A Separate Space?: Karakalpak Nationalism and Devolution in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan

References

• Start , S. Frederick . 1996 . 'Making Eurasia Stable' . Foreign Affairs , 75 ( 1 ) January/February
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , Robert A. , ed. 1992 . Geographic Perspectives on Soviet Central Asia , 60 New York : Routledge . Calculated from a table in. The table mistakenly identifies Karakalpakstan as an AO, or Autonomous Oblast'
   Google Scholar
• Stephen , K. and Batalden , Sandra L. 1993 . The Newly Independent States of Eurasia: Handbook of Former Soviet Republics , 167 Phoenix : Oryx Press .
   Google Scholar
• Il'khamov , Alisher , ed. 1993 . Tsentral'no-aziatskoe obozrenie , 106 Alma Ata and Tashkent : Sotsiologicheskii Tsentr 'Ekspert' .
   Google Scholar
• Critchlow , James . 1991 . Nationalism in Uzbekistan , 179 – 181 . Boulder , CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Haghayeghi , Mehrdad . 1995 . Islam & Politics in Central Asia , 92 – 95 . New York : St Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• At best, passing reference is made to the issue with little substantive discussion. P. L. Dash, an Indian scholar, for example, refers to the Karakalpaks' 'keen desire to be totally independent of Uzbekistan'. He fails to provide any evidence of this desire, however, nor any explication for its existence. P. L. Dash, 'Ethno-Nationalism in Uzbekistan', in K. Warikoo (ed.), Central Asia (Har-Anand Publications, New Delhi, 1995), p. 110.
   Google Scholar
• Fane , Daria . 1996 . “ 'Ethnicity and Regionalism in Uzbekistan. Maintaining Stability through Authoritarian Control' ” . In Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Soviet World: Case Studies and Analysis , Edited by: Drobizheva , Leokadia , Gottemoeller , Rose , Kelleher , Catherine McArdle and Walker , Lee . 280 Armonk : N Y, M. E. Sharpe .
   Google Scholar
• Weekes , Richard V. , ed. 1978 . Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey , Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . See the entry on 'Karakalpaks' by Victor Mote in
   Google Scholar
• 1992 . Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan , 19 – 20 . Tashkent : Uzbekiston .
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 32.
   Google Scholar
• Gleason , Gregory . 1997 . The Central Asian States: Discovering Independence , 67 Boulder , CO : Westview Press . Gleason mentions a 'long-standing dispute' between the Karakalpaks and Uzbeks in his recent book on Central Asia, but does not provide any details regarding the nature or duration of the dispute. See
   Google Scholar
• Isaacs , Harold . 1989 . Idols of the Tribe , 174 Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Maclver , Robert . 1969 . “ 'The Foundations of Nationality' ” . In Robert M. Maclver: Politics and Society , Edited by: Spitz , David . 216 New York : Atherton Press .
   Google Scholar
• Deutsch , Karl . 1969 . Nationalism and its Alternatives , New York : Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , Benedict . 1983 . Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalities , London : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Gellner , Ernest . 1983 . Nations and Nationalism , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , Anthony D. 1971 . Theories of Nationalism , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Muminov , M. , ed. 1974 . Istoriya Karakalpakskoi ASSR , Tashkent : FAN . Several comprehensive studies of Karakalpak ethnography were done by Soviet scholars. Of particular interest is T. A. Zhdanko, 'Ocherki istoricheskoi etnografii Karakalpakov', Trudy Instituta Etnografii, 1950, 9; and S. P. Tolstoy, 'K voprosu o proiskhozhdenii karakalpakskogo naroda', Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta Etnografii, 1947, 2. Although heavily tainted with Soviet ideological bias,), is a useful two-volume history of the region
   Google Scholar
• Wixman , Ronald . 1984 . The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook , 94 Armonk , NY : M. E. Sharpe .
   Google Scholar
• Olson , James S. , ed. 1994 . An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires , 343 – 345 . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krader , Lawrence . 1963 . Peoples of Central Asia , Uralic and Altaic Series Vol. 26 , 66 Indiana University Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Bacon , Elizabeth . 1966 . Central Asia Under Russian Rule , 28 Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Menges , Karl . 1989 . “ 'People, Languages and Migrations' ” . In Central Asia: 120 Years of Russian Rule , Edited by: Allworth , Edward . 80 – 81 . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . See the excellent account of language development in Central Asia by
   Google Scholar
• 1981 . Uzbekskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika , 496 – 497 . Tashkent : Glavnaya Redaktsiya Uzbek skoi Sovetskoi Entsiklopedii .
   Google Scholar
• Griffin , Keith , ed. April 1995 . Social Policy and Economic Transformation in Uzbekistan , April , 105 United Nations Development Programme, International Labour Office .
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Lubin , Nancy . 1995 . Central Asians Take Stock: Reform, Corruption, and Identity , 16 Washington : United States Institute of Peace .
   Google Scholar
• Makatov , J. 1990 . 'Natsionalizm: Istoki i Osobennosti Proyavleniya' . Kommunist Uzbekistana , 3 : 86
   Google Scholar
• Yadgarov , D. 1987 . 'Voprosy intensifikatsii i ratsional'nogo ispol'zovaniya osnovnykh fondov Karakalpakskoi ASSR' . Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane , : 3
   Google Scholar
• The number of registered unemployed in Uzbekistan is believed to represent only a fraction of the true total unemployment in the country. The actual figures for the first quarter of 1996 are available in Alexander Agafonoff, Dilnara Isamiddinova & Galina Saidova (eds), The Labor Market, Wages, Income, and Expenditures of the Population of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The Donald W. Treadgold Papers No. 15, The Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, The University of Washington, Seattle, December 1997, pp. 74-75.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 25.
   Google Scholar
• Steven Kyle & Phillipe Chabot, Agriculture in the Republic of Karakalpakstan and Khorezm Oblast of Uzbekistan, Department of Agricultural, Resource and Managerial Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, p. 3.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 9.
   Google Scholar
• Maksakova , L. P. 1983 . Migratsiya naseleniya Uzbekistana , 93 Tashkent : Uzbekistan .
   Google Scholar
• Darst , R. G. Jr. 1988 . 'Environmentalism in the USSR: The Opposition to the River Diversion Projects' . Soviet Economy , 4 ( 3 ) : 223
   Google Scholar
• Zaridze , D. , Basieva , T. , Kabulov , M. , Day , N. and Duffy , S. 1992 . 'Oesophageal Cancer in the Republic of Karakalpakstan' . International Journal of Epidemiology , 21 ( 4 ) : 646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohr , Annette . 1989 . 'Health Catastrophe in Karakalpakistan' . Report on the USSR , 1 ( 29 ) 21 July
   Google Scholar
• See the introduction by Philip Micklin in the special issue of Post-Soviet Geography, 33, 5, May 1992, 'The Aral Crisis', p. 276.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Lubin , Nancy . 1995 . “ 'Uzbekistan' ” . In Environmental Resources and Constraints in the Former Soviet Republics , Edited by: Pryde , Philip R. 300 Boulder , CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , Fred . 2000 . 'Poisoned Waters' . New Scientist , 148 : 32 1995,
   Google Scholar
• Feshbach , Murry and Friendly , Alfred Jr . 1992 . Ecocide in the USSR , 75 New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Friedemann Muller, 'Polluted Potential: Ecology and the Economy in Central Asia', Harvard International Review, 15, 3, Spring 1993, p. 22.
   Google Scholar
• See Tables 3 and 4 in David R. Smith, 'Salinization in Uzbekistan', Post-Soviet Geography, 33, 1, January 1992, p. 25.
   Google Scholar
• 1988 . 'Obrashchenie k sovetskoi obschestvennosti' . Ekologicheskaya alternativa , 23 November : 371
   Google Scholar
• Bohr , Annette . 1998 . Uzbekistan: Politics and Foreign Policy , 8 – 9 . London : The Royal Institute of International Affairs . Bohr points out in an excellent monograph that the residents of Karakalpakstan are 'highly unlikely' to exercise their right to secede from Uzbekistan, and notes that the constituent republics of the USSR did not assert a similar constitutional right until the demise of central authority in Moscow. This would seem to imply that if the Karimov regime evolves towards a less authoritarian nature, pursuing a kind of Uzbek glasnost', the possibility of Karakalpak secession, or at least stronger demands for increased autonomy from the region, remain quite real.
   Google Scholar