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Articles

Otto of Grandson and the Holy Land, Cyprus and Armenia

Alan ForeyUniversity of [email protected]
Pages 79-93 | Published online: 17 Feb 2023

  • The fullest accounts are C. L. Kingsford, “Sir Otho de Grandison (1238?–1328),” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 3rd series, 3 (1909): 125–95, and Esther Rowland Clifford, A Knight of Great Renown: The Life and Times of Othon de Grandson (Chicago, 1961). A brief summary of Otto’s career by J. R. Maddicott has been included in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 60 vols. (Oxford, 2004), 23:269–70. I am very grateful to Xavier Hélary for allowing me to see his paper “Othon de Grandson au siège d’Acre (avril-mai 1291),” which is to be published in the proceedings of the conference on Otto of Grandson held at Lausanne in 2011: Othon Ier de Grandson (1228–1328), un siècle d’histoire vaudoise et européenne, ed. Bernard Andenmatten (forthcoming).
  • Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1292–1301 (London, 1895), 58.
  • Francis Palgrave, ed., The Antient Kalendars and Inventories of the Treasury of his Majesty’s Exchequer, 3 vols. (London, 1836), 1:80. For loans to crusaders on Louis IX’s first crusade, see A. Teulet et al., eds., Layettes du trésor des chartes, 5 vols. (Paris, 1869–1909), 3:68–69, 81, 84–85, docs. 3769–71, 3811, 3821, 3823.
  • Thomas Rymer, ed., Foedera, conventiones, litterae et cujuscumque acta publica, 4 vols. (London, 1816–69), 1.1:495.
  • Iohannis Longi Chronica S. Bertini, ed. O. Holder-Egger, MGH SS 25:856.
  • Clifford, Knight of Great Renown, 31.
  • Historia ecclesiastica nova, 23.6, ed. Ottavio Clavout, MGH SS 39:587; John Carmi Parsons, “Eleanor of Castile (1241–1290): Legend and Reality through Seven Centuries,” in Eleanor of Castile 1290–1990. Essays to Commemorate the 700th Anniversary of her Death: 28 November 1290, ed. David Parsons (Stamford, 1991), 42–43. Bernard Hamilton, “Eleanor of Castile and the Crusading Movement,” Mediterranean Historical Review 10 (1995): 103, and Michael Prestwich, Edward I (London, 1988), 78, erroneously place this report a century after Edward’s crusade.
  • Rymer, Foedera, 1.2:504.
  • Ibid., 1.2:666.
  • Ibid., 1.2:708–9, 714–15.
  • Bartholomew Cotton, Historia Anglicana, ed. Henry Richards Luard, Rolls Series 16 (London, 1859), 177.
  • Kingsford, “Otho de Grandison,” 138; Clifford, Knight of Great Renown, 108–9; Christopher Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 (Chicago, 1988), 235; Prestwich, Edward I, 329; Sylvia Schein, Fideles crucis: The Papacy, the West, and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1274–1314 (Oxford, 1991), 71; Norman Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (Oxford, 1992), 16.
  • Excidium Aconis, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, CCCM 202 (Turnhout, 2004), 57.
  • The Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough, ed. Harry Rothwell, Camden Society, 3rd series, 89 (London, 1957), 229. According to the Annales Londonienses, in Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, ed. William Stubbs, 2 vols., Rolls Series 76 (London, 1882–83), 1:98–99, Otto went to the Holy Land “ad providentiam domini Edwardi regis Angliae faciendam.”
  • London, National Archives, C 66/109 membranes 22–23; Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1281–1292 (London, 1893), 367, 368; Cart Hosp, 3:568, doc. 4104.
  • Rôles gascons, ed. Charles Bémont, Francisque-Michel and Yves Renouard, 4 vols. (Paris, 1885–1962), 3:21, no. 1924; Placita de Quo Warranto (London, 1818), 354; National Archives, C 66/109 mem. 25; C 66/110 mem. 8 (this document is summarized accurately in Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1281–1292, 440, but it is stated erroneously in Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, 1272–1307 [Edinburgh, 1884], 131, no. 535, that Otto was on the king’s service).
  • Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1281–1292, 373; Calendar of Close Rolls, 1288–1296 (London, 1904), 78, 80, 85–86, 88.
  • W. H. Dixon, Fasti Eboracenses: Lives of the Archbishops of York, ed. James Raine (London, 1863), 337; Register of John le Romeyn, Lord Archbishop of York, 1286–1296, ed. William Brown, 2 vols., Surtees Society 123, 128 (Durham, 1913–16), 1:344–45; John Carmi Parsons, Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth-Century England (Basingstoke, 1995), 85, 182.
  • Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1281–1292, 362, 363, 364, 365, 375, 376, 462.
  • Ibid., 356, 371, 372.
  • In one document, William of Henley, who went to the Holy Land as the king’s envoy, was said to be at Jerusalem: Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1281–1292, 403.
  • Ibid., 364–65. It is an exaggeration to claim, as some have, that Otto’s following was clerical rather than secular: Kingsford, “Otho de Grandison,” 138.
  • Register of John le Romeyn, 1:344–45.
  • Bullarium Cyprium: Volume II. Papal Letters concerning Cyprus, 1261–1314, ed. Christopher Schabel (Nicosia, 2010), 163–64; Les registres de Nicolas IV, ed. Ernest Langlois (Paris, 1886–93), 640, no. 4387; cf. Schein, Fideles Crucis, 69.
  • Rymer, Foedera, 1.2:607. Martin IV rejected this suggestion: ibid., 1.2:624.
  • Ibid., 1.2:642.
  • Ibid., 1.2:652–53.
  • Les registres d’Honorius IV, ed. Maurice Prou (Paris, 1886–88), 340, doc. 478. Because of the situation in the Holy Land, in 1286 Honorius IV wanted Edward to set out within three years of Pentecost 1287: ibid., 625, doc. 943; Rymer, Foedera, 1.2:666, 674–75.
  • Registres d’Honorius IV, 633, doc. 973; Rymer, Foedera, 1.2.663.
  • The sources on this are discussed by William E. Lunt, Financial Relations of the Papacy with England to 1327 (Cambridge, MA, 1939), 338 n. 9.
  • Rymer, Foedera, 1.2:714–15.
  • Ibid., 1.2:705, where the date is given wrongly.
  • Registres de Nicolas IV, 521, doc. 3279. On his journey through Europe, see Clifford, Knight of Great Renown, 113–15.
  • On 8 Oct. 1290 Nicholas IV mentioned Otto “qui ad partes easdem [transmarinas] dicitur accessisse,” and in the middle of that month the pope wrote to Otto “commoranti in partibus Terre Sancte”: Bullarium Cyprium, 163–64; Registres de Nicolas IV, 640, doc. 4391. But he could scarcely by then have known of Otto’s whereabouts.
  • Cronaca del Templare di Tiro (1243–1314), cap. 255, ed. Laura Minervini (Naples, 2000), 208–10; Les Gestes des Chiprois, cap. 491, ed. Gaston Raynaud (Geneva, 1887), 245.
  • Christopher Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291 (Cambridge, 1992), 77–83.
  • Cronaca del Templare, cap. 263, ed. Minervini, 218–20; Gestes des Chiprois, cap. 499, ed. Raynaud, 251–52; Chroniques d’Amadi et de Strambaldi, ed. René de Mas Latrie (Paris, 1891), 224; Chronique de l’île de Chypre par Florio Bustron, ed. René de Mas Latrie, Mélanges historiques, 5 vols. (Paris, 1873–86), 5:123; Excidium Aconis, 61–62; cf. Marie-Luise Favreau-Lilie, “The Military Orders and the Escape of the Christian Population from the Holy Land in 1291,” Journal of Medieval History 19 (1993): 201–27.
  • Excidium Aconis, 90.
  • Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough, 229.
  • Bartholomew Cotton, Historia Anglicana, 432, states that Otto was present when negotiations were being conducted for the surrender of the Templar building; but this is not borne out by other sources: see, for example, Cronaca del Templare, cap. 224, ed. Minervini, 269; Gestes des Chiprois, cap. 505, ed. Raynaud, 255.
  • Cronaca del Templare, cap. 263, ed. Minervini, 218–20; Gestes des Chiprois, cap. 499, ed. Raynaud, 251–52. The author had apparently been in the employment of the Templars, with whom Otto of Grandson had close links. But he was ready to criticize the conduct of Theobald Gaudin, Templar master after the fall of Acre.
  • Rôles gascons, 3:21, no. 1924; Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1281–1292, 465.
  • Les registres de Boniface VIII, ed. Georges Digard, Maurice Faucon, Antoine Thomas and Robert Fawtier, 4 vols. (Paris, 1884–1939), 1:277–80, docs. 826, 830; 3:388–89, doc. 4490. On the poverty of many refugees from the Holy Land at this time, see: Norman Housley, “Charles II of Naples and the Kingdom of Jerusalem,” Byzantion 54 (1984): 530–31, 533–35; Favreau-Lilie, “The Military Orders and the Escape of the Christian Population,” 218–19, 225–26.
  • David Jacoby, “Cypriot Gold Thread in Late Medieval Silk Weaving and Embroidery,” in Deeds Done Beyond the Sea: Essays on William of Tyre, Cyprus and the Military Orders Presented to Peter Edbury, ed. Susan B. Edgington and Helen J. Nicholson (Farnham, 2014), 106–7; Chypre entre Byzance et l’Occident, IVe–XVIe siècle, ed. Jannic Durand and Dorota Giovannoni (Paris, 2012), 269–70; Michele Bacci, “Tra Pisa e Cipro: la committenza artistica di Giovanni Conti († 1332),” Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, 4th series, 5/2 (2000): 373–74.
  • Alan J. Forey, The Templars in the Corona de Aragón (Oxford, 1973), 405–6, doc. 36.
  • Procès des Templiers, ed. Jules Michelet, 2 vols. (Paris, 1841–51), 2:224–25.
  • Alain Demurger, Jacques de Molay. Le crépuscule des Templiers (Paris, 2002), 101–9; Alan Forey, “Notes on Templar Personnel and Government at the Turn of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries,” Journal of Medieval History 35 (2009): 168.
  • Barbara Frale, L’ultima battaglia dei Templari. Dal codice ombra d’obbedienza militare alla costruzione del processo per eresia (Rome, 2007), 22–23; on this claim, see Demurger, Jacques de Molay, 106–7.
  • See below, p. 89.
  • Clifford, Knight of Great Renown, 125; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 237.
  • The painting was described by John Dart, Westmonasterium or the History and Antiquities of the Abbey Church of St Peters Westminster, 2 vols. (London, [1723]), 2:35; see also W. R. Lethaby, “Medieval Paintings at Westminster,” Proceedings of the British Academy 13 (1927): 140. For illustrations, see E. W. Tristram, English Medieval Wall Paintings: The Thirteenth Century (Oxford, 1950), Plates, Supplementary Plate 7a; Paul Binski, The Painted Chamber at Westminster (London, 1986), Plates lviii–lix.
  • W. R. Lethaby, “English Primitives VIII,” Burlington Magazine 33 (1918): 8; idem, “Medieval Paintings at Westminster,” 14.
  • H. M. Colvin, ed., The History of the King’s Works, 6 vols. (London, 1963–82), 1:481; Binski, Painted Chamber, 21, 78. For a payment to the painter Walter of Durham for work on the tomb in the early part of 1293, see B. Botfield, ed., Manners and Household Expenses of England in the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Centuries (London, 1841), 121.
  • Flos historiarum terre orientis, 3.44, in RHC Darm, 2 vols. (Paris, 1869–1906), 2:327. I have called the chronicler Hayton, as this is the most commonly used form of his name.
  • Angus Donal Stewart, The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks: War and Diplomacy during the Reigns of Het’um II (1289–1307) (Leiden, 2001), 96–97.
  • Cronaca del Templare, cap. 306, ed. Minervini, 262; Gestes des Chiprois, cap. 542, ed. Raynaud, 279; Giorgio Stella, Annales Genuenses, ed. Giovanna Petti Balbi, RIS, NS, 17.2: 35; La chronique de Damas d’al-Jazari (Années 689–698H.), ed. J. Sauvaget (Paris, 1949), 36.
  • Georges Digard, Philippe le Bel et le Saint-Siège, 2 vols. (Paris, 1936), 1:206 n. 2.
  • Regestum Clementis papae V, 8 vols. (Paris, 1885–92), 3:137–38, doc. 2938.
  • The printed version gives “1277,” but Demurger, Jacques de Molay, 108, 122, has pointed out that the manuscript gives “1287.”
  • Demurger, Jacques de Molay, 122–23. Anthony Luttrell, “The Election of the Templar Master Jacques de Molay,” in The Debate on the Trial of the Templars (1307–1314), ed. Jochen Burgtorf, Paul F. Crawford and Helen J. Nicholson (Farnham, 2010), 30, points out that William of Beaujeu is not known to have been in the West in 1287, but if Demurger’s argument were to be accepted, the original charter would not necessarily have been issued in western Europe.
  • Luttrell, “The Election of Jacques de Molay,” 29–30 n. 58; G. P. Cuttino, “Bishop Langton’s Mission for Edward I, 1296–1297,” in Studies in British History, ed. Cornelius William de Kiewiet (Iowa, 1941), 156; see also Demurger, Jacques de Molay, 121–23.
  • Marie Luise Bulst-Thiele, Sacrae domus militiae Templi Hierosolymitani magistri. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Templerordens 1118/19–1314 (Göttingen, 1974), 301.
  • Jean-Bernard de Vaivre, La commanderie d’Epailly et sa chapelle templière durant la période médiévale (Paris, 2005), 39, n. 183.
  • Registres de Boniface VIII, 1:277–80, docs. 826, 830.
  • Luttrell, “The Election of Jacques de Molay,” 29–30, n. 58; idem, “Observations on the Fall of the Temple,” in Elites et ordres militaires au moyen âge, ed. Philippe Josserand, Luís F. Oliveira and Damien Carraz (Madrid, 2015), 366.
  • Regestum Clementis V, 3:137–38, doc. 2938.
  • Cart Hosp, 4:169–70, doc. 4792; Regestum Clementis V, 5:328, doc. 6092. When the German ruler Henry VII granted Otto 1,500 marks in 1310 he referred to the “grandia, grata et accepta servicia” given by Otto in the past and to be given in the future: Fontes rerum Bernensium. Berns Geschichtsquellen, 10 vols. (Bern, 1877–1956), 4:431–32, doc. 402.
  • Luttrell, “The Election of Jacques de Molay,” 29–30 n. 58; idem, “Observations on the Fall of the Temple,” 366.
  • Flos historiarum, 3.44, in RHC Darm, 2:330.
  • Ibid., 2:327, note a; see also ibid., 2: xxx–xxxi, xxxiii.
  • Kingsford, “Otho de Grandison,” 151, n. 2.
  • Anthony Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land: The Crusade Proposals of the Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries (Aldershot, 2000), 29; Demurger, Jacques de Molay, 116, 118, 142; Pierre-Vincent Claverie, L’ordre du Temple en Terre Sainte et à Chypre au XIIIe siècle, 3 vols. (Nicosia, 2005), 2:244.
  • Clifford, Knight of Great Renown, 167–69; [J. M. B. C.] Kervyn de Lettenhove, “Etudes sur l’histoire du XIIIe siècle,” Mémoires de l’Académie Royale de Belgique 28 (1854): 37–43, 45, 49.
  • Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1292–1301 (London, 1895), 394.
  • Claverie, Ordre du Temple, 2:244, does point out that in 1299 Otto was represented by attorneys in the Channel Islands: see Julien Havet, “Série chronologique des gardiens et seigneurs des îles normandes (1198–1461),” Bibliothèque de l’Ecole des Chartes 37 (1876): 204, 226–27. Yet this is to be explained by his diplomatic activities on the Continent. Luttrell, “The Election of Jacques de Molay,” 28, has noted that the Hospitaller master was also in the West in 1298–99.
  • Calendar of Chancery Warrants, A.D. 1244–1326 (London, 1927), 110–11; for Boniface’s letter, see Rymer, Foedera, 1.2:919–20.
  • Ibid., 1.2:922–23.
  • Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1301–1307 (London, 1898), 387; Rymer, Foedera, 1.2:974; Calendar of Close Rolls, 1302–1307 (London, 1908), 351; Sophia Menache, Clement V (Cambridge, 1998), 70.
  • Registres du Trésor des Chartes, ed. Robert Fawtier, 3 vols. (Paris, 1958–99), 1:64–65, no. 406; Regestum Clementis V, 3:137–38, doc. 2938; 4:213–16, doc. 4404.
  • Ibid., 3:103, doc. 2785.
  • Simon Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade 1216–1307 (Oxford, 1988), 242.
  • Calendar of Chancery Warrants, 367; Rymer, Foedera, 2.1:136; Treaty Rolls, 1234–1325, ed. Pierre Chaplais (London, 1955), 197, no. 493.
  • Rymer, Foedera, 2.1:145; Fontes rerum bernensium, 4:480–81, doc. 455; see also Ewald Müller, Das Konzil von Vienne, 1311–1312. Seine Quellen und seine Geschichte (Münster, 1934), 65–67.
  • Regestum Clementis V, 7:139–40, doc. 8205.
  • It is not known exactly when this vow was taken.
  • Jean XXII (1316–1334): Lettres communes analysées d’après les registres dits d’Avignon et du Vatican, ed. G. Mollat, 16 vols. (Paris, 1904–46), 2:392, no. 9566. Norman Housley, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades, 1305–1378 (Oxford, 1986), 154, states that the size of Otto’s payment indicates his commitment to crusading; but he also writes that redemption payments depended on the status and wealth of the crusader.
  • Ch. Kohler, “Deux projets de croisade en Terre-Sainte composés a la fin du XIIIe siècle et au début du XIVe,” ROL 10 (1903–4): 425–57; Jacques Paviot, Projets de croisade (v. 1290-v. 1330) (Paris, 2008), 171–81, 236–79. Kohler’s suggestion (418–20) of Otto as the author has been repeated by Clifford, Knight of Great Renown, 129–33; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 238; Prestwich, Edward I, 75; Marie-Anna Chevalier, Les ordres religieux-militaires en Arménie cilicienne (Paris, 2009), 357, 584–86; it is rejected by Paviot, Projets, 19–21.
  • Kohler, “Deux projets,” 408.
  • Ibid., 426, 449; Paviot, Projets, 173, 262. The Latin text gives “peregrini” instead of “ceaus d’outremer.”
  • Kohler, “Deux projets,” 409, 431; Paviot, Projets, 178–79.
  • Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land, 18.
  • Kohler, “Deux projets,” 427–28, 450–51; Paviot, Projets, 174–75, 264–66.
  • Kohler, “Deux projets,” 427–28, 451; Paviot, Projets, 154, 174–75, 266; Girolamo Golubovich, Biblioteca bio-bibliografica della Terra Santa e dell’Oriente Francescano, 5 vols. (Quaracchi, 1906–27), 2:54.
  • Marino Sanudo Torsello, Liber secretorum fidelium crucis super Terrae Sanctae recuperatione et conservatione, 3.14.12, in Gesta Dei per Francos, ed. Jacques Bongars, vol. 2 (Hanau, 1611; repr. Toronto, 1972), 259–62.
  • Henri Michelant and Gaston Raynaud, eds., Itinéraires à Jérusalem et descriptions de la Terre Sainte, rédigés en français aux XIe, XIIe et XIIIe siècles (Geneva, 1882), 239–52; Paviot, Projets, 201–20.
  • This has been suggested by Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land, 155. It was unusual for theorists to suggest Armenia as a base.
  • Paulin Paris, “Hayton, prince d’Arménie, historien,” Histoire littéraire de la France, 25 (Paris, 1869): 499–500; J. Delaville Le Roulx, La France en Orient au XIVe siècle. Expéditions du Maréchal Boucicaut, 2 vols. (Paris, 1886), 1:66, n. 1.
  • Flos historiarum, 4.25, in RHC Darm, 2:359; Kohler, “Deux projets,” 428, 450; Paviot, Projets, 175, 265–66. On Cyprus as a base, see Alan Forey, “Cyprus as a Base for Crusading Expeditions from the West,” in Cyprus and the Crusades, ed. Nicholas Coureas and Jonathan Riley-Smith (Nicosia, 1995), 69–79; Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land, 152–54.
  • Kohler, “Deux projets,” 425; Paviot, Projets, 172.
  • Kohler, “Deux projets,” 425–26; Paviot, Projets, 172.
  • Kohler, “Deux projets,” 440, 442; Paviot, Projets, 245, 250.
  • Kohler, “Deux projets,” 430, 453; Paviot, Projets, 177, 271.
  • Kohler, “Deux projets,” 435–36; Paviot, Projets, 237.
  • Kohler, “Deux projets,” 440–41; Paviot, Projets, 246.
  • For a discussion of theorists’ views on the question of peace, see Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land, 52–59.
  • On Edward’s stance, see Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 232–39; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 230–40.
  • Kohler, “Deux projets,” 440–41; Paviot, Projets, 247.
  • Alan J. Forey, “The Military Orders in the Crusading Proposals of the Late-Thirteenth and Early-Fourteenth Centuries,” Traditio 36 (1980): 333–41.
  • Claverie, Ordre du Temple, 2:221–23.

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