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Original Articles

Soviet Economic Concessions Policy and Industrial Development in the 1920s: The Case of the Moscow Railway Repair Factory

Pages 549-569 | Published online: 02 Jul 2010

References

  • 1921 . Krasnaya gazeta , 15 May : 1 In 1921, for instance, Krasin complained of colleagues taking an ironical attitude towards concessions:
  • Fursenko , A. A. 1991 . Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922 . `The Oil Problem and Soviet-American Relations at the Genoa Conference of 1922' . 1991 , Cambridge . Edited by: Fink , C. pp. 149 – 157 .
  • White , C. A. 1992 . British and American Commercial Relations with Soviet Russia, 1918-1924 208 – 210 . Chapel Hill
  • Kennedy , K. H. 1986 . Mining Tsar: The Life and Times of Leslie Urquhart 142 – 199 . London
  • Sutton , A. C. 1968 . Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development, Volume 1: 1917 1930 , Volume 1 , 9 Stanford : CA .
  • V. P. Butkovsky, Inostrannye kontsessii v narodnom khozyaistve SSSR (Moscow-Leningrad, 1928), p. 32, cited in A. G. Dongarov, Inostrannyi kapital v Rossii i SSSR (Moscow, 1990), p. 91.
  • V. A. Shishkin, Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i strany Zapada v 1917-1923 gg.: Ocherki istorii stanovleniya ekonomicheskikh otnoshenii (Leningrad, 1969), pp. 415-416. Shishkin's point is that many applications were submitted to foreign-based committees which were rejected without reference to the Main Concessions Committee.
  • Johansson , A. 1991 . “ `Swedish Concessionaires in the Soviet Industry: Experiences of Foreign Participants in the Rise and Fall of NEP, "The First Perestroika"' ” . In Contact or Isolation? Soviet-Western Relations in the Interwar Period Edited by: Hiden , J. and Loit , A. 191 Stockholm Sutton, Western Technology, p. 9 (there is a discrepancy in this source, for though an overall total of 342 agreements is given, the annual totals add up to only 330); Butkovsky, Inostrannye kontsessii, p. 43. Butkovsky's data appear to be corroborated by statistics from the Main Concessions Committee which are cited in
  • Munting , R. 1982 . The Economic Development of the USSR 193 London
  • Sutton, Western Technology.
  • See Shishkin, Sovetskoe gosudarstvo, p. 417; Johansson, `Swedish Concessionaires', pp. 189-207.
  • Shishkin , V. A. and Lenin , V. I. 1977 . i vneshneekonomicheskaya politika Sovetskogo gosudarstva (1917-1923gg.) 327 Leningrad
  • Carr , E. H. and Davies , R. W. 1969 . Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926-1929 Vol. 1 , 716 – 718 . London
  • Dobb , M. 1978 . Soviet Economic Development since 1917, , 6th edn 180 London
  • Carr , E. H. 1958 . Socialism in One Country, 1924-1926 Vol. 1 , 454 – 455 . London
  • Nove , A. 1980 . An Economic History of the USSR 89 London
  • Munting . Economic Development 192 – 193 .
  • Davies , R. W. , eds. 1994 . The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913-1945 205 – 206 . Cambridge
  • Carr . Socialism in One Country 454 – 455 .
  • Shishkin . Sovetskoe gosudarstvo 418 – 420 .
  • Dongarov, Inostrannyi kapital.
  • Kennedy, Mining Tsar, pp. 142-199, 287-288.
  • Shishkin, Sovetskoe gosudarstvo, pp. 229-231.
  • Ibid, pp. 235-239, 413; Shishkin, V.I. Lenin, p. 321.
  • Shishkin, Sovetskoe gosudarstvo, pp. 231,412-413.
  • Tekhnika i ekonomika putei soobshcheniya, 1921, 22-24, p. 30.
  • Report by Gimmel'farb, 15 December 1921: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 20ob., 22ob.
  • Heywood, Modernising Lenin's Russia, p. 184.
  • See, for example, ibid., pp. 180-183.
  • Conclusion of Kepanov, 19 April 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 168-176, 189-193.
  • Assessment of the condition of the railways and `shock' tasks in the realm of traction, 23 March 1923: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 594, 1.30; Productivity of Railway Workshops in 1914: ibid, 1. 84; Report about Main Railway Workshops on I January 1914 and 25 January 1919; RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 593, 1.75ob.; Yu. V. Lomonosov, Vospominaniya, vol. 4, p. 881: Leeds Russian Archive, University of Leeds, MS 716.2.1.4.
  • Report by collegium member L. Nikol'sky, January 1919; RGAE, f. 1884, op. 42, d. 1097, ll. 178ob., 180ob.; Lomonosov, Vospominaniya, vol. 4, pp. 881-882.
  • Kratkaya poyasnitel'naya zapiska, 1924: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 42, 1. 6; Report about Main Railway Workshops, 1 January 1914 and 25 January 1919: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 593, 1. 75ob.
  • Report to the Head of the NKPS Main Directorate by the Head of Mozherez N.V. Gimmel'farb, 15 December 1921: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 19-20; Kratkaya poyasnitel'naya zapiska, 1924: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 42, ll. 6-8.
  • Kratkaya poyasnitel'naya zapiska, 1924: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 42, 1. 8.
  • Report by Gimmel'farb, 15 December 1921: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 19ob., 21.
  • See Conclusion of the [Cheka] investigator, Kepanov, 19 April 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 172, 175.
  • Krasnyi put' zheleznodorozhnika, 1919, 37, p. 34. The large ruble value reflects the hyperinflation which lasted into the early 1920s.
  • See Conclusion of Kepanov, 19 April 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 192; Report by Gimmel'farb, 15 December 1921: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 19ob., 21.
  • See Report to I. N. Borisov by the Head of Mozherez, 3 January 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 32ob.
  • Report for the People's Commissar by M. O. Matveev, 25 March 1920: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 4, d. 16, ll. 158-ob.; Report to L. D. Trotsky by Mozherez chief commissar Matveev, circa July 1920: RGAE, f. 3429, op. 1, d. 1869, ll. 213-216.
  • Protocol of meeting about the military urgency of completing the Mozherez, 22 June 1920: RGAE, f. 3429, op. 1, d. 1869, ll. 291-294; Report about the military urgency of the Mozherez, circa June-July 1920: RGAE, f. 3429, op. 1, d. 1869, ll. 295-296.
  • Argenbright , R. T. 1990 . “ `The Russian Railroad System and the Founding of the Communist State, 1917-1922' ” . 360 – 365 . Berkeley : University of California . (unpublished PhD dissertation,
  • Heywood , A. J. 1999 . Modernising Lenin's Russia; Economic Reconstruction, Foreign Trade and the Railways 136 – 139 . Cambridge
  • Report by Gimmel'farb, 15 December 1921: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 19ob.
  • Protocol of meeting of heads of NKPS directorates, 9 December 1920: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 28, d. 3, 1. 186ob.
  • Report by Gimmel'farb, 15 December 1921: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 19ob.
  • Report to Borisov by the acting head of the Sazherez, 16 December 1921: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1.29ob.; Reports by Gimmel'farb, 15 December 1921 and 3 January 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 22ob.-23, 32ob.; Report about the necessity of work on the Mozherez [late January 1922]: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 40-42; Protocols of meeting of NKPS small collegium, 21 and 28 January 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 28, d. 11, ll. 4, 7.
  • Heywood . Modernising Lenin's Russia 189 – 190 .
  • Ibid., p. 187.
  • Protocol of meeting of the small collegium, 20 February 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 28, d. 11, 1. 15.
  • Protocol of meeting about the affairs of the Railway Mission, 30 January 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 28, d. 2, 1. 247; Heywood, Modernising Lenin's Russia, p. 188. The history of the Railway Mission, which was created in 1920 to manage imports of railway equipment, is discussed in ibid., pp. 145-234.
  • Protocol of meeting of VSNKh Concessions Committee, 29 July 1922: RGAE, f. 3429, op. 6, d. 400, 1.83; Report to Borisov by Lazarevsky and Vorontsov-Vel'yaminov about the Mozherez as a Concession, February 1922-February 1923: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 259.
  • 1922 . Journal of meeting of Mozherez Monitoring Commission , 29 April RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 155-156; Notes from NKPS to Gimmel'farb, 31 May 1922: ibid., ll. 161, 163; Report to Dzerzhinsky by Ya. Shatunovsky, 16 July 1922: ibid., 1. 83ob
  • Extract from journal of meeting of the Military Transport Collegium of the VTsIK Supreme Tribunal, 24 May 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 167. Kepanov's report is at ibid., ll. 168-194.
  • Mett, Levin and German industrialists to Borisov, 31 October 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 218-219. For details of the Germans see Draft submission to Main Concessions Committee [8 December 1922]: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1.93. The Gutheoffnungshutte is described in Brockhaus Enzyklopadie, vol. 7 (Wiesbaden, 1969), p. 802.
  • Extract from protocol of Transplan Technical Section meeting, 2 November 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 225; Conclusion of the Technical Section, 2 November 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 215-216; Khalatov to Borisov, 14 November 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 117; Bernshtein-Kogan to Borisov, 17 November 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 114-115; Fomin to Borisov, 13 November 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 108.
  • Protocol of meeting of NKPS Collegium, 27 November 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 28, d. 12, 1. 110; Draft letter from Borisov to Mett & co. [n.d.]: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 86; Draft submission to Main Concessions Committee [8 December 1922]: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 93-94.
  • Protocol of meeting of NKPS Collegium, 27 November 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 28, d. 12, ll. 102-103.
  • See Report to Dreier and Borisov by Gimmel'farb, 11 December 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 244ob; Report to Borisov by Beneshevich, Krasovsky and Lazarevsky, 12 January 1923: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 237-238.
  • Protocol of meeting of SNK Main Concessions Committee, 4 January 1923: RGAE, f. 3429, op. 6, d. 695, ll. 1-2; Report to Beneshevich by Krasovsky, 5 January 1923: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 233ob.
  • See Report about the Mozherez as a Concession, February 1922-February 1923: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 259; Extract from resolution of combined meeting of Gosplan Transport and Industry sections, 1 February 1923: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 266; Protokoly Prezidiuma Gosplana SSSR, 1923, vol. 1 (Moscow, 1991), p. 88.
  • Gimmel'farb to Borisov [12 February 1922]: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 56-58, 69; TsNZh to Gimmel'farb, 13 February 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1.76; Report to [Borisov], March 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1.72.
  • 1922 . Journal of meeting about the erection of the Mozherez , 16 March RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 130
  • Protocol of combined meeting of the NKPS Collegium and Tsektran, 14 March 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 28, d. 11, 1. 19ob.
  • 1922 . Journal of meeting about the erection of the Mozherez , 16 March RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 130-131
  • 1922 . Draft Tekzherez journal , 22 March RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 128
  • 1922 . Journal of meeting about the handover of the Mozherez , 6 April RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 148-149; see also notes on ll. 135, 145, and Submission to Main Concessions Committee, 20 June 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 256
  • See Submission to Main Concessions Committee, 20 June 1922: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 256; Verdict of the Transplan Technical Section, 2 November 1922: RGAE, fi 1884, op. 43, d. 600, 1. 215; Protokoly Prezidiuma Gosplana za 1921-1922 gody, vol. 2, part 1 (Moscow, 1979), pp. 156-157, 261 (note 66). Gosplan also allocated 600 000 pre-war gold rubles for the completion of the factory: ibid., p. 181.
  • Protocol of meeting of STO Main Committee for Concessions and Share Companies, 30 June 1922: RGAE, f. 3429, op. 6, d. 694, 1. 62ob.
  • Heywood . Modernising Lenin's Russia 220 – 224 .
  • Further to the instructions of 14 December 1922 (see note 79), possible alternative uses for the site were evaluated by mid-January. All options were deemed costly except for mothballing the site: Report to Borisov from Beneshevich, Krasovsky and Lazarevsky, 12 January 1923: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 237-238.
  • Protocol of meeting of Main Concessions Committee, 3 March 1923: RGAE, f. 3429, op. 6, d. 695, 1.30ob.; Report to Beneshevich by Vorontsov-Vel'yaminov, 7 March 1923: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 31, d. 362, 1. 1; Protocol of meeting of VSNKh Concessions Committee, 14 March 1923: RGAE, f. 3429, op. 6, d. 445, 1. 39; Report to Beneshevich by Vorontsov-Vel'yaminov, 7 March 1923: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 31, d. 362, 1. 1.
  • Protocol of meeting of VSNKh Concessions Committee, 14 March 1923: RGAE, f. 3429, op. 6, d. 445, ll. 39-42; Report to Beneshevich by Vorontsov-Vel'yaminov about meeting of VSNKh Concessions Committee, 17 March 1923: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 257-258.
  • Draft report to Dzerzhinsky, 10 April 1923: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 43, d. 600, ll. 284-286.
  • Report of Head of All-Union Conglomerate of Repair Factories to NKPS collegium about building the Mozherez, May 1931: RGAE, f. 1884, op. 31, d. 1850, ll. 31-55.
  • See Heywood, Modernising Lenin's Russia, pp. 141-145, 156.

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