Joint modelling of health insurance, healthcare utilisation, healthcare expenditure and health status: Evidence from Ghana

References

• Aregbeshola, B. S., & Khan, S. M. (2020). Out-of-pocket health-care spending and its determinants among households in Nigeria: A national study. Journal of Public Health (Germany), 29(4), 931–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01199-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asfar, T., Ahmad, B., Rastam, S., Mulloli, T. P., Ward, K. D., & Maziak, W. (2007). Self-rated health and its determinants among adults in Syria: A model from the Middle East. BMC Public Health, 7(177), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-177
   Google Scholar
• Awoke, M. A., Negin, J., Moller, J., Farell, P., Yawson, A. E., Biritwum, R. B., & Kowal, P. (2017). Predictors of public and private healthcare utilization and associated health system responsiveness among older adults in Ghana. Global Health Action, 10(1), 1301723. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2017.1301723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baidin, V., Gerry, C. J., & Kaneva, M. (2021). How self-rated is self-rated health? Exploring the role of individual and institutional factors in reporting heterogeneity in Russia. Social Indicators Research, 155(2), 675–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02604-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilgel, F., & Karahasan, B. C. (2018). Self-rated health and primary care utilization: Is selection into healthcare endogenously determined? The Economic Research Forum; The Economic Research Forum).
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, A. C., Trivedi, P. K., Milne, F., & Piggott, J. (1988). A microeconometric model of the demand for health care and health insurance in Australia. The Review of Economic Studies, 55(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dake, F. A. A. (2018). Examining equity in health insurance coverage: An analysis of Ghana’s national health insurance scheme. International Journal for Equity in Health, 17(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-018-0793-1
   Google Scholar
• Duku, S. K. O. (2018). Differences in the determinants of health insurance enrolment among working-age adults in two regions in Ghana. BMC Health Services Research, 18(384). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3192-9
   Google Scholar
• Du, J., Yang, X., Chen, M., & Wang, Z. (2019). Socioeconomic determinants of out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditure among middle-aged and elderly adults based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey. BMJ Open, 9(7), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024936
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, B. (2007). The impact of health insurance on outpatient utilization and expenditure: Evidence from one middle-income country using national household survey data. Health Research Policy and Systems, 5(6). https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-5-6
   Google Scholar
• Fan, H., Yan, Q., Coyte, P. C., & Yu, W. (2019). Does public health insurance coverage lead to better health outcomes? Evidence from Chinese adults. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 56, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958019842000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franks, P., Gold, M. R., & Fiscella, K. (2003). Sociodemographics, self-rated health, and mortality in the US. Social Science & Medicine, 56(12), 2505–2514. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00281-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S., & Gupta, N. D. (2017). Targeting and effects of Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana on access to care and financial protection. Economic and Political Weekly, 52(4), 61–70. https://www.epw.in/journal/2017/4/special-articles/targeting-and-effects-rashtriya-swasthya-bima-yojana-access-care-and
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, M. (1972). On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. Journal of Political Economy, 80(2), 223–255. https://doi.org/10.1086/259880
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grustam, A., Vranes, A. J., Soldatovic, I., Stojicic, P., & Andersen, Z. J. (2020). Factors associated with utilization of primary and specialist healthcare services by elderly cardiovascular patients in the Republic of Serbia: A cross-sectional study from the national health survey 2013. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han-Kim, K., & Lee, M. (2016). Factors associated with health services utilization between the years 2010 and 2012 in Korea: Using Andersen’s Behavioral model. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 7(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.11.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jewell, R. T. (2009). Demand for prenatal health care in South America. Applied Economics, 41(4), 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840701604396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimani, J. K., Ettarh, R., Kyobutungi, C., Mberu, B., & Muindi, K. (2012). Determinants for participation in a public health insurance program among residents of urban slums in Nairobi, Kenya: Results from a cross-sectional survey. BMC Health Services Research, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-66
   Google Scholar
• Kusi, A., Enemark, U., Hansen, K. S., & Asante, F. A. (2015). Refusal to enrol in Ghana’s national health insurance scheme: Is affordability the problem? International Journal for Equity in Health, 14(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0130-2
   Google Scholar
• Lu, C., Chin, B., Lewandowski, J. L., Basinga, P., Hirschhorn, L. R., Hill, K., Murray, M., & Binagwaho, A. (2012). Towards universal health coverage: An evaluation of Rwanda Mutuelles in its first eight years. PLoS ONE, 7(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039282
   Google Scholar
• Malik, A. M., Syed, S. I. A., & Hammarström, A. (2012). Socio-economic determinants of household out-of-pocket payments on healthcare in Pakistan. International Journal for Equity in Health, 11(15), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-11-1
   Google Scholar
• Manning, W., Newhouse, J., Duan, N., Keeler, E., Leibowitz, A., & Marquis, M. (1987). Health insurance and the demand for medical care: Evidence from a randomized experiment. American Economic Review, 77(3), 251–277. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1804094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masiye, F., & Kaonga, O. (2016). Determinants of healthcare utilisation and out-of-pocket payments in the context of free public primary healthcare in Zambia. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 5(12), 693–703. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2016.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwami, M. N., & Oleche, M. O. (2017). Determinants of utilization of health care services in Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(10), 132–156. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i10/3367
   Google Scholar
• Nakovics, M. I., Brenner, S., Bongololo, G., Chinkhumba, J., Kalmus, O., Leppert, G., & De Allegri, M. (2020). Determinants of healthcare seeking and out-of-pocket expenditures in a ‘free’ healthcare system: Evidence from rural Malawi. Health Economics Review, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-020-00271-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newhouse, J. P. (1993). Free for all? Lessons from the Rand Health Insurance Experiment. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.7249/CB199
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, H. T. H., Rajkotia, Y., & Wang, H. (2011). The financial protection effect of Ghana National Health Insurance Scheme: Evidence from a study in two rural districts. International Journal for Equity in Health, 10(4), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-10-4
   Google Scholar
• Nsiah-Boateng, E., Prah, J. R., & Nonvignon, J. (2019). Is enrolment in the national health insurance scheme in Ghana pro-poor? Evidence from the Ghana Living Standards Survey. BMJ Open, 9(7), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, G. E. (2015). The impact of insurance coverage on consumer utilization of health services: An exploratory study. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 33(3), 276–297. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-05-2014-0061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezayatmand, R., Pavlova, M., & Groot, W. (2017). Patient payment and unhealthy behavior: A comparison across European countries. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2615105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roodman, D. (2011). Fitting fully observed recursive mixed-process models with cmp. The Stata Journal, 11(2), 159–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1101100202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salari, P., Akweongo, P., Aikins, M., & Tediosi, F. (2019). Determinants of health insurance enrolment in Ghana: Evidence from three national household surveys. Health Policy and Planning, 34(8), 582–594. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarpong, N., Loag, W., Fobil, J., Meyer, C. G., Schwarz, N. G., Schwarz, N. G., & Schwarz, N. G. (2010). National health insurance coverage and socio-economic status in a rural district of Ghana. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 15(2), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02439.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedefoğlu, G., & Soytaş, M. A. (2019). Self-reported health status: A microeconometric analysis for Turkey. Metody Ilościowe W Badaniach Ekonomicznych, 19(4), 440–451. https://orcid.org/10000-0002-7012-184X
   Google Scholar
• Sekyi, S., Aglobitse, P. B., & Addai-Asante, J. (2015). Enrolment on health insurance scheme in Ghana: Evidence from Mfantseman Municipality. Ghana Journal of Development Studies, 12(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.4314/gjds.v12i1-2.4
   Google Scholar
• Sekyi, S., & Domanban, P. B. (2012). The effects of health insurance on outpatient utilization and healthcare expenditure in Ghana. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(10), 40–49. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?
   Google Scholar
• Sekyi, S., Domanban, P. B., & Agbenyo, F. (2022). Exploring heterogeneity of national health insurance scheme enrolment among persons in the informal sector. International Journal of Health Planning and Management. Advance online publication https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3557.
   Google Scholar
• Su, T. T., Pokhrel, S., Gbangou, A., & Flessa, S. (2006). Determinants of household health expenditure on western institutional health care. European Journal of Health Economics, 7(3), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-006-0354-1
   Google Scholar
• Ta, Y., Zhu, Y., & Fu, H. (2020). Trends in access to health services, financial protection and satisfaction between 2010 and 2016: Has China achieved the goals of its health system reform? Social Science & Medicine, 245, 112715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todorova, I. L. G., Tucker, K. L., Jimenez, M. P., Lincoln, A. K., Arevalo, S., & Falcón, L. M. (2013). Determinants of self-rated health and the role of acculturation: Implications for health inequalities. Ethnicity & Health, 18(6), 563–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2013.771147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vals, K., Kiivet, R. A., & Leinsalu, M. (2013). Alcohol consumption, smoking and overweight as a burden for health care services utilization: A cross-sectional study in Estonia. BMC Public Health, 13(772). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-772
   Google Scholar
• Wielen, N., Van Der, Channon, A. A., & Falkingham, J. (2018). Universal health coverage in the context of population ageing: What determines health insurance enrolment in rural Ghana? BMC Public Health, 18(657), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5534-2
   Google Scholar
• Wingard, D. L., Cohn, B. A., Kaplan, G. A., Cirillo, P. M., & Cohen, R. D. (1989). Sex differentials in morbidity and mortality risks examined by age and cause in the same cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology, 130(3), 601–610. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woldemichael, A., Gurara, D., & Shimeles, A. (2019). The impact of community based health insurance schemes on out-of-pocket healthcare spending: Evidence from Rwanda. In IMF Working Papers WP/19/38 (WP/19/38; Strategy, Policy and Review Department). https://doi.org/10.5089/9781484398074.001
   Google Scholar
• Zeng, W., Lannes, L., & Mutasa, R. (2018). Utilization of health care and burden of out-of-pocket health expenditure in Zimbabwe: Results from a national household survey. Health Systems and Reform, 4(4), 300–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/23288604.2018.1513264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar