- This situation is slowly changing. See the recent Prier et Combattre: Dictionnaire européen des ordres militaires au Moyen Âge, ed. Nicole Bériou and Philippe Josserand (Paris, 2009), articles by Carinthie, Carniole, Styrie; Miha Kosi, “The Age of the Crusades in the South-East of the Empire (between the Alps and the Adriatic),” in The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity, ed. Zsolt Hunyadi and József Laszlovszky (Budapest, 2001), 123–65. For Croatia, Krešimir Kužić, Križarski pohod hrvatsko-ugarskoga kralja Andrije II. i austrijskoga vojvode Leopolda VI. iz 1217 godine s osvrtom na dodire Hrvata s križarskim pohodima [Croats and the crusades: The crusade of King Andrew II and Duke Leopold VI of Austria with regard to the relations of the Croats to the crusades] (Zagreb, 2003). A broader picture of the High Middle Ages in the southeast of the Empire and in neighbouring Hungary is accessible in some excellent German and English monographs: Heinz Dopsch, Die Länder und das Reich: Der Ostalpenraum im Hochmittelalter, Österreichische Geschichte 1122–1278 (Vienna, 1999); Pal Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 (London and NewYork, 2001); Nora Berend, Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c.1300, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks (Cambridge, 2013); eadem, At the Gates of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and “Pagans” in Medieval Hungary, c.1000–c.1300, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, 4th series (Cambridge, 2001).
- In 1305, the bishop of Parenzo granted to the Templar preceptory in Venice the abandoned monastery of St. Michael south of Parenzo explicitly “quod predicti fratres nullum habent locum in partibus Ystrie in quo peregrinos euntes et redeuntes de ultramarinis partibus valeant recepturi.” Renzo Caravita, Rinaldo da Concorezzo: Arcivescovo di Ravenna (1301–1321) al tempo di Dante (Florence, 1964), 107–8. Parenzo/Poreč in Istria was the first regular stop of Venetian galleys on the way to the East. J. K. Hyde, “Navigation of the Eastern Mediterranean in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries according to Pilgrims’ Books,” in Papers in Italian Archaeology I: The Lancaster Seminar, Recent Research in Prehistoric, Classical and Medieval Archaeology I, ed. H. M. Blake et al., British Archaeological Reports Supplementary series 41 (Oxford, 1978), 521–40, table at 537; Renard Gluzman, “Between Venice and the Levant: Reevaluating Maritime Routes from the Fourteenth to the Sixteenth Century,” The Mariner’s Mirror 96/3 (2010): 264–94, table at 276–88.
- Kosi, “The Age,” 125–27.
- Thirty-two prominent crusaders from the area were identified for the Second and twenty-five for the Third Crusade: Miha Kosi, “Križarske vojne in slovensko ozemlje” [The crusades and Slovenian lands], in Vitez, dama in zmaj: Dediščina srednjeveških bojevnikov na Slovenskem, ed. Tomaž Lazar, Tomaž Nabergoj, and Barbara Jerin (Ljubljana, 2012), 71–88, maps with sources at 78–81.
- Cf. Claudia Naumann, Der Kreuzzug Kaiser Heinrichs VI. (Frankfurt, 1994); Peter Csendes, Heinrich VI. (Darmstadt, 1993), 169–70, 189, 192–202; Graham A. Loud, “The German Crusade of 1197–98,” Crusades 13 (2014): 143–71.
- Frederick died during the return trip from Palestine on 16 April 1198. In his testament, he named his crusader companions, among them Counts Meinhard of Görz, Ulrich of Eppan, Eberhard of Dornberg, liber Rapoto of Stein and Bishop Wolfger of Passau: BUB II, 175–76, no. 136.
- See previous note. Meinhard was a member of one of the most influential baronial families in the south of the Empire, staunch supporters of the Hohenstaufen emperors. On the family, see Peter Štih, Studien zur Geschichte der Grafen von Görz: Die Ministerialen und Milites der Grafen von Görz in Istrien und Krain, Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Ergänzungsband 32 (Vienna and Munich, 1996).
- In 1197, “vero crucis signo insignitus ... antequam viam Christi agressus est,” he made a deed for the Cistercian monastery in Viktring, Carinthia: MDC, 3:572–74, no. 1471. This was his last document and he obviously died on the crusade. It is important to note that the mentioned crusaders of Ortenburg, Görz, Eppan and Spanheim were also closely related. See Walter Landi, “Dilectus consanguineus: Die Grafen von Eppan und ihre Verwandten,” in Eppan und das Überetsch, ed. Rainer Loose, Veröffentlichungen des Südtiroler Kulturinstitutes 7 (Lana, 2008), 109–44.
- He took the cross in the presence of the emperor at the diet in Worms in December 1195. Annales Marbacenses, ed. Roger Wilmans, MGH SS 17 (Hanover, 1861), 142–80, at 166–67. His deeds for the subsequent years until 1198 are not known, so he may well have been absent on the crusade.
- The source explicitly mentions Frederick, Duke of Austria, Wolfger, Bishop of Passau and “comites vero et magnates quam plures”: Die Statuten des Deutschen Ordens nach ältesten Handschriften, ed. Max Perlbach (Halle a. S., 1890), 159–60; Udo Arnold, “De primordiis ordinis Theutonici narratio,” Preußenland 4 (1966): 17–30.
- Klaus Militzer, Von Akkon zur Marienburg: Verfassung, Verwaltung und Sozialstruktur des Deutschen Ordens 1190–1309, Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens 56 (Marburg, 1999), 265–66, 299; Kosi, “The Age,” 142–43.
- Contrary to prevailing opinion, the order received its first grants in Carniola even before 1228. The commandery in Ljubljana possesed a confirmation of its possessions from Henry of Andechs, Margrave of Istria, who died in 1228. MDC, 5:59–60, no. 82. This commandery was the only one in Carniola in the 13th century and must have developed early on, as the privilege of Emperor Frederick II from 1237 took into his protection “domos ... in ducatibus Austrie et Styrie et marchia Carniole ...”: Urkunden- und Regestenbuch des Herzogthums Krain, ed. Franz Schumi, 2 vols. (Laibach, 1882–87), 2:66–69, no. 93; Kosi, “The Age,” 144–45; Militzer, Von Akkon zur Marienburg, 266.
- In Precenicco near Latisana came into being the only commandery of the Teutonic Order in Friuli: Die Regesten der Grafen von Görz und Tirol, Pfalzgrafen in Kärnten, ed. Hermann Wiesflecker, 2 vols. (Innsbruck, 1949–52), 1:119–20, no. 444; Militzer, Von Akkon zur Marienburg, 179–80.
- Miha Kosi, “Cruciferi–Crucesignati: Prispevek k zgodovini križarskih vojn in križarskih viteških redov v 12.–13. stoletju” [A contribution to the history of the crusades and the military orders], in Ad Fontes: Otorepčev zbornik, ed. Darja Mihelič (Ljubljana, 2005), 303–43, at 313–18; Anthony Luttrell, “The Hospitaller Priory of Venice,” in Militia Sacra: Gli ordini militari tra Europa e Terrasanta, ed. Enzo Colli and Maria de Marco (Perugia, 1994), 101–43, at 124, 133–34, 136–37; Prier et Combattre, 194–95, 888–89.
- MDC, 4/1:71–72, no. 1695. The list of witnesses in the charter includes thirteen names of nobles and clerics from Carinthia and southern Styria. Karlsberg was still present in Acre a year later and witnessed a deed for the Teutonic Order: Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici, ed. Ernst Strehlke (Berlin, 1869), 40, no. 48.
- On the Fifth Crusade in general: James M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–1221 (Philadelphia, 1986); Thomas C. Van Cleve, “The Fifth Crusade,” in Setton, Crusades, 2:377–428; Reinhold Röhricht, Studien zur Geschichte des fünften Kreuzzuges (Innsbruck, 1891); Pierre-Vincent Claverie, Honorius III et l’Orient (1216–1227), Medieval Mediterranean 97 (Leiden and Boston, 2013), 23–77; The Fifth Crusade in Context: The Crusading Movement in the Early Thirteenth Century, ed. E. J. Mylod et al., Crusades – Subsidia 9 (Abingdon, 2017); Thomas W. Smith, Curia and Crusade: Pope Honorius III and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1216–1227 (Turnhout, 2017).
- Claverie, Honorius III, 41–43; Thomas W. Smith, “Pope Honorius III, the Military Orders and the Financing of the Fifth Crusade: A Culture of Papal Preference?”, MO, 6/1, 54–61, at 56–57.
- Vetera monumenta historica Hungariam sacram illustrantia, ed. August Theiner, 2 vols. (Rome, 1859–60), 1:6, no. VIII.
- Poncius da Cruce, “magister milicie domus Templi per regnum Hungarie,” was later in the retinue of King Andrew in Spalato: Ex Thomae historia pontificum Salonitanorum et Spalatinorum, ed. Lotharius de Heinemann, MGH SS 29 (Hanover, 1892), 568–98, at 578.
- Paul B. Pixton, “Die Anwerbung des Heeres Christi: Prediger des Fünften Kreuzzuges in Deutschland,” Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 34 (1978): 166–91, at 167, 171–72, 179; Wolfgang Stürner, Friedrich II., 2 vols. (Darmstadt, 2003), 1:176–77.
- Annales sancti Rudberti Salisburgenses, ed. Wilhelm Wattenbach, MGH SS 9 (Hanover, 1851), 781; Chronicon magni presbiterii continuatio, ed. Wilhelm Wattenbach, MGH SS 17 (Hanover, 1861), 527; Pixton, “Die Anwerbung,” 187.
- James R. Sweeney, “Hungary in the Crusades: 1169–1218,” The International History Review 3 (1981): 467–81, at 478–79; Powell, Anatomy, 127–28.
- Annales Colonienses maximi, ed. Karolus Pertz, MGH SS 17 (Hanover, 1861), 828; Bodo Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug und Herrschaft unter Friedrich II.: Handlungsspielräume und Kreuzzugspolitik (1215–1230), Mittelalter-Forschungen 13 (Ostfildern, 2004), 22–23; Stürner, Friedrich II., 1:173; Powell, Anatomy, 74–75; Pixton, “Die Anwerbung,” 180–81.
- On the rise and importance of this family, see: Jonathan Reed Lyon, Cooperation, Compromise and Conflict Avoidance: Family Relationships in the House of Andechs, ca. 1100–1204 (PhD diss., University of Notre Dame, 2004), particularly 255–56, 267–68, 296–336; idem, Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250 (Ithaca, 2013), 150–81; Alois Schütz, “Das Geschlecht der Andechs-Meranier im europäischen Hochmittelalter,” in Herzöge und Heilige: Das Geschlecht der Andechs-Meranier im europäischen Hochmittelalter, ed. Josef Kirmeier and Evamaria Brockhoff (Munich, 1993), 21–185; idem, “Die Andechs-Meranier in Franken und ihre Rolle in der europäischen Politik des Hochmittelalters,” in Die Andechs-Meranier in Franken: Europäisches Fürstentum im Mittelalter, Ausstellung in Bamberg 1998 (Mainz, 1998), 3–54; Karl Bosl, “Europäischer Adel im 12./13. Jahrhundert: Die internationalen Verflechtungen des bayerischen Hochadelsgeschlechtes der Andechs-Meranier,” Zeitschrift für bayerische Landesgeschichte 30 (1967): 20–52.
- See Wilhelm Neumann, “Bamberg und Kärnten,” Südostdeutsches Archiv 10 (1967): 50–65, at 61–62; Lyon, Princely Brothers, 159–60, 179–80.
- Lyon, Cooperation, 55–56, 112–15, 193–94, 309–10, 314, 328; Kosi, “The Age,” 129. See also Fig. 1.
- Oliver of Paderborn, Historia Damiatina, ed. Hermann Hoogeweg, Die Schriften des Kölner Domscholasters, späteren Bischofs von Paderborn und Kardinal-Bischofs von S. Sabina Oliverus, Bibliothek des Litterarischen Vereins in Stuttgart 202 (Tübingen, 1894), 159–280, at 162–63; Oliver of Paderborn, The Capture of Damietta, in Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198–1229, ed. Edward Peters (Philadelphia, 1991), 49–139, at 52 [repr. with much reduced notes in Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187–1291, ed. Jessalynn Bird et al. (Philadelphia, 2013), 158–225, at 161]; Annales sancti Rudberti, 780; Annales Marbacenses, 174; Annales Colonienses maximi, 829; Hermanni Altahensis annales, ed. Philipp Jaffé, MGH SS 17 (Hanover, 1861), 387; Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 207–08; Lyon, Princely Brothers, 170.
- See notes 55–58 below.
- His participation is being generally accepted. See Röhricht, Studien, 24; Van Cleve, “The Fifth Crusade,” 387, 389; Powell, Anatomy, 161, 215; Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 208, 245; Kužić, Hrvati i Križari, 51; with doubts: Lyon, Princely Brothers, 170. Contra: Kosi, “Cruciferi–Crucesignati,” 327–28. It seems that the first to write about his participation was Röhricht in 1891, but without quotation of a source. The statement is probably based on a misinterpretation of the quote in the main source, Historia Damiatina, which lists Joriensis, Agrenensis, Ungariensis (Hungarie in one version) among episcopi peregrini. The last of them could not possibly be identical with Berthold, as supposed by Hoogeweg. Berthold was archiepiscopus Colocensis in contemporary sources and Oliver of Paderborn, himself an educated cleric, would surely have used the proper title. The quote more likely only designated the nationality of Hungarian bishops from Györ and Eger. The same occurred in regard to the events that took place a year later, where the bishop of Eger is denoted as Agrenensis Ungrensis episcopus (in other versions Ungarie, Hungarie, Ungariorum): Historia Damiatina, 162, 163 n. 9, 187; The Capture of Damietta, 52 n. 11, 69.
- It was already on 27 March 1218 that the pope confirmed the election of Bertoldum Colocensem archiepiscopum to the patriarchate of Aquileia, transferred him to the new see, sent him the pallium, and gave him the mandate to consecrate the bishop of Triest. This suggests that he was in Hungary and obviously not away on crusade. Regesta pontificum Romanorum, ed. August Potthast, vol. 1 (Berlin, 1874), 504, nos. 5730–32; Lyon, Princely Brothers, 170–71.
- Sources collected in BUB IV/2, 68–70, no. 1020; Sweeney, “Hungary in the Crusades,” 479.
- Sweeney, “Hungary in the Crusades,” 473–75, 478; Claverie, Honorius III, 40; Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen, 91; Powell, Anatomy, 127.
- Ex Thomae historia pontificum Salonitanorum, 577; Kužić, Hrvati i križari, 50.
- Treaty published in Monumenta spectantia historiam Slavorum meridionalium, ed. Sime Ljubić, vol. 1 (Zagreb, 1868), 29–31, no. XXXVIII; Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 206 n. 34; Kužić, Hrvati i križari, 49–50.
- Ex Thomae historia pontificum Salonitanorum, 577–78. For Croatian participation, see Hrvoje Kekez, “Croats and the Fifth Crusade: Did Two Members of the Babonić Noble Family Accompany King Andrew II of Hungary on his Crusade?”, in The Fifth Crusade in Context, 205–17, map of the route of King Andrew to Split at 207.
- Cf. Röhricht, Studien, 24–25; Van Cleve, “The Fifth Crusade,” 387–88; Hans Eberhard Mayer, The Crusades, trans. John Gillingham (Oxford, 1988), 220; idem, Geschichte der Kreuzzüge (Stuttgart, 2005), 259; Jean Richard, The Crusades c.1071–c.1291, trans. Jean Birrell (Cambridge, 1999), 297; Christopher Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (Cambridge, MA, 2008), 626; Schütz, “Die Andechs-Meranier,” 38; Pixton, “Die Anwerbung,” 186; Claverie, Honorius III, 46; Kužić, Hrvati i križari, 52; Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 206–9, where he also speculates about the political motives of some distinguished German crusaders to embark in Spalato.
- “rex igitur Andreas Ungarie, Leopoldus dux Austrie, Otto dux Meranie et multi comites de Ungaria et episcopi nonnulli per mare Adriaticum iter suum aggrediuntur”: Albrici monachi Trium Fontium chronicon, ed. Paul Scheffer-Boichorst, MGH SS 23 (Hanover, 1874), 905. Cf. Annales sancti Rudberti, 780; Annales Colonienses maximi, 829.
- Ex Thomae historia pontificum Salonitanorum, 577. These were undoubtedly Transylvanian Saxon colonists and therefore “natives” in Hungary. See Kekez, “Croats and the Fifth Crusade,” 207; Kužić, Hrvati i križari, 51.
- “qua etiam die dux licentiatus viam ultra mare arripuit”; BUB II, 14–17, nos. 211, 212.
- BUB IV/2, 86–87, no. 1037. However, there is no confirmation that Counts Meinhard and Engelbert of Görz/Gorizia, who witnessed the document, also took part in the crusade, as supposed by Powell, Anatomy, 219, 233, and Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 207–8. They were not from Gorze in Germany (so Powell) but from Gorizia in Friuli, and as supporters of the patriarch of Aquileia they would only naturally come to witness his treaty with the duke of Austria. Moreover, Count Engelbert was involved in intense fighting in Friuli in the first half of 1218, so he obviously stayed at home. See Die Regesten, ed. Wiesflecker, 1:104–05, no. 385.
- Continuatio Claustroneoburgensis II, ed. Wilhelm Wattenbach, MGH SS 9 (Hanover, 1851), 622. The duration of a galley voyage from Venice to Jaffa in the 15th century was 26 to 45 days, on average 36.6 days: Hyde, “Navigation,” 526 and table 31.1 at 537.
- Annales sancti Rudberti, 781; Chronicon magni presbiterii, 527.
- The mental, cultural and social environment of this close-knit group is colourfuly illustrated by the Minnesänger Ulrich of Liechtenstein in his famous poem Frauendienst. Twenty-eight crusaders of the years 1217–21 (or their closest relatives), one being the poet’s father, are mentioned in the work, many as taking part in the renowned tournament in Friesach in Carinthia in 1224: Ulrich von Liechtenstein, Frauendienst, trans. Franz Viktor Spechtler (Klagenfurt, 2000), on the tournament strophes 71–108; MDC, 4/1:139–44, no. 1871. See Gerald Krenn, “Historische Figuren und/oder Helden der Dichtung?: Untersuchungen zu den Personen im Roman Frauendienst,” in Ich – Ulrich von Liechtenstein: Literatur und Politik im Mittelalter, ed. Franz Viktor Spechtler and Barbara Maier, Schriftenreihe der Akademie Friesach 5 (Klagenfurt, 1999), 105–32, map at 102–3.
- Ulrich of Clam in Upper Austria, the last of his line, died on the crusade. He is attested in the company of Duke Leopold during the preparations in May–June 1217 and was with him at the court of King Frederick II in Passau on 14 June in the company of at least eight actual participants of the future crusade: BUB II, 8–11, no. 207; BUB IV/2, 82–86, nos. 1034–36. Before his departure in 1217 – “ad sepulchri dominici visitacionem profecturus” – he issued a deed for the monastery Waldhausen: BUB IV/2, 97, no. 1046.
- Count Liutold of Plain-Hardegg from Austria was with Duke Leopold on the eve of his departure in June 1217 and testified to the duke’s charter at Damietta in July 1218: BUB II, 14–15, no. 211; UBSt, 2:235–36, no. 157. He died during the return trip home; see note 64.
- Monumenta Boica, 27 vols. (Munich, 1763–1829), 11:185, 191, nos. LIV, LIX, 12:118, no. XVIII, 15:5, no. III; Annales sancti Rudberti, 781. Counts of Bogen were members of one of the most powerful families in Bavaria in the first half of the 13th century. See Max Piendl, “Die Grafen von Bogen: Genealogie, Besitz- und Herrschaftsgeschichte,” Jahresbericht des Historischen Vereins für Straubing und Umgebung 55–57 (1952–54), 25–82, 9–88, 25–79.
- Diepold VII of Vohburg from Bavaria is mentioned, together with Siegfrid, bishop of Augsburg, as present at Damietta in 1219 in a contemporary Bavarian chronicle from Ursberg abbey: Burchardi et Cuonradi Urspergensium Chronicon, MGH SS 23 (Hanover, 1874), 380–81. He was also in the company of Duke Leopold during the preparations in June 1217 (see note 44).
- Ulrich III of Epan was already a veteran of the crusade of Emperor Henry VI in 1197–98 (see note 6). On the family, there is a study in preparation: Walter Landi, Die Grafen von Eppan: Land und Adel an der Etsch und im Gebirge zwischen 11. und 13. Jahrhundert, Schlern-Schriften 348 (Innsbruck, forthcoming).
- On 25 July 1217, Count Albert III of Tyrol issued a deed for the monastery St. Georgenberg in Tyrol “si in itinere peregrinationis mee decessero.” He embarked in Venice only in August 1218, where in the Square of St. Mark a charter was issued in his presence and witnessed by ten ministerials, no doubt his crusader companions: TUB, 2:157–58, 170, nos 717, 741. He joined Duke Leopold’s army at Damietta, where he made a donation for the Teutonic Order. The original is not preserved, but was confirmed by his descendants in 1253: “quas tradidit aput Damiatum Albertus comes sicut patet in priuilegio suo”: Die Urkunden des Deutschordens-Zentralarchivs in Wien: Regesten, ed. Udo Arnold, Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens 60, 3 vols. (Marburg, 2006–07), 1:131, no. 392. Original accessible online at: http://monasterium.net/mom/AT-DOZA/Urkunden/392/charter.
- On 2 November 1218, just back from partibus transmarinis, Henry issued a deed for the monastery of Waldsassen. Original in Staatsarchiv Amberg, Kloster Waldsassen Urkunden, no. 21, accessible online at: http://monasterium.net/mom/DE-StAAm/Waldsassen/20/charter. He was the brother of Rapoto, Count Palatine of Bavaria. Both were with Duke Leopold at the court of King Frederick II during the preparations in June 1217 (see note 44). They were members of the side branch of the Spanheims, dukes of Carinthia; Duke Bernhard was their nephew.
- NAP MR, nos. 2058, 2059, 2061, 1086; UBSt, 2:225–26, 235–36, nos. 152, 153, 157; 3:26–27, no. 21. Nobles from Landsee and Graz, listed in the original, are missing in Zahn’s edition! There must have been a second version of one of these deeds, no longer preserved in the original, with a slightly different text and three additional names in the witness list, which was published in Pauli, 291, no. XIII.
- One notable individual, missing in the aforementioned charters, is the ducal ministerial Hadmar II of Kuenring. His departure for the crusade is described at length in the Liber fundatorum of the monastery of Zwettl in Austria, according to which he died in transmarinis partibus on 21 July 1217. Since he is attested in the retinue of Duke Leopold at the start of his expedition on 26 June 1217 (BUB II, 16, no. 212), he probably died in 1218: Das Stiftungs-Buch des Cistercienser-Klosters Zwettl, ed. Johann von Frast, Fontes rerum Austriacarum II, vol. 3 (Vienna, 1851), 96–99.
- One exception is the liber Engelbert of Auersperg, from an important Carniolan noble family. He is listed as a crusader in the company of Duke Leopold (“ex Carnia Engelbertus Aurspergicus”) only by the, otherwise reliable, baroque historian Sigismund Calles, Annalium Austriae pars II (Vienna, 1750), 20, but in no contemporary source. Cf. Röhricht, Studien, 24, 83. He is known from only two documents, one being his original charter from 1220, possibly issued after his return from crusade: Urkunden- und Regestenbuch des Herzogthums Krain, 2:21, 25, nos. 29, 34. On the family in general: Miha Preinfalk, Auersperg: Geschichte einer europäischen Familie (Graz and Stuttgart, 2006).
- See Peter Štih, “Krain in der Zeit der Grafen von Andechs,” in Die Andechs-Meranier: Beiträge zur Geschichte Europas im Hochmittelalter, Ergebnisse des internationalen Symposiums Kamnik, 22.– 23 September 2000, ed. Andreja Eržen and Toni Aigner (Kamnik 2001), 11–37, at 23–24, 30–33; Schütz, “Das Geschlecht,” 69–78, 87–89; Lyon, Cooperation, 78–80, 123; idem, Princely Brothers, 160–62, 172–75; Andrej Komac, Od mejne grofije do dežele: Ulrik III. Spanheim in Kranjska v 13. stoletju [From march to territory: Ulrich III of Spanheim and Carniola in the 13th century], Thesaurus memoriae, Dissertationes 5 (Ljubljana, 2006), 74–79, 81–85, 102–112.
- Original charter, dated “anno quo fuit Jerosolimitana expeditio” and issued by Bishop Ekbert in memory of their sister, Queen Gertrude, was witnessed by Otto, Duke of Merania, and Henry, Margrave of Istria: Staatsarchiv Bamberg, Kloster Michelsberg Urkunden, No. 75; cf. Lyon, Princely Brothers, 169–70; Schütz, “Die Andechs-Meranier,” 38.
- Dated 1217, the deed was written by the scribe of the monastery and witnessed by six members of the cloister. Drawn up by the same scribe, similar in style and including aforementioned witnesses, are three other deeds, issued by the Dukes Leopold of Austria and Bernhard of Carinthia on 9 June 1217 regarding some Carinthian nobles leaving for the crusade. All four charters may well have been issued on the same occasion – a gathering of princes preparing for the forthcoming crusade: MDC, 4/1:86–87, 89, 92–94, nos. 1740, 1747, 1754, 1755. It is not unlikely that Archbishop Eberhard of Salzburg also participated in the gathering, as he was present in nearby Friesach three days earlier: BUB IV/2, 81–82, no. 1033. His own castellan of Salzburg and another important ministerial also left for crusade: SUB, 3:212–15, nos. 699, 701.
- See note 40.
- Kosi, “Cruciferi–Crucesignati,” 328–29; Lyon, Princely Brothers, 170, 175; Sweeney, “Hungary in the Crusades,” 478, who stressed that Bishop Ekbert and Henry were still under imperial ban because of the supposed complicity in the murder of King Philip of Swabia and urgently needed such a public act of repentance (as was the participation in a crusade). Henry was furthermore listed (as marchio de Andechs) as a participant in the Fifth Crusade also by the usually reliable German humanist Johannes Aventinus in his Annales Boiorum (1554). Excerpt in Testimonia minora de quinto bello sacro, ed. Reinhold Röhricht (Geneva, 1882), 198–200, no. 144.
- L’Estoire de Eracles empereur et la conqueste de la Terre d’Outremer, in RHC Oc, 2:322. He was not Frederick of Baden in Swabia as stated by Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 207 n. 37, but from Ptuj in present-day Slovenia. In April 1218, in his deed, most likely issued in Acre, by which he granted to the Hospitallers his house in Friesach in Carinthia, he is also named Ferricus de Betho: UBSt, 2:225, no. 152.
- In 1214, the young King Frederick II of Hohenstaufen supported the election of the brother of Frederick of Pettau to the episcopal see in Gurk in Carinthia. The king called him “dilectus fidelis noster Frideric de Bettowa”: MDC, 1:346, no. 451. On the family, see Hans Pirchegger, “Die Herren von Pettau,” Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Steiermark 42 (1951): 3–36; John Freed, Noble Bondsmen: Ministerial Marriages in the Archdiocese of Salzburg, 1100–1343 (Ithaca and London, 1995), passim.
- Annales Marbacenses, 174; Ex Thomae historia pontificum Salonitanorum, 579; Historia Damiatina, 168; Annales Colonienses maximi, 831–32; L'Estoire de Eracles, in RHC Oc, 2:325; Van Cleve, “The Fifth Crusade,” 389–94; Powell, Anatomy, 130–35; Claverie, Honorius III, 48–50. In May, Otto was already in Burgundy and very likely it was from this trip that he brought home the famous relic, the head of St. Maurice, which he donated to the archbishop in Magdeburg. See Bernd Ulrich Hucker and Eva Schurr, “Mauritius als Patron der Andechs-Meranier,” in Die Andechs-Meranier in Franken, 81–92.
- Cart Hosp, 2:238–40, nos. 1602, 1603.
- Historia Damiatina, 168–69, 207; L'Estoire de Eracles, in RHC Oc, 2:325; Annales Colonienses maximi, 832; Annales sancti Rudberti, 781; BUB IV/2, 88, 93–95, nos. 1038, 1043, 1044; Van Cleve, “The Fifth Crusade,” 394–95; Claverie, Honorius III, 51; Powell, Anatomy, 133.
- “un chevalier Aleman qui avoit nom Litot, qui estoit granz et forz”: L'Estoire de Eracles, in RHC Oc, 2:328; Annales sancti Rudberti, 781. His brother Gebhard, bishop of Passau (1222–32), was later among the crusaders of Emperor Frederick II in Brindisi in 1227, but did not depart because of the epidemic: Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 346.
- Historia Damiatina, 175–80, 183–84, 205–07; Annales Colonienses maximi, 833; Annales sancti Rudberti, 781; Annales Marbacenses, 174; L’Estoire de Eracles, in RHC Oc, 2:325–28; Johannes de Tulbia, Gesta obsidionis Damiatae, ed. Oswald Holder-Egger, MGH SS 31 (Hanover, 1903), 674–76, 684; BUB IV/2, 89, no. 1038; Van Cleve, “The Fifth Crusade,” 397–411; Powell, Anatomy, 137–52.
- Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 67–76, 104–8; Stürner, Friedrich II., 1:250; Rudolf Hiestand, “Friedrich II. und der Kreuzzug,” in Friedrich II.: Tagung des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom im Gedenkjahr 1994, ed. Arnold Esch and Norbert Kamp (Tübingen, 1996), 128–49; David Abulafia, Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor (London, 1992), 137–38; Thomas C. Van Cleve, “The Crusade of Frederick II,” in Setton, Crusades, 2:429–62, at 434–35.
- Regesta Imperii V: Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter Philipp, Otto IV, Friedrich II, Heinrich (VII), Conrad IV, Heinrich Raspe, Wilhelm und Richard 1198–1272, ed. Johann Friedrich Böhmer and Julius Ficker, 8 vols. (Innsbruck, 1881–94), 1:270–76, nos. 1208, 1228, 1229, 1241, 1244.
- Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 125–38; Claverie, Honorius III, 105–19; Stürner, Friedrich II., 2:85–90; Van Cleve, “The Crusade of Frederick II,” 437–39; Powell, Anatomy, 195–96; Abulafia, Frederick II, 148–50.
- Regesta Imperii V, 1:303–5, nos. 1454a, 1468; BUB IV/2, 126, no. 1083; Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 138–42, 144, 147–48; Claverie, Honorius III, 106–07; Stürner, Friedrich II., 2:91–93; Helmuth Kluger, Hochmeister Hermann von Salza und Kaiser Friedrich II.: Ein Beitrag zur Frühgeschichte des Deutschen Ordens, Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens 37 (Marburg, 1987), 36–42.
- Epistolae saeculi XIII e regestis pontificum selectae, ed. Karl Rodenberg, MGH Epistolae, 3 vols. (Berlin, 1883–1994), 1:156–57, no. 227; BUB IV/2, 120–21, no. 1077; Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 144, 247; Claverie, Honorius III, 109.
- Nicolaos G. Chrissis, Crusading in Frankish Greece: A Study in Byzantine–Western Relations, 1204–1282, Medieval Church Studies 22 (Turnhout, 2012), 68–69; Bullarium Hellenicum: Pope Honorius III’s letters to Frankish Greece and Constantinople (1216–1227), ed. William O. Duba and Christopher D. Schabel, Mediterranean Nexus 3 (Turnhout, 2015), 15–29; Michael Wellas, Das westliche Kaiserreich und das lateinische Königreich Thessalonike, Historical Monographs 2 (Athens, 1987), 31–38; Donald M. Nicol, The Despotate of Epiros (Oxford, 1957), 61–62; Peter Lock, The Franks in the Aegean 1204–1500 (London and New York, 1995), 57–59; Claverie, Honorius III, 85–88. In 1223, Demetrius stayed at the court of his uncle, King Andrew of Hungary, as evident from his testimony in March 1224 in Venice regarding the robbery against some Venetian merchants in Hungary which was perpetrated by the prince and future king Béla with the aid of the knights of the duke of Austria. The source is published in Monumenta spectantia historiam Slavorum meridionalium, ed. Sime Ljubić, vol. 3 (Zagreb, 1872), 393–94, no. VIII.
- For the pope’s arguments for his support of the expedition to Greece, see Bullarium Hellenicum, 396–97, 484–86, nos. 175, 223 (“eius ad partes illas accessus toti Constantinopolitano imperio grandem potest utilitatem afferre ... corroboratio status ipsius imperii multum est utilis negotio Terre Sancte”), 520–25, no. 243 (“necessarium sit negotio Terre Sancte ut status Latinorum in ipso imperio consistentium roboretur”). Cf. Nicolaos G. Chrissis, “The City and the Cross: The Image of Constantinople and the Latin Empire in Thirteenth-Century Papal Crusading Rhetoric,” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 36 (2012): 20–37, at 22–25.
- Regesta Honorii papae III (1216–1227), ed. Pietro Pressutti, 2 vols. (Rome, 1888–95), 2:205, no. 4753; Bullarium Hellenicum, 484–87, no. 223.
- Chrissis, Crusading, 70–78; Wellas, Das westliche Kaiserreich, 38–45; Nicol, The Despotate, 62–64; Lock, The Franks, 60–62; Claverie, Honorius III, 89–92; Bullarium Hellenicum, 20–29, with a more recent oppinion, that William’s crusade was actually carried out only in the spring of 1226 (ibid., 29 n. 33).
- Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 144–51; Stürner, Friedrich II., 2:93–94; Van Cleve, “Crusade of Frederick II,” 439–40; Claverie, Honorius III, 110.
- For a detailed study, see Falko Neininger, Konrad von Urach (†1227): Zähringer, Zisterzienser, Kardinallegat, Quellen und Forschungen aus dem Gebiet der Geschichte, Neue Folge 17 (Paderborn, 1994).
- Neininger, Konrad von Urach, 229–49, esp. 237–39; Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 151–54, 157, 241–42; Stürner, Friedrich II., 2:94; Van Cleve, “Crusade of Frederick II,” 440; Claverie, Honorius III, 111–12.
- Urkunden des Cistercienser-Stiftes Heiligenkreuz, ed. Johann N. Weis, Fontes rerum Austriacarum II, vol. 11 (Vienna, 1856), 64, no. LII; Continuatio Sancrucensis prima, ed. Wilhelm Wattenbach, MGH SS 9 (Hanover, 1851), 626; Neininger, Konrad von Urach, 237–38.
- BUB IV/2, 139–41, no. 1099; Heide Dienst, “Zum Grazer Vertrag von 1225 zwischen Herzog Leopold VI. von Österrreich und Steier und König Andreas II. von Ungarn,” Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung 90 (1982): 1–48, at 7–9, 41–46; Neininger, Konrad von Urach, 238.
- Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 161–67; Stürner, Friedrich II., 2:94–96; Claverie, Honorius III, 114–15; Kluger, Hochmeister, 45–47; Van Cleve, “Crusade of Frederick II,” 440–41; Abulafia, Frederick II, 151–52.
- Regesta imperii V, 1:319, nos. 1571–76; MDC, 4/1:149–50, nos. 1888–91. The presence of Count Meinhard III of Görz in the company of Duke Leopold is evident from his loan of a considerable sum of money from the Doge in Venice, in June 1225, while “dux Austri et Styr venit in Venecias cum comite Megenardo et erat iturus ad dominum imperatorem Rome”: Deliberazioni del Maggior Consiglio di Venezia, vol. I, ed. Roberto Cessi, Accademia dei Lincei, Commissione per gli atti delle assemblee costituzionali Italiane dal medio evo al 1831, III/1 (Bologna, 1950), 83, no. 137; BUB IV/2, 141, no. 1100.
- Historia diplomatica Friderici Secundi, ed. Jean L. A. Huillard-Bréholles, 7 vols. (Paris, 1852–61), 2/2:676–77; Regesta imperii V, 1:328, no. 1623a.
- Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 232–39; Stürner, Friedrich II., 2:98, 104–11; Kluger, Hochmeister, 64–68; Abulafia, Frederick II, 154–58.
- “Aquilegensem patriarcham ... Salzeburgensem archiepiscopos ... Austrie, Carinthie, Bawarie, Meranie duces, marchionem de Andest ac alios nobiles et barones quamplures”: Historia diplomatica, 2/2:609–12; MDC, 4/1:154, no. 1902a.
- Deliberazioni del Maggior Consiglio, 211–12, no. 142.
- Epistolae saeculi XIII, 1:252–53, no. 334. Very likely the abbots of other Austrian Cistercian houses were also active in the organization of the crusade: cf. Neininger, Konrad von Urach, 239; Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 245–46. Another addressee of the papal letter, archiepiscopus Colocensis from Hungary, was not Berthold of Andechs-Merania, as stated by Hechelhammer, 245. Berthold had already been patriarch of Aquileia for almost a decade, transferred there from Kalocsa in 1218. See note 30.
- Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 186–98; Stürner, Friedrich II., 2:130–39; Abulafia, Frederick II, 164–67; Van Cleve, “Crusade of Frederick II,” 446–47; Hiestand, “Friedrich II.”, 142–43; Kluger, Hochmeister, 71.
- On Frederick’s crusade in 1228–29 the most complete recent study is Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 267–318. Cf. Stürner, Friedrich II., 2:143–69; Kluger, Hochmeister, 78–122; Van Cleve, “Crusade of Frederick II,” 451–62; Abulafia, Frederick II, 174–94; Hiestand, “Friedrich II.”, 142–49.
- Epistolae saeculi XIII, 1:385–86, no. 369; BUB IV/2, 151–52, no. 1113: “quod multi nobilium terre sue signo crucis assumpto se devoverunt servitio terre sancte, alii vero multo plures aliis divites et potentes pium super hoc propositum conceperunt et ad transfretandum in proximo passagio se accingunt, per quod licet pro magna parte militum tuorum auxilio destitui te contingat.”
- In 1228, “in procinctu eundi versus sanctam terram Ierusalem,” he issued a deed for the Cistercian monastery in Rein, Styria, in the presence and with the seal of the Austrian Duchess Theodora, granddaughter of the Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angelos. He died after his return in 1230. BUB IV/2, 152–53, no. 1114; UBSt, 2:354–55, 367–68, nos. 257a, 269; Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 362–63.
- NAP MR, nos. 1538, 1539. Listed as witnesses are Bernardus of Aspersdorf, Konrad of Coopsdorf, Ansalm of Grünbach and a certain Clupanus.
- Das Traditionsbuch des Augustiner-Chorherrenstiftes Neustift bei Brixen, ed. Hans Wagner, Fontes rerum Austriacarum II, vol. 76 (Vienna, 1954), 130, no. 168. His deed was confirmed by Bishop Henry in 1228–30: TUB, 2:305, no. 896.
- MDC, 1:388, no. 504. Another crusader, Dietrich, an advocate of Freiberg, was not a ducal ministerial from Freiberg in Carinthia, as supposed by Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 362. The name Dietrich does not appear in this Carinthian family. See MDC, 4/2:862 (register).
- Die Aktenstücke zum Frieden von S. Germano 1230, ed. Karl Hampe, MGH Epistolae selectae, vol. 4 (Berlin, 1926), 61–63, no. 5; Historia diplomatica, 3:210–11; Stürner, Friedrich II., 2:181–89; Hechelhammer, Kreuzzug, 318–21; Abulafia, Frederick II, 194–201; in detail Kluger, Hochmeister, 141–62. At the emperor’s court at that time was also Demetrius of Montferrat, rex Thessalonicensis –the exiled former king of Thessalonika: Historia diplomatica, 3:206. This is a testimony that he was still alive in 1230 and did not die in 1227, as is usually stated. For this problem, see Wellas, Das westliche Kaiserreich, 118–20.
- See, more recently, Tyerman, God’s War, 756.
- “universis Christi fidelibus per Carneolam, Istriam, Dalmatiam, Bosnam, Croaciam, Serviam et alias partes Sclavonie constitutis ... universis catholicis, qui ab eodem priore commoniti crucis assumpto caractere ad hereticorum exterminium se accinxerint, illam indulgentiam illudque privilegium elargimur, que accedentibus in terre sancte subsidium conceduntur”: Codex diplomaticus regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae, ed. Tadija Smičiklas, vol. 3 (Zagreb, 1905), 396–98, no. 343.
- “Cum igitur proposueris in potenti manu in Pruscie subsidium profisci ... tibi et tecum in subsidium predictum euntibus peccatorum indulgentiam elargimur, que transfretantibus in terre sancte subsidium in generali concilio est concessa”: Epistolae saeculi XIII, 2:51, no. 70; BUB IV/2, 263–64, no. 1244.
- Patriarch Berthold of Aquileia, Archbishop Eberhard of Salzburg, Duke Frederick II of Austria, Styria and lord of Carniola, Duke Bernhard of Carinthia, Count Meinhard III of Görz, Count Albert III of Tyrol: Epistolae saeculi XIII, 1:496–98, nos. 607, 608; BUB IV/2, 207, no. 1180; UBSt, 3:49, no. 41; MDC, 4/1:223, no. 2095. The source is ambiguous and the appeal is usually interpreted as one for assistance to the Holy See against its adversaries in Italy. In any case, the pope explicitly speaks of the troubled Holy Land and his ultimate purpose was to secure suitable conditions for help to be provided to the East. Only days earlier he had launched an appeal for a new crusade in a letter to the French, and accordingly issued a mandate to preach the cross in France, in the German dioceses of Trier, Mainz, Cologne, Salzburg et alias provincias Alamannie, and in Italy: Epistolae saeculi XIII, 1:491–96, nos. 605, 606; Tyerman, God’s War, 757.
- Dietmar of Pottenstein in Austria in 1234 issued a deed for the monastery of Lilienfeld in case he did not return from the transfretatio: Die Urkunden des Zisterzienserstiftes Lilienfeld 1111–1892, ed. Gerhard Winner, Fontes rerum Austriacarum II, vol. 81 (Vienna, 1974), 37, no. 26
- Sources for the Mongol invasion are collected in Der Mongolensturm: Berichte von Augenzeugen und Zeitgenossen 1235–1250, ed. Hansgerd Göckenjan and James R. Sweeney, Ungarns Geschichtsschreiber 3 (Graz-Vienna-Cologne, 1985); BUB IV/2, 249–55, nos. 1225–1231; see also Johannes Giessauf, “Herzog Friedrich II von Österreich und die Mongolengefahr 1241/42,” in Forschungen zur Geschichte des Alpen-Adria-Raumes, ed. Herwig Ebner et al., Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Geschichte 9 (Graz, 1997), 173–99.
- Epistolae saeculi XIII, 1:722–23, no. 822; trans. in Crusade and Christendom, 321–23, no. 42. The Annals of Stade reported, that “Tartari tanta timore cordo hominum concusserunt, ut homines contra eos in diversis locis et provinciis auctoritate episcoporum se crucis caractere insignirent. Tandem papa ad instantiam regis Ungariae, ducis Austriae et domini Carintiae dedit generalem terrae Iherosolimitanae indulgentiam contra eos”: Annales Stadenses, ed. I. M. Lappenberg, MGH SS 16 (Hanover, 1859), 367.
- Count Albert of Tyrol, “cruce signatus contra Tartaros,” issued a deed for the monastery of Polling in Bavaria. Ulrich of Ulten, “signati cruce contra Thartoros pro patrie liberatione et fidei catholice conservatione,” donated some property for charity purposes, “ut si ab explicatione negocii crucis assumpti nos eveniat non repatriare.” TUB, 3:172–80, nos. 1131, 1133, 1134, 1137.
- The letter is preserved only in the Chronica Majora of Matthew Paris, ed. Henry Richards Luard, 7 vols., RS 57 (London, 1872–83), 4:270–77 (description of the Mongol siege and retreat at 272–73; Luard dates the letter to 1243); BUB IV/2, 249–51, no. 1225. Evaluation of the source by Giessauf, “Herzog Friedrich II.”, 188–92.
- Giessauf, “Herzog Friedrich II.”, 186–87; Peter Jackson, “The Crusade against the Mongols (1241),” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 42 (1991): 1–18.
- Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik, ed. Joseph Seemüller, MGH Deutsche Chroniken 5, 2 vols. (Hanover, 1890–93), 1:578–720, lines 44585–53866.
- A study of the “Book of Akkon” with translation into modern German: Bettina Hatheyer, Das Buch von Akkon: Das Thema Kreuzzug in der Steirischen Reimchronik des Ottokar aus der Gaal, Untersuchungen, Übersetzung und Kommentar, Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik 709 (Göppingen, 2005). The study is literary and much weaker on the historical background and circumstances. A proper evaluation of the source for the history of the crusades is still lacking. On the fall of Acre, with extensive use of Ottokar’s chronicle, see Erwin Stickel, Der Fall von Akkon: Untersuchungen zum Abklingen des Kreuzzugsgedankens am Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts, Arbeiten aus dem hist. Seminar der Universität Zürich 45 (Frankfurt, 1975).
- “als ich sîn wartt verrihtete, alsô hân ich ez getihtet”; Ottokars Österreichische Reimchronik, 1:578, line 44595; Hatheyer, Das Buch, 40, 505.
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