The Civilian Labour Force and Unemployment in the Russian Federation

References

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• Kingkade's fertility adjustments indicates that the birth deficit component of the 6.1 million excess deaths is 2.7 million. See Steven Rosefielde, 'Negligent Homicide: Russia's Post-Soviet Transition in Communist Perspective', paper presented at the 32nd AAASS Convention, Denver, November, 10, 2000.
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• United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Survey, 1999, 2, Box 2.3.1, p. 43. Cf. Simon Commander & Andrei Tolstopiatenko, 'Unemployment, Restructuring and the Pace of Transition', in Salvatore Zecchini (ed.), Lessons From The Economic Transition: Central and Eastern Europe in the 1990s (Dordrecht and Boston, OECD and Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997), pp. 331-350;
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• Commander , S. and Coricelli , F. 1995 . Unemployment and Restructuring in Eastern Europe and Russia , Washington, DC : World Bank . The unemployment rate for 1998 reported elsewhere in the text is 13.3%. This latter rate was used for subsequent calculations because the 14.2% figure is based on a new method that has not been applied to recalculate prior years
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• Rapawy's labour force estimates pertain to the Soviet Union. The Russian Federation' s civilian labour force can be crudely estimated proportionally with its population share in 1990, 50.6%. The figure is 77.0 million, 2.4 million above the Goskomstat estimate reported by the United Nations. The calculations performed in this article refer to the Goskomstat series, unless otherwise stated. See W. Ward Kingkade, 'Demographic Trends in the Soviet Union', in Gorbachev' s Economic Plans, Vol. 1, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States, Washington, DC, 23 November 1987, 194-195, Table 2, p. 173. If the US Census Bureau's definition of the civilian labour force were used instead presumably the number of missing job seekers would be greater in absolute terms because the civilian labour force base is larger.
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