Iron Metabolism in the Reticuloendothelial System

References

• Abboud, S. and Haile, D.J. 2000. A novel mam-malian iron-regulated protein involved in intracellular iron metabolism. J Biol Chem. 275: 19906—19912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aisen, P. 1990. Iron metabolism in the reticu-loendothelial system. In: Iron Transport and Storage. pp. 281—295. Ponka, P., Woodworth, R.C., and Schulman, H.M., Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton.
   Google Scholar
• Alam, J. and Smith, A. 1989. Receptor-medi-ated transport of heme by hemopexin regulates gene expression in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem. 264: 17637—17640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Hernandez, X., Felstein, M.V., and Brock, J.H. 1986. The relationship between iron release, ferritin synthesis and intrac-ellular iron distribution in mouse perito-neal macrophages. Evidence for a reduced level of metabolically available iron in elicited macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta. 886: 214—222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Hernandez, X., Liceaga, J., McKay, I.C., and Brock, J.H. 1989. Induction of hypo-ferremia and modulation of macrophage iron metabolism by tumor necrosis factor. Lab Invest. 61: 319—322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreesen, R., Osterholz, J., Bodemann, H., Bross, K.J., Costabel, U., and Lohr, G.W. 1984. Expression of transferrin receptors and intracellular ferritin during terminal differentiation of human monocytes. Blut 49: 195—202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Athens, J.W. 1993. The reticuloendothelial (mononuclear phagocyte) system and the spleen. In: Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematol-ogy, Lee, G.R., Ed., Lea&Febiger, Phila-delphia, PA.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, P.G. and Barton, C.H. 1999. High level expression of Nramp1G169 in RAW264.7 cell transfectants: analysis of intracellular iron transport. Immunology 96: 656—662.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, S.T., Barton, C.H., and Biggs, T.E. 2000. A negative autoregulatory link between Nramp1 function and expression. J Leukoc Biol 67: 501—507.
   Google Scholar
• Bannerman, R.M. and Cooper, R.G. 1966. Sex-linked anemia: a hypochromic anemia of mice. Science 151: 581—582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baranano, D.E., Wolosker, H., Bae, B.I., Bar-row, R.K., Snyder, S.H., and Ferris, C.D. 2000. A mammalian iron ATPase induced by iron. J Biol Chem 275: 15166—15173.
   Google Scholar
• Barton, C.H., Biggs, T.E., Baker, S.T., Bowen, H., and Atkinson, P.G. 1999. Nramp1: a link between intracellular iron transport and innate resistance to intracellular pathogens. J Leukoc Biol 66: 757—762.
   Google Scholar
• Bassett, M.L., Halliday, J.W., and Powell, L.W. 1982. Ferritin synthesis in peripheral blood monocytes in idiopathic hemochromato-sis. J Lab Clin Med 100: 137—145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastin, J.M., Jones, M., O’Callaghan, C.A., Schimanski, L., Mason, D.Y., and Townsend, A.R. 1998. Kupffer cell staining by an HFE-specific monoclonal antibody: implications for hereditary haemochromatosis. Br J Haematol 103: 931—941.
   Google Scholar
• Beamish, M.R., Davies, A.G., Eakins, J.D., Jacobs, A., and Trevett, D. 1971. The mea-surement of reticuloendothelial iron re-lease using iron-dextran. Br J Haematol 21: 617—622.
   Google Scholar
• Bergamaschi, G., Eng, M.J., Huebers, H.A., and Finch, C.A. 1986. The effect of transferrin saturation on internal iron exchange. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 183: 66—73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besa, E.C., Kim, P.W., and Haurani, F.I. 2000. Treatment of primary defective iron-reutilization syndrome: revisited. Ann Hematol 79: 465—468.
   Google Scholar
• Biggs, T.E., Baker, S.T., Botham, M.S., Dhital, A., Barton, C.H., and Perry, V.H. 2001. Nramp1 modulates iron homoeostasis in vivo and in vitro: evidence for a role in cellular iron release involving de-acidification of intracellular vesicles. Eur J Immunol 31: 2060—2070.
   Google Scholar
• Bjorn-Rasmussen, E., Hageman, J., van den Dungen, P., Prowit-Ksiazek, A., and Biberfeld, P. 1985. Transferrin receptors on circulating monocytes in hereditary haemochromatosis. Scand J Haematol 34: 308—311.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bornman, L., Baladi, S., Richard, M.J., Tyrrell, R.M., and Polla, B.S. 1999. Differential regulation and expression of stress proteins and ferritin in human monocytes. J Cell Physiol 178: 1—8.
   Google Scholar
• Bosio, S., De Gobbi, M., Roetto, A., Zecchina, G., Leonardo, E., Rizzetto, M., et al. 2002. Anemia and iron overload due to com-pound heterozygosity for novel ceruloplas-min mutations. Blood 100: 2246—2248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bothwell, T.H., Abrahams, C., Bradlow, B.A., and Charlton, R.W. 1965. Idiopathic and bantu hemochromatosis. Arch Path 79: 163—168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bothwell, T.H., Charlton, R.W., Cook, J.D., and Finch, C.A. (1979) Iron Metabolism in Man, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Braggins, P.E., Trakshel, G.M., Kutty, R.K., and Maines, M.D. 1986. Characterization of two heme oxygenase iso forms in rat spleen: comparison with the hematin-in-duced and constitutive iso forms of the liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 141: 528- 533.
   Google Scholar
• Bratosin, D., Mazurier, J., Tissier, J.P., Estaquier, J., Huart J.J., et al. 1998. Cel-lular and molecular mechanisms of se-nescent erythrocyte phagocytosis by mac-rophages. A review. Biochimie 80: 173—195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brink, B., Disler, P., Lynch, S., Jacobs, P., Charlton, R., and Bothwell, T. 1976. Pat-terns of iron storage in dietary iron over-load and idiopathic hemochromatosis. J Lab Clin Med 88: 725—731.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cairo, G., Recalcati, S., Montosi, G., Castrusini, E., Conte, D., and Pietrangelo, A. 1997. Inappropriately high iron regulatory pro-tein activity in monocytes of patients with genetic hemochromatosis. Blood 89: 2546- 2553.
   Google Scholar
• Cartwright, G.E. and Lee, G.R. 1971. The anaemia of chronic disorders. Br J Haematol 21: 147—152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortell, S., Rieber, E.E., Sheehy, T.W., and Conrad, M.E. 1967. Tropical sprue and intussusception: an unusual association. Report of a case. Am J Dig Dis 12: 216- 221.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, L.M., Moura, E.M., Moura, J.J., and de Sousa, M. 1998. Iron compounds after erythrophagocytosis: chemical character-ization and immunomodulatory effects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 247: 159- 165.
   Google Scholar
• Custer, G., Balcerzak, S., and Rinehart, J. 1982. Human macrophage hemoglobin-iron me-tabolism in vitro. Am J Hematol 13: 23—36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deiss, A. 1999. Destruction of erythrocytes. In: Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology. pp. 267- 299. Lee, G.R., Foerster, J., Lukens, J., Paraskevas, F., Greer, J.P., and Rodgers, G.M., Eds., Lipincott Williams&Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Delanghe, J.R. and Langlois, M.R. 2002. Hap-toglobin polymorphism and body iron stores. Clin Chem Lab Med 40: 212—216.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Devalia, V., Carter, K., Walker, A.P., Perkins, S.J., Worwood, M., May, A., and Dooley, J.S. 2002. Autosomal dominant reticu-loendothelial iron overload associated with a 3-base pair deletion in the ferroportin 1 gene (SLC11A3). Blood 100: 695—697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, A., Brownlie, A., Zhou, Y., Shepard, J., Pratt, S.J., Moynihan, J., et al. 2000. Positional cloning of zebrafish ferroportin1 identifies a conserved vertebrate iron exporter. Nature 403: 776—781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbirt, K.K. and Bonkovsky, H.L. 1999. Heme oxygenase: recent advances in understand-ing its regulation and role. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 111: 438—447.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esparza, I. and Brock, J.H. 1981. Release of iron by resident and stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages following ingestion and degradation of transferrin-antitransferrin immune complexes. Br J Haematol. 49: 603—614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feder, J.N., Penny, D.M., Irrinki, A., Lee, V.K., Lebron, J.A., Watson, N., et al. 1998. The hemochromatosis gene product complexes with the transferrin receptor and lowers its affinity for ligand binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 1472—1477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feder, J.N., Gnirke, A., Thomas, W., Tsuchihashi, Z., Ruddy, D.A., Basava, A., et al. 1996. A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis. Nat Genet 13: 399—408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, C., Bucchini, D., Martin, M.E., Levi, S., Arosio, P., Grandchamp, B., and Beau-mont, C. 2000. Early embryonic lethality of H ferritin gene deletion in mice. J Biol Chem 275: 3021—3024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, C., Santambrogio, P., Martin, M.E., Andrieu, V., Feldmann, G., Henin, D., and Beaumont, C. 2001. H ferritin knockout mice: a model of hyperferritinemia in the absence of iron overload. Blood 98: 525- 532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillet, G., Cook, J.D., and Finch, C.A. 1974. Storage iron kinetics. VII. A biologic model for reticuloendothelial iron transport. J Clin Invest 53: 1527—1533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillet, G., Beguin, Y., and Baldelli, L. 1989. Model of reticuloendothelial iron metabo-lism in humans: abnormal behavior in id-iopathic hemochromatosis and in inflam-mation. Blood 74: 844—851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch, C.A., Huebers, H., Eng, M., and Miller, L. 1982. Effect of transfused reticulocytes on iron exchange. Blood 59: 364—369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch, C.A., Deubelbeiss, K., Cook, J.D., Eschbach, J.W., Harker, L.A., Funk, D.D., et al. 1970. Ferrokinetics in man. Medi-cine (Baltimore) 49: 17—53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagan, P.R., Lam, D., Banerjee, D., and Valberg, L.S. 1989. Ferritin release by mononuclear cells in hereditary hemochro-matosis. J Lab Clin Med 113: 145—150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, M.D., Romano, M.A., Su, M.A., Garrick, L.M., Garrick, M.D., and Andrews, N.C. 1998. Nramp2 is mutated in the anemic Belgrade (b) rat: evidence of a role for Nramp2 in endosomal iron transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 1148- 1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, M.D., Trenor, C.C., 3rd, Su, M.A., Foernzler, D., Beier, D.R., Dietrich, W.F., and Andrews, N.C. 1997. Microcytic anaemia mice have a mutation in Nramp2, a candidate iron transporter gene. Nat Genet 16: 383—386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, R.E. and Sly, W.S. 2001. Hepcidin: a putative iron-regulatory hormone relevant to hereditary hemochromatosis and the anemia of chronic disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 8160—8162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazer, D.M., Vulpe, C.D., McKie, A.T., Wilkins, S.J., Trinder, D., Cleghorn, G.J., and Ander-son, G.J. 2001. Cloning and gastrointestinal expression of rat hephaestin: relation-ship to other iron transport proteins. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 281: G931—939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon, E., Duclos, S., Rondeau, C., Chevet, E., Cameron, P.H., Steele-Mortimer, O., et al. 2002. Endoplasmic reticulum-medi-ated phagocytosis is a mechanism of entry into macrophages. Cell 110: 119—131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale, E., Torrance, J., and Bothwell, T. 1963. The quantitative estimation of total iron stores in human bone marrow. J Clin In-vest 42: 1076—1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garby, L. and Noyes, W.D. 1959a. Studies of hemoglobin metabolism. I. The kinetic properties of the plasma hemoglobin poolin normal man. J Clin Invest 38: 1479- 1488.
   Google Scholar
• Garby, L. and Noyes, W.D. 1959b. Studies of hemoglobin metabolism. II. Path-ways of hemoglobin iron metabolism in normal man. J Clin Invest 38: 1484- 1486.
   Google Scholar
• Goswami, T., Bhattacharjee, A., Babal, P., Searle, S., Moore, E., Li, M., and Blackwell, J.M. 2001. Natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 is an H+/ bivalent cation antiporter. Biochem J 354: 511—519.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Govoni, G., Canonne-Hergaux, F., Pfeifer, C.G., Marcus, S.L., Mills, S.D., Hackam, D.J., et al. 1999. Functional expression of Nramp1 in vitro in the murine macrophage line RAW264.7. Infect Immun 67: 2225—2232.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, W.J., Kelly, A.L., Smith, S.J., and Cox, T.M. 2000. Localization of iron transport and regulatory proteins in human cells. QJM 93: 575—587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruenheid, S., Cellier, M., Vidal, S., and Gros, P. 1995. Identification and characteriza-tion of a second mouse Nramp gene. Genomics 25: 514—525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruenheid, S., Pinner, E., Desjardins, M., and Gros, P. 1997. Natural resistance to infection with intracellular pathogens: the Nramp1 protein is recruited to the membrane of the phagosome. J Exp Med 185: 717—730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruenheid, S., Canonne-Hergaux, F., Gauthier, S., Hackam, D.J., Grinstein, S., and Gros, P. 1999. The iron transport protein NRAMP2 is an integral membrane glyco-protein that colocalizes with transferrin in recycling endosomes. J Exp Med 189: 831- 841.
   Google Scholar
• Gunshin, H., Mackenzie, B., Berger, U.V., Gunshin, Y., Romero, M.F., Boron, W.F., et al. 1997. Cloning and characterizatin of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter. Nature 388: 482—488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunshin, H., Allerson, C.R., Polycarpou-Schwarz, M., Rofts, A., Rogers, J.T., Kishi, F., et al. 2001. Iron-dependent regulation of the divalent metal ion transporter. FEBS Lett 509: 309—316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, T.A., Weiel, J.E., and Adams, D.O. 1984. Expression of the transferrin recep-tor in murine peritoneal macrophages is modulated in the different stages of acti-vation. J Immunol 132: 2285—2290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, Z.L., Durley, A.P., Man, T.K., and Gitlin, J.D. 1999. Targeted gene disruption re-veals an essential role for ceruloplasmin in cellular iron efflux. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 10812—10817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto, S., Suzuki, T., Dong, H.Y., Yamazaki, N., and Matsushima, K. 1999. Serial analysis of gene expression in hu-man monocytes and macrophages. Blood 94: 837—844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haurani, F.I. and O’Brien, R. 1972. A model system for release of iron from the reticu-loendothelial system. J Reticuloendothel Soc 12: 29—39.
   Google Scholar
• Hellman, N.E., Kono, S., Miyajima, H., and Gitlin, J.D. 2002. Biochemical analysis of a mis-sense mutation in aceruloplasminemia. J Biol Chem 277: 1375—1380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hershko, C., Cook, J.D., and Finch, C.A. 1972. Storage iron kinetics. II. The uptake of hemoglobin iron by hepatic parenchymal cells. J Lab Clin Med 80: 624—634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Invernizzi, R., Cazzola, M., De Fazio, P., Rosti, V., Ruggeri, G., and Arosio, P. 1990. Im-munocytochemical detection of ferritin in human bone marrow and peripheral blood cells using monoclonal antibodies specific for the H and L subunit. Br J Haematol 76: 427—432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabado, N., Jankowski, A., Dougaparsad, S., Picard, V., Grinstein, S., and Gros, P. 2000. Natural resistance to intracellular infections: natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) functions as a pH-dependent manganese transporter at the phagosomal membrane. J Exp Med 192: 1237—1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, A. and Summers, M.R. 1981. Iron up-take and ferritin synthesis by peripheral blood leucocytes in patients with primary idiopathic haemochromatosis. Br J Haematol 49: 649—652.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kampschmidt, R.F., Upchurch, H.F., and Johnson, H.L. 1964. Iron transport after injection of endotoxin in rats. Am J Physiol 208: 68—72.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. and Ponka, P. 1999. Control of transfer-rin receptor expression via nitric oxide-mediated modulation of iron-regulatory protein 2. J Biol Chem 274: 33035—33042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. and Ponka, P. 2000. Effects of inter-feron-gamma and lipopolysaccharide on macrophage iron metabolism are medi-ated by nitric oxide-induced degradation of iron regulatory protein 2. J Biol Chem 275: 6220—6226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleber, E.E., Torrance, J.D., Bothwell, T.H., Simon, M.O., and Charlton, R.W. 1981. Mobilisation of iron from peritoneal rat macrophages by desferrioxamine. Scand J Haematol 27: 209—218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kondo, H., Saito, K., Grasso, J.P., and Aisen, P. 1988. Iron metabolism in the erythrophagocytosing Kupffer cell. Hepatology 8: 32—38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konijn, A.M. and Hershko, C. 1977. Ferritin synthesis in inflammation. I. Pathogenesis of impaired iron release. Br J Haematol 37: 7—16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, A., Neitz, S., Magert, H.J., Schulz, A., Forssmann, W.G., Schulz-Knappe, P., and Adermann, K. 2000. LEAP-1, a novel highly disulfide-bonded human peptide, exhibits antimicrobial activity. FEBS Lett 480: 147—150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristiansen, M., Graversen, J.H., Jacobsen, C., Sonne, O., Hoffman, H.J., Law, S.K., and Moestrup, S.K. 2001. Identification of the haemoglobin scavenger receptor. Nature 409: 198—201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn, D.E., Lafuse, W.P., and Zwilling, B.S. 2001. Iron transport into mycobacterium avium-containing phagosomes from an Nramp1(Gly169)-transfected RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. J Leukoc Biol 69: 43—49.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn, D.E., Baker, B.D., Lafuse, W.P., and Zwilling, B.S. 1999. Differential iron transport into phagosomes isolated from the RAW264.7 macrophage cell lines transfected with Nramp1Gly169 or Nramp1Asp169. J Leukoc Biol 66: 113—119.
   Google Scholar
• Kumazawa, M., Misaki, M., Baba, M., Shima, T., and Suzuki, S. 1986. Transferrin re-ceptor on rat Kupffer cells in primary culture. Liver 6: 138—144.
   Google Scholar
• Kuriyama-Matsumura, K., Sato, H., Yamaguchi, M., and Bannai, S. 1998. Regulation of ferritin synthesis and iron regulatory pro-tein 1 by oxygen in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 249: 241—246.
   Google Scholar
• Langlois, M.R. and Delanghe, J.R. 1996. Bio-logical and clinical significance of hapto-globin polymorphism in humans. Clin Chem 42: 1589—1600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langlois, M.R., Martin, M.E., Boelaert, J.R., Beaumont, C., Taes, Y.E., De Buyzere, M.L., et al. 2000. The haptoglobin 2—2 phenotype affects serum markers of iron status in healthy males. Clin Chem 46: 1619—1625.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leboeuf, R.C., Tolson, D., and Heinecke, J.W. 1995. Dissociation between tissue iron concentrations and transferrin saturation among inbred mouse strains. J Lab Clin Med 126: 128—136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, G.R. 1993. The anemia of chronic disor-ders. In: Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology pp. 840—871. Lee, G.R., Ed., Lea&Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, G.R., Nacht, S., Lukens, J.N., and Cartwright, G.E. 1968. Iron metabolism in copper-deficient swine. J Clin Invest 47: 2058—2069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S.H., Starkey, P.M., and Gordon, S. 1985. Quantitative analysis of total macrophage content in adult mouse tissues. Immu-nochemical studies with monoclonal anti-body F4/80. J Exp Med 161: 475—489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi, S., Santambrogio, P., Cozzi, A., Rovida, E., Corsi, B., Tamborini, E., et al. 1994. The role of the L-chain in ferritin iron incorporation. Studies of homo and heteropolymers. J Mol Biol 238: 649—654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, J.E., Montross, L.K., Cohen, D.E., Fleming, M.D., and Andrews, N.C. 1999. The C282Y mutation causing hereditary hemochromatosis does not produce a null allele. Blood 94: 9—11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipschitz, D.A., Simon, M.O., Lynch, S.R., Dugard, J., Bothwell, T.H., and Charlton, R.W. 1971. Some factors affecting the release of iron from reticuloendothelial cells. Br J Haematol 21: 289—303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, J.I., Harveyson, K.B., Wisdom, G.B., Hughes, A.E., and Archbold, G.P. 1994. Hereditary caeruloplasmin deficiency, de-mentia and diabetes mellitus. QJM 87: 663—670.
   Google Scholar
• Mabika, M. and Laburn, H. 1999. The role of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in fever and the acute phase reaction in rabbits. Pflugers Arch 438: 218—223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maines, M.D. 1997. The heme oxygenase system: a regulator of second messenger gases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 37: 517- 554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKie, A.T., Marciani, P., Rolfs, A., Brennan, K., Wehr, K., Barrow, D., et al. 2000. A novel duodenal iron-regulated transporter, IREG1, implicated in the basolateral transfer of iron to the circulation. Mol Cell 5: 299—309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, L.A., Durley, A.P., Prohaska, J.R., and Harris, Z.L. 2001. Copper transport and metabolism are normal in aceruloplasminemic mice. J Biol Chem 276: 36857—36861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyajima, H., Nishimura, Y., Mizoguchi, K., Sakamoto, M., Shimizu, T., and Honda, N. 1987. Familial apoceruloplasmin defi-ciency associated with blepharospasm and retinal degeneration. Neurology 37: 761- 767.
   Google Scholar
• Montosi, G., Paglia, P., Garuti, C., Guzman, C.A., Bastin, J.M., Colombo, M.P., and Pietrangelo, A. 2000. Wild-type HFE pro-tein normalizes transferrin iron accumula-tion in macrophages from subjects with hereditary hemochromatosis. Blood 96: 1125—1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montosi, G., Donovan, A., Totaro, A., Garuti, C., Pignatti, E., Cassanelli, S., et al. 2001. Autosomal-dominant hemochromatosis is associated with a mutation in the ferroportin (SLC11A3) gene. J Clin Invest 108: 619- 623.
   Google Scholar
• Moura, E., Verheul, A.F., and Marx, J.J. 1998a. A functional defect in hereditary haemochromatosis monocytes and mono-cyte-derived macrophages. Eur J Clin Invest 28: 164—173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moura, E., Noordermeer, M.A., Verhoeven, N., Verheul, A.F., and Marx, J.J. 1998b. Iron release from human monocytes after eryth-rophagocytosis in vitro: an investigation in normal subjects and hereditary hemochro-matosis patients. Blood 92: 2511—2519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulero, V. and Brock, J.H. 1999. Regulation of iron metabolism in murine J774 macrophages: role of nitric oxide-dependent and-independent pathways following activation with gamma interferon and lipopolysaccha-ride. Blood 94: 2383—2389.
   Google Scholar
• Mulero, V., Searle, S., Blackwell, J.M., and Brock, J.H. 2002a. Solute carrier 11a1 (Slc11a1; formerly Nramp1) regulates metabolism and release of iron acquired by phagocytic, but not transferrin-recep-tor-mediated, iron uptake. Biochem J 363: 89—94.
   Google Scholar
• Mulero, V., Wei, X.Q., Liew, F.Y., and Brock, J.H. 2002b. Regulation of phagosomal iron release from murine macrophages by ni-tric oxide. Biochem J 365: 127—132.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolas, G., Bennoun, M., Devaux, I., Beau-mont, C., Grandchamp, B., Kahn, A., and Vaulont, S. 2001. Lack of hepcidin gene expression and severe tissue iron overload in upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2) knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 8780—8785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolas, G., Bennoun, M., Porteu, A., Mativet, S., Beaumont, C., Grandchamp, B., et al. 2002. Severe iron deficiency anemia in transgenic mice expressing liver hepcidin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99: 4596—4601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishisato, T. and Aisen, P. 1982. Uptake of transferrin by rat peritoneal macrophages. Br J Haematol 52: 631—640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Njajou, O.T., Vaessen, N., Joosse, M., Berghuis, B., van Dongen, J.W., Breuning, M.H., et al. 2001. A mutation in SLC11A3 is associated with autosomal dominant hemochro-matosis. Nat Genet 28: 213—214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noyes, W.D., Bothwell, T.H., and Finch, C.A. 1960. The role of the reticulo-endothelial cell in iron metabolism. Br J Haematol 6: 43—55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olynyk, J.K. and Clarke, S.L. 1998. Isolation and primary culture of rat Kupffer cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 13: 842—845.
   Google Scholar
• Osaki, S., Johnson, D.A., and Frieden, E. 1971. The mobilization of iron from the per-fused mammalian liver by a serum copper enzyme, ferroxidase I. J Biol Chem 246: 3018—3023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkkila, S., Waheed, A., Britton, R.S., Bacon, B.R., Zhou, X.Y., Tomatsu, S., et al. 1997. Association of the transferrin receptor in human placenta with HFE, the protein defective in hereditary hemochromatosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94: 13198- 13202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkkila, S., Parkkila, A.K., Waheed, A., Britton, R.S., Zhou, X.Y., Fleming, R.E., et al. 2000. Cell surface expression of HFE protein in epithelial cells, macroph-ages, and monocytes. Haematologica 85: 340—345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philpott, C.C. 2002. Molecular aspects of iron absorption: Insights into the role of HFE in hemochromatosis. Hepatology 35: 993- 1001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pietrangelo, A. 2002. Physiology of iron transport and the hemochromatosis gene. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 282: G403—414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pigeon, C., Ilyin, G., Courselaud, B., Leroyer, P., Turlin, B., Brissot, P., and Loreal, O. 2001. A new mouse liver-specific gene, encoding a protein homologous to human antimicro-bial peptide hepcidin, is overexpressed dur-ing iron overload. J Biol Chem 276: 7811- 7819.
   Google Scholar
• Pinero, D.J., Li, N., Hu, J., Beard, J.L., and Connor, J.R. 2001. The intracellular location of iron regulatory proteins is altered as a function of iron status in cell cultures and rat brain. J Nutr 131: 2831—2836.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poss, K.D. and Tonegawa, S. 1997. Heme oxy-genase 1 is required for mammalian iron reutilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94: 10919—10924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragan, H.A., Nacht, S., Lee, G.R., Bishop, C.R., and Cartwright, G.E. 1969. Effect of ceru-loplasmin on plasma iron in copper-defi-cient swine. Am J Physiol 217: 1320—1323.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raha-Chowdhury, R., Williams, B.J., and Worwood, M. 1993. Red cell destruction by human monocytes-changes in intrac-ellular ferritin concentration and pheno-type. Eur J Haematol 50: 26—31.
   Google Scholar
• Rama, R., Sanchez, J., and Octave, J.N. 1988. Iron mobilization from cultured rat bone marrow macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 968: 51—58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recalcati, S., Pometta, R., Levi, S., Conte, D., and Cairo, G. 1998. Response of mono-cyte iron regulatory protein activity to inflammation: abnormal behavior in genetic hemochromatosis. Blood 91: 2565—2572.
   Google Scholar
• Roetto, A., Merryweather-Clarke, A.T., Daraio, F., Livesey, K., Pointon, J.J., Barbabietola, G., et al. 2002. A valine deletion of ferroportin 1: a common mutation in hemochromastosis type 4. Blood 100: 733- 734.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenmund, A., Gerber, S., Huebers, H., and Finch, C. 1980. Regulation of iron absorption and storage iron turnover. Blood 56: 30—37.
   Google Scholar
• Saito, K., Nishisato, T., Grasso, J.A., and Aisen, P. 1986. Interaction of transferrin with iron-loaded rat peritoneal macrophages. Br J Haematol 62: 275—286.
   Google Scholar
• Schilling, R.F. 1991. Anemia of chronic dis-ease: a misnomer. Ann Intern Med 115: 572—573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Searle, S., Bright, N.A., Roach, T.I., Atkinson, P.G., Barton, C.H., Meloen, R.H., and Blackwell, J.M. 1998. Localisation of Nramp1 in macrophages: modulation with activation and infection. J Cell Sci 111: 2855—2866.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shike, H., Lauth, X., Westerman, M.E., Ostland, V.E., Carlberg, J.M., Van Olst, J.C., et al. 2002. Bass hepcidin is a novel antimicro-bial peptide induced by bacterial challenge. Eur J Biochem 269: 2232—2237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siegenberg, D., Baynes, R.D., Bothwell, T.H., MacFarlane, B.J., and Lamparelli, R.D. 1990. Factors involved in the regulation of iron transport through reticuloendothe-lial cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 193: 65- 72.
   Google Scholar
• Sizemore, D.J. and Bassett, M.L. 1984. Mono-cyte transferrin-iron uptake in hereditary hemochromatosis. Am J Hematol 16: 347- 354.
   Google Scholar
• Tabuchi, M., Yoshimori, T., Yamaguchi, K., Yoshida, T., and Kishi, F. 2000. Human NRAMP2/DMT1, which mediates iron transport across endosomal membranes, is local-ized to late endosomes and lysosomes in HEp-2 cells. J Biol Chem 275: 22220—22228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taketani, S., Kohno, H., Sawamura, T., and Tokunaga, R. 1990. Hemopexin-dependent down-regulation of expression of the hu-man transferrin receptor. J Biol Chem 265: 13981—13985.
   Google Scholar
• Tenhunen, R., Marver, H.S., and Schmid, R. 1968. The enzymatic conversion of heme to bilirubin by microsomal heme oxyge-nase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 61: 748- 755.
   Google Scholar
• Testa, U., Camagna, A., Giannella, G., Pelosi-Testa, E., Petrini, M., Samoggia, P., et al. 1987. Expression of transferrin receptors: differential regulatory mechanisms in monocytes-macrophages versus other he-mopoietic cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 511: 131—137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Testa, U., Petrini, M., Quaranta, M.T., Pelosi-Testa, E., Mastroberardino, G., Camagna, A., et al. 1989. Iron up-modulates the ex-pression of transferrin receptors during monocyte-macrophage maturation. J Biol Chem 264: 13181—13187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend, A. and Drakesmith, H. 2002. Role of HFE in iron metabolism, hereditary haemochromatosis, anaemia of chronic disease, and secondary iron overload. Lan-cet 359: 786—790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trenor, C.C., 3rd, Campagna, D.R., Sellers, V.M., Andrews, N.C., and Fleming, M.D. 2000. The molecular defect in hypotransferrinemic mice. Blood 96: 1113—1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji, Y., Ayaki, H., Whitman, S.P., Morrow, C.S., Torti, S.V., and Torti, F.M. 2000. Coordinate transcriptional and translational regulation of ferritin in response to oxida-tive stress. Mol Cell Biol 20: 5818—5827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida, T., Yamagiwa, A., and Nakamura, K. 1991. The effect of interleukin-1 on iron metabolism in rats. Eur J Haematol 46: 1- 5.
   Google Scholar
• Valberg, L.S. 1978. Tissue iron distribution in idiopathic hemochromatosis. Gastroenter-ology 75: 915—916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valberg, L.S., Simon, J.B., Manley, P.N., Corbett, W.E., and Ludwig, J. 1975. Distribution of storage iron as body stores expand in patients with hemochromatosis. J Lab Clin Med 86: 479—489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal, S., Gros, P., and Skamene, E. 1995. Natu-ral resistance to infection with intracellu-lar parasites: molecular genetics identifies Nramp1 as the Bcg/Ity/Lsh locus. J Leukoc Biol 58: 382—390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal, S.M., Malo, D., Vogan, K., Skamene, E., and Gros, P. 1993. Natural resistance to infection with intracellular parasites: isolation of a candidate for Bcg. Cell 73: 469—485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal, S.M., Pinner, E., Lepage, P., Gauthier, S., and Gros, P. 1996. Natural resistance to intracellular infections: Nramp1 encodes a membrane phosphoglycoprotein absent in macrophages from susceptible (Nramp1 D169) mouse strains. J Immunol 157: 3559—3568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vulpe, C.D., Kuo, Y.M., Murphy, T.L., Cowley, L., Askwith, C., Libina, N., et al. 1999. Hephaestin, a ceruloplasmin homologue implicated in intestinal iron transport, is defective in the sla mouse. Nat Genet 21: 195—199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waheed, A., Parkkila, S., Zhou, X.Y., Tomatsu, S., Tsuchihashi, Z., Feder, J.N., et al. 1997. Hereditary hemochromatosis: effects of C282Y and H63D mutations on association with beta2-microglobulin, intracellu-lar processing, and cell surface expression of the HFE protein in COS-7 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94: 12384—12389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardrop, S.L. and Richardson, D.R. 1999. The effect of intracellular iron concentration and nitrogen monoxide on Nramp2 expression and non-transferrin-bound iron uptake. Eur J Biochem 263: 41—49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wardrop, S.L. and Richardson, D.R. 2000. In-terferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide regulate the expression of Nramp2 and increase the uptake of iron from low relative molecular mass complexes by mac-rophages. Eur J Biochem 267: 6586—6593.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinberg, J.B. and Athens, J.W. 1993. The mononuclear phagocyte system. In: Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology. pp. 268- 298. Lee, G.R., Ed., Lea&Febiger, Phila-delphia, PA.
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein, D.A., Roy, C.N., Fleming, M.D., Loda, M.F., Wolfsdorf, J.I., and Andrews, N.C. 2002. Inappropriate expression of hepcidin is associated with iron refractory anemia: implications for the anemia of chronic disease. Blood 100: 3776—3781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, G., Graziadel, I., Urbanek, M., Grunewald, K., and Vogel, W. 1996. Divergent effects of alpha 1-antitrypsin on the regulation of iron metabolism in human erythroleukaemic (K562) and myelomonocytic (THP-1) cells. Biochem J 319: 897—902.
   Google Scholar
• Wyllie, S., Seu, P., and Goss, J.A. 2002. The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 Slc11a1 (formerly Nramp1) and iron metabolism in macrophages. Microbes Infect 4: 351—359.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, F., Liu, X.-b., Quinones, M., Melby, P.H., Ghio, A., and Haile, D.J. 2002. Regulation of reticuloendothelial iron transporter MTP1 (Slc11a3) by inflammation. J Biol Chem 277: 39786—39791.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, X.Y., Tomatsu, S., Fleming, R.E., Parkkila, S., Waheed, A., Jiang, J., et al. 1998. HFE gene knockout produces mouse model of hereditary hemochromatosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 2492—2497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida, K., Furihata, K., Takeda, S., Nakamura, A., Yamamoto, K., Morita, H., et al. 1995. A mutation in the ceruloplasmin gene is associated with systemic hemosiderosis in humans. Nat Genet 9: 267—272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwilling, B.S., Kuhn, D.E., Wikoff, L., Brown, D., and Lafuse, W. 1999. Role of iron in Nramp1-mediated inhibition of mycobac-terial growth. Infect Immun 67: 1386—1392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar