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Original Articles

The Politics of Multiple Identities: Lineage and Ethnicity in Kazakhstan

Pages 489-506 | Published online: 02 Jul 2010

References

  • Young , Crawford , ed. 1993 . “ 'The Demise of an Empire-State: Identity, Legitimacy, and the Deconstruction of Soviet Politics' ” . In The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay? , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . Mark Beissinger gives us good reason to distinguish Russian overland imperialism from more traditional overseas imperialism. See his). Of all the regions that came under Russian imperial control, Central Asia had the most classically colonial relationship to Russia, given the rapidity of conquest of the region and the exploitation of this peripheral region's raw materials
  • Young , Crawford . 1994 . The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective , New Haven : Yale .
  • Akbarzadeh , Shahram . 1996 . 'Why Did Nationalism Fail in Tajikistan?' . Europe-Asia Studies , 48 ( 7 ) : 1105 – 1129 .
  • Lewis , I. M. 1994 . Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society , Lawrenceville , NJ : Red Sea Press .
  • Gurr , Ted Robert . 1993 . Minorities At Risk , Washington, DC : United States Institute for Peace . Work derived from Gurr's enormous Minorities at Risk data-set is one example of this tendency. See
  • presented at the annual meetings of the Association for the Study of Nationalities . 17 April . Columbia University . I would like to thank Mark Beissinger, Bhavna Dave, Martha Merritt, Michael Schatzberg, Crawford Young and several anonymous reviewers from Europe-Asia Studies for their perceptive comments on previous versions of this article. In its earlier stages, the article was and the American Political Science Association (Atlanta, 3 September 1999). Research for the article was supported by a grant from the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX), with funds provided from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the US Department of State. The author alone is responsible for the views expressed
  • Brubaker , Rogers . 1996 . Refraining Nationalism , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Brubaker, Refraining Nationalism, p. 5.
  • Suny , Ronald . 1993 . The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union , Stanford : Stanford University Press .
  • Slezkine , Yuri . 1994 . 'The USSR as Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism' . Slavic Review , 53 : 414 – 453 . and Brubaker, Refraining Nationalism
  • Gurr, Minorities At Risk.
  • Horowitz , Donald . 1985 . Ethnic Groups in Conflict , 563 – 684 . Berkeley : University of California .
  • Lijphart , Arend . 1977 . Democracy in Plural Societies , New Haven : Yale University Press .
  • Young , Crawford . 1993 . “ 'The Dialectics of Cultural Pluralism' ” . In The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay? , Edited by: Young , Crawford . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . For an important overview of trends in the literature on ethnicity and cultural pluralism see
  • Shryock , Andrew . 1996 . 'Tribes and the Print Trade: Notes from the Margins of Literate Culture in Jordan' . American Anthropologist , 98 ( 1 ) : 26 – 40 .
  • Andaya , Barbara Watson and Andaya , Leonard Y. 1982 . A History of Malaysia , London : Macmillan . In this sense, its post-colonial nation-building experience might be fruitfully compared with that of Malaysia. See
  • Stafford , Geoffrey . 1998 . “ 'Ethnicity in the Age of Globalization: Economic Development Policy in Multi-Ethnic Malaysia' ” . University of Wisconsin-Madison . unpublished PhD dissertation
  • Schatz , Edward A. D. 1999 . 'Notes on the "Dog that Didn't Bark": Eco-Internationalism in Late Soviet Kazakstan' . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 22 ( 1 ) January : 136 – 161 . On some of the political implications of this internationalism for social mobilisation see
  • Nazarbaev , Nursultan . 1997 . Strategiya--2030: poslanie Prezidenta strany narodu Kazakhstana , 104 Almaty : Bilim . Some of the historically sedentary areas of what is today southern Kazakhstan were on the northern fringe of this trading corridor; the Silk Route is less central to a history of the areas that today comprise Kazakhstan than to a history of those regions that today comprise Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. This fact did not prevent Nazarbaev from appropriating it for its symbolic value
  • Levkovsky , Al'bert Grigor'evich . 1998 . 'Qazaqstan--mening ekinshi otanym' . Turkistan , 29 April-5 May All translations from Russian and Kazakh are the author's
  • A dangerous economic contraction in the post-Soviet period, broad-scale privatisation of state industries, the geographical contiguity of colonising power and colonised region, among other factors, also distinguish the Kazakhstani case from the Malaysian case. See Andaya & Andaya, A History of Malaysia; and Stafford, 'Ethnicity in the Age of Globalization'.
  • Nazarbaev , Nursultan . 1996 . Na poroge XXI veka , 104 – 105 . Almaty : Oner .
  • Qozha-Akhmet , Khasen . 1996 . 'Oqighany kim uimdastyrdy?' . Ana tili , 21 November : 6
  • Bazarbaev , M. 1992 . '"Kazakhstanskaya pravda" seet vrazhdu?' . Kazakhstanskaya pravda , 8 August : 3
  • See Laitin, Identity in Formation, for a comparative analysis of the politics of language revival in the former USSR.
  • 1997 . O yazykakh v Respublike Kazakhstan , 25 Almaty : Zheti Zharghy .
  • Ibid., p. 24.
  • Masanov , Nurbulat and Savin , Igor . 1997 . Model' etnopoliticheskogo monitoringa: Kazakhstan , 71 Moscow and Almaty : MOST .
  • Nauryzbai , Zh. 1997 . 'Etnokul'turnoe obrazovanie v Kazakhstane' . Mysl' (Almaty) , 9 : 65 – 75 . The data presented here on language use in education come from
  • Savin , Igor . 1998 . “ 'Spetsifika osushchestvelniya i rezul'taty kul'turno-yazykovoi i obrazovatel'noi politiki v Kazakhstane' ” . 13 Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences . unpublished paper (Shymkent branch,
  • Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty electronic report--Kazakh Service, 20 January 1999.
  • Dave, 'The Politics of Language Revival', for a full account of how the large numbers of russified Kazakhs significantly alter the dynamic of what otherwise might be viewed as a simple bi-ethnic linguistic 'tipping game'. Most of the data presented by Laitin, Identity in Formation, on Kazakhstan come from Dave's field-work.
  • Dave, 'The Politics of Language Revival'.
  • Masanov and Savin . Model' etnopoliticheskogo monitoringa 35
  • Conversation with the editors of the newspaper Yuzhnyi variant (Shymkent), 25 May 1998.
  • Askar Kumakovich Tulegulov, Rekrutirovanie politicheskoi elity v usloviyakh transformatsii Kazakhstanskogo obshchestva, kandidat dissertation (Almaty, Institut Razvitiya Kazakhstana), 1998, p. 88.
  • Gregory Gleason & Gulnara Dadabaeva ask whether the technocratic or the ethnic principle is more significant in their 'The Ethnic Factor in Government Reform in Kazakhstan', paper presented at the meeting of the American Political Science Association (Boston, MA), 2-4 September 1998.
  • Stafford, 'Ethnicity in the Age of Globalization'.
  • Mendikulova , G. M. 1998 . Istoricheskie sud'by Kazakhskoi diaspory , Almaty : Ghylym .
  • Tatimov , Maqash . 1993 . Qazaq alemi: qazaqtyng sany qansha? , Almaty : Atamura-Qazaqstan .
  • Kolsto , Pal . 1998 . 'Anticipating Demographic Superiority: Kazakh Thinking on Integration and Nation-Building' . Europe-Asia Studies , 50 ( 1 ) : 51 – 69 .
  • The image was one of Kazakhs as a monolithic unit standing in opposition to other groups. The internal divisions among Kazakhs, especially along linguistic lines, were routinely left out of this understanding of majoritarian democracy. See Dave, 'The Politics of Language Revival'.
  • 1997 . Mestnoe vremya (Mangystau oblast') , 9 December : 3
  • Naumova , Ol'ga . 1992 . “ 'Nekotorye aspekty formirovaniya sovremennoi bytovoi kul'tury Kazakhov v mnogonatsional'nykh raionakh Kazakhstana' ” . In Sovremennoe razvitie etnicheskikh grupp Srednei Azii i Kazakhstana , Edited by: Zhilina , A. and Cheshko , S. Moscow : Institut etnologii i antropologii . For a perceptive ethnography of such multi-ethnic rural locales, see
  • 1995 . Kontseptsiya stanovleniya istoricheskogo soznaniya v Respublike Kazakhstan Almaty
  • Kekilbaev , Abish . 1998 . Secretary of State, Republic of Kazakhstan, 'Vozrozhdenie istoricheskoi pamyati--put' k obshchestvennomu vozrozhdeniyu' . Kazakhstanskaya pravda , 9 January
  • 1996 . Konstitutsiya Respubliki Kazakhstan , 9 Almaty : Zheti Zharghy .
  • Savin , Igor . 1998 . “ 'O kategoriyakh gruppovogo soznaniya u Kazakhov-kochevnikov' ” . 6 Shymkent branch : Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences . unpublished paper
  • Kunaev , Dinmukhammed . 1992 . O moem vremeni 10 – 11 . Almaty This mode of introducing oneself stands in contrast to alternatives that emphasise physical location and geographical landmarks, as well as to those which centre on the person's given name understood as separate from family lineage
  • Masanov , Nurbulat . 1995 . Kochevaya tsivilizatsiya Kazakhov , Almaty : Sotsinvest . By suggesting that segmentation was a necessary, functional response of nomadic societies to harsh ecological conditions,
  • Evans-Pritchard , E. E. 1940 . The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Niolitic People , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Nurkadilov , Zamanbek . 1996 . Ne tol'ko o sebe , 11 Almaty : Shartarap .
  • Qudaiberdy-uly , Shakarim . 1992 . Rodoslovnaya Tyurkov, Kirgizov, Kazakhov i khanskikh dinastii , Edited by: Kairbekov , Bakhyt . Alma-Ata : Zhazushy .
  • Sadibekov , Zaiyr . 1994 . Qazaq shezhiresi , Tashkent : Uzbekiston .
  • Sariev , Izturghan . 1997 . Ush zhuzding shezhiresi , Almaty : Olke .
  • Serikbaiuly . 1992 . Kongyrattyng shezhiresi Almaty
  • 1998 . Qazaq adebieti , 18 February : 3
  • Gellner , Ernest . 1990 . “ 'Tribalism and the State in the Middle East' ” . In Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East , Edited by: Khoury , Philip S. and Kostiner , Joseph . Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Masanov , Nurbulat . 1998 . 'Migratsii v Kazakhstane: istoriya, problema i metod' . paper presented at Soros Foundation seminar on interethnic relations . March 25 1998 , Almaty . pp. 19
  • Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty-Kazakh Service, 8 January 1998.
  • National Statistical Agency, p. 12.
  • Alekseenko , Aleksandr . 1998 . “ 'Etnodemograficheskie protsessy i emigratsiya iz suverennogo Kazakhstana: prichiny i perspektivy' ” . In Sovremennye etnopoliticheskie protsessy i migratsionnaya situatsiya v tsentral'noi azii , Edited by: Vitkovskaya , Galina . 106 Moscow : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace .
  • 1999 . Perepis' naseleniya, Pervaya natsional'naya perepis' naseleniya v Respublike Kazakhstan: predvaritel'nye rezul'taty 23 Almaty
  • Daniyarov , K. 1998 . Al'ternativnaya istoriya Kazakhstana , 175 Almaty : Zhibek zholy .
  • For manifestations of this trend in other contexts see Verdery, What Was Socialism and What Comes Next?; and Shnirelman, Who Gets the Past?.
  • 1996 . Novoe pokolenie (Almaty) , 19-26 April : 11
  • 1991 . Dzhezkazganskaya pravda , 19 November : 3
  • 1993 . Tsentral'nyi Kazakhstan (Dzhezkazgan) , 26 June : 1
  • 1997 . Industrial'naya Karaganda (Karaganda) , 6 March : 1
  • 1997 . Mestnoe vremya (Aktau) , 9 December : 3
  • Saduakasov , A. and Bolgozhina , A. 1994 . 'Sokhranim svyaz' vremen' . Madeniet (Semei) , 4 15-28 February : 11
  • 1992 . Kazakhstanskaya pravda , 31 October : 2
  • 1991 . Kazakhstanskaya pravda , 14 August
  • 1991 . Tselinogradskaya pravda , 8 June
  • 1991 . Tselinogradskaya pravda , 23 May
  • 1991 . Tselinogradskaya pravda , 12 June
  • 1992 . Kyzylordinskie vesti , 7 May : 3
  • 1993 . Akmolinskaya pravda , 23 November : 4
  • 1998 . Mestnoe vremya (Aktau) , 27 January : 2
  • Swidler , Ann . 1986 . 'Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies' . American Sociological Review , 51 : 273 – 286 .

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