Health Data and Methods, 5(3), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.5334/egems.1
- Kruse, C., Betancourt, J., Ortiz, S., Luna, S., Bamrah, I., & Segovia, N. (2019). Barriers to the use of mobile health in improving health outcomes in developing countries: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(10), e13263. https://doi.org/10.2196/13263
- Kuechler, B., & Vaishnavi, V. (2008). On theory development in design science research: Anatomy of a research project. Eur J Inform Syst, 17(5), 489–504. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2008.40
- Labrique, A., Vasudevan, L., Kochi, E., Fabricant, R., & Mehl, G. (2013). mHealth innovations as health system strengthening tools: 12 common applications and a visual framework. Glob Health Sci Pract, 1(2), 160–171. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00031
- Lee, J., Kim, D., Ryoo, H.-Y., & Shin, B.-S. (2016). Sustainable wearables: Wearable technology for enhancing the quality of human life. Sustainability, 8(466), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050466
- Levine, D., Co, Z., Newmark, P., Groisser, A., Holmgren, A., Haas, J., & Bates, D. (2020). Design and testing of a mobile health application rating tool. Npj Digital Medicine, 3(74), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0268-9
- Maphosa, V. (2020). Using MyLSU app to enhance student engagement and promote a smart town at a rural university in Zimbabwe. Cogent Education, 7(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2020.1823143
- Maphosa, V. (2021). COVID-19 and the digital ecosystem: Using a mobile app to connect a rural community. Aquademia, 5(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.21601/aquademia/9580
- Maphosa, V., & Dube, B. (2021). Local language numeracy kindergarten prototype design to support home-based learning during and post COVID-19 pandemic. Contemporary Educational Technology, 13(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/10846
- Maramba, I., Chatterjee, A., & Newman, C. (2019). Methods of usability testing in the development of eHealth applications: A scoping review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 126, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.03.018
- Mbuagbaw, L., Mursleen, S., Lytvyn, L., Smieja, M., Dolovich, L., & Thabane, L. (2015). Mobile phone text messaging interventions for HIV and other chronic diseases: An overview of systematic reviews and framework for evidence transfer. BMC Health Services Research, 1(15), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-014-0654-6
- McKay, F., Cheng, C., Wright, A., Shill, J., Stephens, H., & Uccellini, M. (2018). Evaluating mobile phone applications for health behaviour change: A systematic review. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 24(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/135763
- mhealth-hub. (2020). Open-coronavirus. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://mhealth-hub.org/open-coronavirus
- Mosa, A., Yoo, I., & Sheets, L. (2012). A systematic review of healthcare applications for smartphones. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 12(67), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6947-12-67
- Mubeen, M., Iqbal, M., Junaid, M., Sajjad, M., Naqvi, M., Khan, B., & Tahir, M. (2021). Usability evaluation of pandemic health care mobile applications. In IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 704 (pp. 1–9). IOP.
- Muhamba, V. (2020). Zimbabwe’s internet penetration rate is at 59.9% according to the POTRAZ report. Potraz. https://www.techzim.co.zw:https://www.techzim.co.zw/2020/12/zimbabwes-internet-penetration-rate-is-at-59-9-according-to-potraz-report/
- Nguyen, C., Saputra, Y., Van Huynh, N., Nguyen, N., Khoa, T., Tuan, B., Ottersten, B., Hoang, D. T., Vu, T. X., Dutkiewicz, E., Chatzinotas, S., & Ottersten, B. (2020). A comprehensive survey of enabling and emerging technologies for social distancing–Part I: Fundamentals and enabling technologies. IEEE Access, 8, 153479–153507. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3018140
- Niederman, F., & March, S. (2012). Design science and the accumulation of knowledge in the information systems discipline. ACM Trans. Manag. Inform. Syst, 3(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/2151163.2151164
- Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability engineering. (M. Kaufmann, Ed.). Elsevier.
- OCHA. (2020). Zimbabwe situation report, 4 Dec 2020. https://reliefweb.int/:https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-situation-report-4-dec-2020
- Ogunkola, I., Adebisi, Y., Imo, U., Odey, G., Esu, E., & Lucero-Prisno, D. (2020). Rural communities in Africa should not be forgotten in responses to COVID −19. Int J Health Plann Mgmt, 35(6), 1302–13059. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.303
- Oluoch, T., & de Keizer, N. (2016). Evaluation of health IT in low-income countries. In M. R. E. Ammenwerth (Ed.), Evidence-Based Health Informatics: Promoting Safety and Efficiency Through Scientific Methods and Ethical Policy (pp. 324–335). IOS Press.
- Pankomera, R., & van Greunen, D. (2018). Model for implementing sustainable mHealth applications in a resource-constrained setting: A case of Malawi. Electron J Inf Syst Dev Ctries, 84(2), e12019. https://doi.org/10.1002/isd2.12019
- Peffers, K., Tuunanen, T., & Niehaves, B. (2018). Design science research genres: Introduction to the special issue on exemplars and criteria for applicable design science research. European Journal of Information Systems, 27(2), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2018.1458066
- POTRAZ. (2017). Postal and telecommunications sector performance report. Retrieved May 11, 2020, from https://t3n9sm.c2.acecdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Sector-Perfomance-report-4th-Quarter-2017-abridged-rev15March2018-1.pdf
- Poushter, J. (2016). Smartphone Ownership and Internet Usage Continues to Climb in Emerging Economies. Pew Research Center. http://www.pewglobal.org:http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/02/22/internet-access-growing-worldwide-but-remains-higher-in-advanced-economies
- Sagar, M. (2020). Malaysia Government next to launch app to monitor the COVID-19 outbreak. Retrieved from OpenGov Asia: https://www.opengovasia.com/malaysia-government-next-to-launch-app-to-monitor-covid-19-outbreak/
- Schnall, R., Rojas, M., Bakken, S., Brown, W., Mosley, J., Mosley, J., Travers, J., Mosley, J. P., & Travers, J. (2016). A user-centred model for designing consumer mobile health applications (apps). Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 60, 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2016.02.002
- Senteio, R. (2019). Promoting access to health information A method to support older African Americans with diabetes. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 71(6), 806–820. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJIM-02-2019-0043
- Sezgin, S. 2020. Bridging the digital divide through ODL. In G. Ubachs (Ed.), The Envisioning Report for Empowering Universities 4th edition, 18–20. European Association of Distance Teaching Universities. https://empower.eadtu.eu/images/report/The_Envisioning_Report_for_EMPOWERING_Universities_4th_Edition_2020.pdf
- Singh, K., & Landman, B. (2017). Mobile health. In A. Sheikh, M. Cresswell, A. Wright, & W. Bates (Eds.), Key Advances in Clinical Informatics (pp. 183–196). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809523-2.00013-3
- Singh, V., Chandna, H., Kumar, A., Kumar, S., Upadhyay, N., & Utkarsh, K. (2020). IoT-Q-band: A low cost internet of things-based wearable band to detect and track absconding COVID-19 quarantine subjects. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things, 6(21), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.13-7-2018.163997
- Sophia, L., Xianhan, J., P.s, S., William Yang, I. C., & Claude, I. (2021). Lessons on mobile apps for COVID-19 from China. Journal of Safety Science and Resilience, 2(2), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlssr.2021.04.002
- Steinhubl, S., Muse, E., & Topol, E. (2013). Can mobile health technologies transform health care? Jama, 310(22), 2395. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281078
- Vaishnavi, V., & Kuechler, W. (2015). Design science research methods and patterns: Innovating information and communication technology (Second edition ed.). ed.). FL: CRC Press.
- van Rensburg, J., & Vermaak, C. (2017). Designing a mobile application for agricultural knowledge management: A DSR approach. Proceedings of the 16th World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning October 2017 (pp. 1–8). Larnaca, Cyprus: ACM.
- Vashist, S., Luppa, P., Yeo, L., Ozcan, A. J. H., & Luong, A. (2015). Emerging technologies for Next-Generation Point-of-Care testing. Trends in Biotechnology, 33(11), 692–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.001
- Verhagen, L., de Groot, R., Lawrence, C., Taljaard, J., Cotton, M., & Rabie, H. (2020). COVID-19 response in low- and middle-income countries: Don’t overlook the role of mobile phone communication. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 99, 334–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.069
- Wallace, S., Clark, M., & White, J. (2012). ‘It’s on my iPhone’: Attitudes to the use of mobile computing devices in medical education, a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open, 2(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001099
- Wallis, L., Blessing, P., Dalwai, M., & Shin, S. (2017). Integrating mHealth at point of care in low- and middle-income settings: The system perspective. Global Health Action, 10(3), 1327686. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2017.1327686
- Wang, C., Horby, P., Hayden, F., & Gao, G. (2020). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet, 395(10223), 470–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9
- WHO. (2020). COVID-19 spurs health innovation in Africa. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/:https://reliefweb.int/report/world/covid-19-spurs-health-innovation-africa
- World Bank. (2016). World development report 2016: digital dividends. overview booklet
- Zhou, S., Jia, X., Skinner, S., Yang, W., & Claude, I. (2021). Lessons on mobile apps for COVID-19 from China. Journal of Safety Science and Resilience, 2(2), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlssr.2021.04.002
- Zimstats, (2014). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Household Survey 2014. http://www.zimstat.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/publications/Economic/Ict/ICT-Report-2014.pdf
- Zimstats, (2018). Poverty, income, consumption and expenditure survey 2017 report. Retrieved from Zimbabwe Statistics, Zimstat: http://www.zimstat.co.zw/sites/default/files/img/zwe-2017-pices-report.pdf