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Original Articles

Reading Between the Welfare Lines: Politics and Policy Structure in Post-Communist Europe

Pages 1191-1211 | Published online: 01 Jul 2010

References

  • The Czech Republic is gradually increasing the retirement age from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2006 by two months per year for men and four months per year for women. The final outcome is age 62 for men and 57-61 for women. In Hungary the government is raising the retirement age in stages for women to age 60 by 2003. Then the sexes will have the same retirement age. SSA, Social Security Programs …, 1997, p. 100.
  • Goldstein , Ellen , Preker , Alexander S. , Adeyi , Olusoji and Chellaraj , Gnanaraj . 1996 . “ 'Trends in Health Status, Services, and Finance, Vol. 1' ” . In Social Challenges of Transition Series , World Bank Technical Paper No. 341 Washington DC : The World Bank .
  • Inglot , Tomasz . 1995 . 'The Politics of Social Policy Reform in Post-Communist Poland: Government Responses to the Social Insurance Crisis During 1989-1993' . Communist and Post-Communist Studies , 28 : 361 – 373 .
  • Tracy , Morgan A. and Tracy , Martin B. 1996 . 'The Impact of Market Economy Transition on Social Security and Social Welfare in Poland' . Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare , 23 : 23 – 39 .
  • 1991 . Social Security Administration (SSA), Social Security Programs Throughout the World , 133 Washington DC : US Departments of Health and Human Service . The rules differ from country to country and policy to policy, but often governments factor replacement rates on the basis of an average wage over a set number of years. For example, Hungarian pension rules in 1991 set the replacement rate at 33% of the worker's average wage for the highest paid three of the previous five years.
  • Pierson , Paul . 1996 . 'The New Politics of the Welfare State' . World Politics , 48
  • Pierson , Paul . 1994 . Dismantling the Welfare State , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Esping-Andersen , Gosta . 1990 . The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Wilensky , Harold . 1975 . The Welfare State and Equality: Structural and Ideological Roots of Public Expenditures , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
  • Castles , Francis G. 1982 . The Impact of Parties: Politics and Policies in Democratic Capitalist States , London : Sage .
  • Blais , Andre , Blake , Donald and Dion , Stephane . 1993 . 'Do Parties Make a Difference? Parties and the Size of Government in Liberal Democracies' . American Journal of Political Science , 37 ( 1 ) : 40 – 62 .
  • Schmidt , Manfred G. 1996 . 'When Parties Matter: A Review of the Possibilities and Limits of Partisan Influence on Public Policy' . European Journal of Political Research , 30 : 155 – 183 .
  • Esping-Andersen . The Three Worlds … . 126 – 128 .
  • Huber , Evelyne and Stephens , John D. 1997 . 'The Politics of the Welfare State After the Golden Age: Quantitative Evidence' . paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association . August 28-31 1997 , Washington DC . Huber & Stevens do note that changes in the United States and British cases have been more ideologically driven than in other countries, where partisan effects are in decline
  • SSA . 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997 . Social Security Programs Throughout the World , Washington, DC : US Department of Health and Human Services .
  • SSA, Social Security Programs … (1991), p. v.
  • He states that 'de-commodification occurs when a service is rendered as a matter of right, and when a person can maintain a livelihood without reliance on the market'. Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds …, pp. 21-22.
  • See Castles, The Impact of Parties.
  • World Bank . 1999 . Slovenia: Labor Market Issues , 34 Washington DC : World Bank . Dates for the first post-communist unemployment laws are: Czech Republic 1991; Estonia 1991; Hungary 1989; Poland 1989; Slovakia 1991; Slovenia 1991. The first unemployment protection in Slovenia dates back to 1952, but the current system is from 1974.
  • 1995 . Social and Labour Market Policies in Hungary , 70 Paris : OECD . In December 1988 the Hungarian government guaranteed workers the fight to unemployment aid for those laid off due to economic restructuring, Centre for Co-operation with the Economies in Transition (CCET)
  • Fretwell , David and Jackman , Richard . 1994 . “ 'Labour Markets: Unemployment' ” . In Labour Markets and Social Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: The Transition and Beyond , Edited by: Barr , Nicholas . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Cornia , Giovanni Andrea , Faith , Gaspar , Motivans , Albert , Paniccia , Renato and Sborgi , Enrico . 1996 . 'Policy, Poverty and Capabilities in the Economies in Transition' . MOCT-MOST , 6 ( 1 ) : 149 – 172 .
  • Kramer , Mark . 1997 . “ 'Social Protection and Safety Nets in East-Central Europe: Dilemmas of the Postcommunist Transformation' ” . In Sustaining the Transition: The Social Safety Net in Postcommunist Europe , Edited by: Kapstein , Ethan B. and Mandelbaum , Michael . New York : Council on Foreign Relations .
  • Batty , Iain , Stumpa , Radomil and Kovari , Istvan . 1994 . 'Pension Reform in Eastern Europe: Hungary and Czech Republic Lead the Way' . Benefits and Compensation International , 23 : 8 – 14 .
  • SSA . 1993 . Social Security Programs … . : 147
  • The Hungarian system is unique among these countries in that it calculates the replacement rate on the basis of the employee's days of insurance instead of only on her average wage: '100% of daily average net earnings if 270 days of insurance within last 2 years before confinement, or 60% if at least 180 days insurance', SSA, Social Security Programs …, 1997, p. 165.
  • Poland initiated a system that distinguishes between first births, subsequent births and multiple births: '100% of earnings, payable for 16 weeks for first birth, 18 weeks for subsequent births, and 26 weeks for multiple births'. SSA, Social Security Programs …, 1997, p. 287.
  • SSA . 1997 . Social Security Programs … . : 122

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