- ACIERNO , R , RESNICK , H.S. and KILPATKICK , D.G. 1997 . Health impact of interpersonal violence, 1. Prevalence rates, case identification, and risk factors for sexual assault, physical assault, and domestic violence in men and women . Behavioral Medicine , 23 : 53 – 64 .
- ADSHEAD , G. 1996 . Psychological trauma and its influence on genuine and false complaints of sexual assault . Medicine Science and the Law , 36 : 95 – 99 .
- ADVISORY COUNCIL ON THE MISUSE OF DRUGS . 1998 . Drugs Misuse and the Environment , London : HMSO .
- AGUDELO , S.F. 1992 . Violence and health preliminary elements for thought and action . International Journal of Health Services , 22 : 365 – 376 .
- ALCOHOL CONCERN . 1991 . Warning: Alcohol Can Damage Your Health , London : Alcohol Concern .
- ALPERI , E.J. , COHEN , S. and SEGE , R.D. 1997 . Family violence: an overview . Academic Medicine , 72 : S3 – S6 .
- AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS . 1996 . Adolescent assault victim needs: a review of issues and a model protocol . Pediatrics , 98 : 991 – 1001 .
- ANDERSON , J.F. , GRANDISON , T. and DYSON , L. 1996 . Victims of random violence and the public health implication a health care and criminal justice issue . Journal of Criminal Justice , 24 : 379 – 391 .
- ASIITON , J. and SEYMOUR , H. 1988 . The New Public Health: The Liverpool Experience , Milton Keynes : Open University Press .
- BENSON , S. 1997 . The older adult and fear of crime . Journal of Gerontological Nursing , 23 : 25 – 31 .
- BERMAN , S.L. , KURTINES , W.M. , SILVERMAN , W.K. and SERAFINI , L.T. 1996 . The impact of exposure to crime and violence on urban youth . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 66 : 329 – 336 .
- BEWLEY , S. , FRIEND , J. and MEZEY , G. 1997 . Violence Against Women , London : Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists .
- BILSKY , W. and WETZULS , P. 1997 . On the relationship between criminal victimization and fear of crime . Psychology Crime and Law , 3 : 309 – 318 .
- BlSSON , J.I. and SHEPHERD , J.P. 1995 . Psychological reactions of victims of violent crime . British Journal of Psychiatry , 167 : 718 – 720 .
- BOUDREAUX , P. , KILPATRICK , O.G. , RESNICK , H.S. , BEST , C.L. and SAUNDERS , B.F. 1998 . Criminal victimization, post-traumatic stress disorder, and comorbid psychopathology among a community sample of women . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 11 : 665 – 678 .
- BREWIN , C.R. , ANDREWS , B. , ROSE , S. and KlKK , M. 1999 . Acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of violent crime . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 360 – 366 .
- BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF ACCIDENT AND EMERBENCY MEDICINE . 1994 . Domestic Violence: Recognition and Management in Accident and Emergency , London : Royal College of Surgeons .
- BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION . 1998 . Domestic Violence: A Health Care Issue? , London : Brett .
- BURMAN , S. and ALLENMEARES , P. 1994 . Neglected victims of murder children's witness to parental homicide . Social Work , 39 : 28 – 34 .
- CAMPBELL , C. and SCHWARZ , O.P. 1996 . Prevalence and impact of exposure to interpersonal violence among suburban and urban middle school students . Pediatrics , 98 : 396 – 402 .
- CAMPBELL , J.C. and LEWANDOWSKI , L.A. 1997 . Mental and physical health effects of intimate partner violence on women and children . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 10 : 353 – 374 .
- CAMPBELL , R. , SULLIVAN , C.M. and DAVIDSON , W.S. 1995 . Women who use domestic violence shelters-changes in depression over time . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 19 : 237 – 255 .
- CARALIS , P.V. and MUSIALOWSKI , R. 1997 . Women's experiences with domestic violence and their attitudes and expectations regarding medical care of abuse victims . Southern Medical Journal , 90 : 1075 – 1080 .
- CEMBROWICZ , S.P. and SHEPHERD , J.P. 1992 . Violence in the accident and emergency department . Medicine Science and the Law , 32 : 118 – 122 .
- CHALMERS , DJ. , FANSLOW , J.L. and LANGLEY , J.D. 1995 . Injury from assault in New Zealand-an increasing public health problem . Australian Journal of Public Health , 19 : 149 – 154 .
- COPEN , M.A. and MILLER , T.R. 1998 . The cost of mental health care for victims of crime . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 13 : 93 – 110 .
- DAVIS , G.C. and BRESLAU , N. 1994 . Post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of civilian trauma and criminal violence . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 17 : 289 – 299 .
- DEEHAM , A . 1999 . Alcohol and crime: taking stock , Crime Reduction Research Series Paper 3 London : Home Office .
- DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH . 1999 . Reducing Health Inequalities: An Action Report , London : Department of Health .
- DIMOND , B. 1994 . Violence in the accident and emergency department . Accident and Emergency Nursing , 2 : 172 – 176 .
- DUNCAN , R.D. , SAUNDERS , B.E. , KILPATRICK , D.G. , HANSON , R.F. and RESNICK , H.S. 1996 . Childhood physical assault as a risk factor for PTSD, depression, and substance-abuse findings from a national survey . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 66 : 437 – 448 .
- ELBAYOUMI , G. , BORUM , M.L. and HAYWOOD , Y. 1998 . Domestic violence in women . Medical Clinics of North America , 82 : 391
- EPSTEIN , J.N. , SAUNDERS , B.E. and KILPATRICK , D.G. 1997 . Predicting PTSD in women with a history of childhood rape . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 10 : 573 – 588 .
- ERlCSON , R. and HAGGERTY , K. 1997 . Policing the Risk Society , Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
- FALSETTI , S.A. and RESICK , P.A. 1995 . Causal attributions, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of crime . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 25 : 1027 – 1042 .
- FARRALL , S. , BANNISTER , J. , DITTON , J. and GILCHRIST , E. 1997 . Questioning the measurement of the 'Fear of Crime' . British Journal of Criminology , 37 : 658 – 678 .
- FEELEY , M. and SIMON , J. 1994 . “ Actuarial justice: the emerging new criminal law ” . In The Futures of Criminology , Edited by: NELKEN , D. London : Sage .
- FISCHBACH , R.L. and HERBERT , B. 1997 . Domestic violence and mental health: correlates and conundrums within and across cultures . Social Science and Medicine , 45 : 1161 – 1176 .
- FOA , E.B. 1997 . Trauma and women: course, predictors, and treatment . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 58 (S9) : 25 – 28 .
- FOA , E.B. and MEADOWS , E.A. 1997 . Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review . Annual Review of Psychology , 48 : 449 – 480 .
- FORDE , D.R. 1993 . Perceived crime, fear of crime, and walking alone at night . Psychological Reports , 73 : 403 – 407 .
- FREEDY , J.R. , RESNICK , H.S. , KILPATRICK , D.G. , DANSKY , B.S. and TIDWELL , R.P. 1994 . The psychological adjustment of recent crime victims in the criminal justice system . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 9 : 450 – 468 .
- FRIDAY , J.C. 1995 . The psychological impact of violence in underserved communities . Journal of Health Care For The Poor and Underserved , 6 : 403 – 409 .
- FRY , R. 1993 . Adult physical illnesses and childhood sexual abuse . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 37 : 89 – 103 .
- FULLERTON , D.T. , WONDERLICH , S.A. and GOSNELL , B.A. 1995 . Clinical characteristics of eating disorder patients who report sexual or physical abuse . International Journal of Eating Disorder , 17 : 243 – 249 .
- GOLANT , S.M. 1984 . Factors influencing the night-time activity of old persons in their community . Journal of Gerontology , 39 : 485 – 491 .
- HOFF , L.A. and ROSENBAUM , L. 1994 . A victimization assessment tool-instrument development and clinical implications . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 20 : 627 – 634 .
- HOLMES , W.C. and SLAP , G.B. 1998 . Sexual abuse of boys: definition, prevalence, correlates, sequelae and management . Journal of the American Medical Association , 1280 : 1855 – 1862 .
- HOUCH , M. 1995 . Anxiety about crime: findings from the 1994 British Crime Survey , Home Office Research Study 147 London : Home Office .
- HOUCH , M. 1996 . Drugs Misuse and the Criminal Justice System: A Review of the Literature , London : Home Office Drugs Prevention Initiative .
- ISELY , PJ. 1998 . Sexual assault of men: American research supports studies from the UK . Medicine, Science and the Law , 38 : 74 – 80 .
- JOHNSTON , L. 2000 . Policing Britain: Risk, Security and Governance , Harlow : Longman .
- KAWACHI , I. , KENNEDY , B.P. and WILKINSON , R.G. 1999 . Crime: social disorganisation and relative deprivation . Social Science and Medicine , 48 : 719 – 731 .
- KEITTILEY , J. and ROBINSON , F. 2000 . Violence as a public health issue . Policy and Politics , 28 : 67 – 77 .
- KILPATRICK , D.G. , RESNICK , H.S. and ACIERNO , R. 1997 . Health impact of interpersonal violence, 3. Implications for clinical practice and public policy . Behavioral Medicine , 23 : 79 – 85 .
- KIRKLAND , K. and MASON , R.E. 1992 . Victims of crime the internists' role in treatment . Southern Medical Journal , 85 : 965 – 968 .
- KNAPP , J.F. 1998 . The impact of children witnessing violence . Pediatric Clinics of North America , 45 : 355 – 364 .
- KOLKO , DJ. 1992 . Characteristics of child victims of physical violence research findings and clinical implications . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 7 : 244 – 276 .
- LECHNER , M.E. , VOCEL , M.E. , GARCIA-SHEITON , L.M. and STEIBEL , K.R. 1993 . Self-reported medical problems of adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse . Journal of Family Practice , 36 : 633 – 638 .
- LESERMAN , J. , DROSSMAN , D.A. , LI , Z.M. , TOOMEY , T.C. , NACHMAN , G. and GLOGAU , L. 1996 . Sexual and physical abuse history in gastroenterology practice how types of abuse impact health-status . Psychosomatic Medicine , 58 : 4 – 15 .
- LIVINGSTON , D.H. , MERRITT , S. , GALLON , S. and VANEK , S. 1998 . Auto theft related trauma . Journal of Trauma , 45 : 780 – 784 .
- LUPTON , D. 1995 . The Imperative of Health , London : Sage .
- MAGENNIS , P. , SHEPHERD , J. , HUTCHISON , H. and BROWN , A. 1998 . Trends in facial injury . British Medical Journal , 316 : 325 – 326 .
- MARANS , S. , BERKOWITZ , S.J. and COHEN , DJ. 1998 . Police and mental health professionals-collaborative responses to the impact of violence on children and families . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 7 : 635 – 651 .
- MARLOW , A. and PEARSON , G. , eds. 1999 . Young People, Drugs and Community Safety , Lyme Regis : Russell House Publishing .
- MARSHALL , C. , BOYD , K.T. and MORAN , G.G. 1996 . Injuries related to car crime: the joy-riding epidemic . Injury , 27 : 79 – 80 .
- MAYER , B. 1998 . Dilemmas in mandatory reporting of domestic violence: carative ethics in emergency rooms . Nursing Connections , 11 : 5 – 21 .
- MAZZA , D. and DENNEKSTEIN , L. 1996 . Psychotropic drug use by women: could violence account for the gender difference? . Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology , 17 : 229 – 234 .
- MAZZA , D. , DENNERSTEIN , L. and RYAN , V. 1996 . Physical, sexual and emotional violence against women a general practice-based prevalence study . Medical Journal of Australia , 164 : 14 – 17 .
- McCABE , A. and RAINE , J. 1997 . Framing the Debate: The Impact of Crime on Public Health , Birmingham : Public Health Alliance .
- McCAULEY , J. , KERN , D.E. , KOLODNER , K. , DILL , L. , SCHROEDER , A.F. , DECHANT , H.K. , RYDEN , J. , DEROGATIS , L.R. and BASS , E.B. 1997 . Clinical characteristics of women with a history of childhood abuse: unhealed wounds . Journal of the American Medical Association , 277 : 1362 – 1368 .
- McCREADIE , C. , BENNETT , G. and TINKER , A. 1998 . General practitioners' knowledge and experience of the abuse of older people in the community: report of an exploratory research study in the inner London borough of Tower Hamlets . British Journal of General Practice , 48 : 1687 – 1688 .
- MEZEY , G.G. 1996 . Victims of crime . Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 9 : 401 – 406 .
- MEZEY , G. , KING , M. and MACCLINTOCK , T. 1998 . Victims of violence and the general practitioner . British Journal of General Practice , 48 : 906 – 908 .
- MlETHE , T.D. 1995 . Fear and withdrawal from urban life . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 539 : 14 – 27 .
- MILLER , T.R. and BLINCOE , L.J. 1994 . Incidence and cost of alcohol-involved crashes in the United States . Accident Analysis and Prevention , 26 : 583 – 591 .
- MILLER , T.R. , COHEN , M.A. and ROSSMAN , S.B. 1993 . Victim costs of violent crime and resulting injuries . Health Affairs , 12 : 186 – 197 .
- MlRLEES-BLACK , C. and ALLEN , J. 1999 . Concern about crime: findings from the 1998 British Crime Survey, Home Office Research Findings , 83 London : Home Office .
- MONCRIEFF , J. , DRUMMOND , D.C. , CANDY , B. , CHECINSKI , K. and FARMER , R . 1996 . Sexual abuse in people with alcohol-problems a study of the prevalence of sexual abuse and its relationship to drinking behavior . British Journal of Psychiatry , 169 : 355 – 360 .
- MONCRIEFF , J. and FARMER , R . 1998 . Sexual abuse and the subsequent development of alcohol problems . Alcohol and Alcoholism , 33 : 592 – 601 .
- NOLAN , P. , DALLENDER , J. , SOARES , J. , THOMPSON , S. and ARNETZ , B. 1999 . Violence in mental health care: the experiences of mental health nurses and psychiatrists . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 30 : 934 – 941 .
- NORRIS , F.H. and KANIASTY , K. 1992 . A longitudinal study of the effects of various crime-prevention strategies on criminal victimization, fear of crime, and psychological distress . American Journal of Community Psychology , 20 : 625 – 648 .
- NORRIS , F.H. and KANIASTY , K. 1994 . Psychological distress following criminal victimization in the general population cross-sectional, longitudinal and prospective analyses . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 : 111 – 123 .
- O'CONNELL , P. and BURY , G. 1997 . Assaults against general practitioners in Ireland . Family Medicine , 19 : 340 – 343 .
- ORLOFF , L.E. 1996 . Effective advocacy for domestic violence victims-role of the Nurse-midwife . Journal of Nurse-Midwifery , 41 : 473 – 494 .
- PAIN , R.H. 1997 . Social geographies of women's fear of crime . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 22 : 231 – 244 .
- PALUZZI , P.A. and HOUDEQULMBY , C. 1996 . Domestic violence implications for the American College of Nurse-Midwives and its members . Journal of Nurse-Midwifery , 41 : 430 – 435 .
- PASTORE , D.R. , FISHER , M. and FRIEDMAN , S.B. 1996 . Violence and mental-health problems among urban high-school-students . Journal of Adolescent Health , 18 : 320 – 324 .
- PETERSON , A. and LUPTON , D. 1996 . The New Public Health: Health and Self in the Age of Risk , London : Sage .
- POWELL , E.G. , SHEEHAN , K.M. and CHRISTOFFEL , K.K. 1996 . Firearm violence among youth public health strategies for prevention . Annals of Emergency Medicine , 18 : 204 – 212 .
- RESICK , P.A. 1993 . The psychological impact of rape . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 8 : 223 – 255 .
- RESNICK , H.S. , ACIERNO , R. and KILPATKICK , D.G. 1997 . Health impact of interpersonal violence , : 2
- Medical and mental health outcomes . Behavioral Medicine , 23 65 – 78 .
- RlCE , D.P. and HOWARD , S. 1996 . The Cost of Domestic Violence to the Health Care System , Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California .
- RIGEK , S. , GORDON , M.T. and LEBAILLY , R.K. 1982 . Coping with urban crime: women's use of precautionary behaviours . American Journal of Community Psychology , 10 : 369 – 386 .
- RIGGS , D.S. , ROTHBAUM , B.O. and FOA , E.B. 1995 . A prospective examination of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of nonsexual assault . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 10 : 201 – 214 .
- ROBINSON , F. , KEITIILEY , J. , ROBINSON , S. and GUILDS , S. 1998 . Exploring the Impacts of Crime on Health and Health Services: A Feasibility Study , University of Durham : Department of Sociology and Social Policy .
- ROSE , S. , BREWIN , C.R. , ANDREWS , B. and KIRK , M. 1999 . A randomized controlled trial of individual psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime . Journal of Psychological Medicine , 29 : 793 – 799 .
- ROSENBERG , M.L. and FENLEY , M.A. , eds. 1991 . Violence in America: A Public Health Approach , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- ROYAL COLLEGE OF MIDWIVES . 1997 . Domestic Abuse in Pregnancy , Position Paper 19 London : RCM .
- RYAN , M. , LEIGHTON , T. , PIANIM , N. , KLEIN , S. and BOUGARD , F. 1993 . Medical and economic consequences of gang-related shootings . American Surgeon , 59 : 831 – 833 .
- SANDERS PHILLIPS , K. 1997 . Assaultive violence in the community: psychological responses of adolescent victims and their parents . Journal of Adolescent Health , 21 : 356 – 365 .
- SAUNDERS , B.E. , VILLEPONTEAUX , L.A. , LIPOVSKY , J.A. , KILPATRICK , D.G. and VERONEN , L.J. 1992 . Child sexual assault as a risk factor for mental disorders among women a community survey . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 7 : 189 – 204 .
- SCHORNSTEIN , S.L. 1997 . Domestic Violence and Health Care: What Every Professional Needs to Know , London : Sage .
- SHALEV , A.Y. , BONNE , O. and ETH , S. 1996 . Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a review . Psychosomatic Medicine , 58 : 165 – 182 .
- SHEPHERD , J. , ed. 1994 . Violence in Health Care. A Practical Guide to Coping with Violence and Caring for Victims , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- SHEPHERD , J.P. and FARRINGTON , D.P. 1993 . Assault as a public health problem: discussion paper . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine , 86 February : 89 – 92 .
- SHEPHERD , J.P. and LISLES , C. 1998 . Towards multi-agency violence prevention and victim support . British Journal of Criminology , 38 : 351 – 369 .
- SHEPHERD , J.P. and RIVARA , F.P. 1998 . Vulnerability, victims and violence . Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine , 15 : 39 – 45 .
- SLAPPER , G. and TOMBS , S. 1999 . Corporate Crime , Harlow : Longman .
- SOLOMON , S.D. , GERRITY , ET. and MUFF , A.M. 1992 . Efficacy of treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder: an empirical review . Journal of the American Medical Association , 268 : 633 – 638 .
- SOLOMON , S.D. and DAVIDSON , J.R.T. 1997 . Trauma: prevalence, impairment, service use, and cost . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 58 : 5 – 11 .
- SONG , D.H. , NAUDE , G.P. , GILMORE , D.A. and BOUGARD , F. 1996 . Gang warfare: the medical repercussions . Journal of Trauma , 40 : 810 – 815 .
- STANKO , E.A. , CRISP , D. , HALE , C. and LUCRAFT , H. 1998 . Counting the Costs: Estimating the Impact of Domestic Violence in the London Borough of Hackney , Swindon : Crime Concern .
- SIERN , A.E. , LYNCH , D.L. , OATES , R.K. , O'TOOLE , B.I. and COONEY , G. 1995 . Self-esteem, depression, behavior and family functioning in sexually abused children . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines , 36 : 1077 – 1089 .
- STREFF , P.M. , MOLNAR , L.J. , COHEN , M.A. , MILLER , T.R. and ROSSMAN , S.B. 1992 . Estimating costs of traffic crashes and crime: tools for informed decision making . Journal of Public Health Policy , 13 : 451 – 471 .
- SUGG , N.K. and INUI , T. 1992 . Primary care physicians' response to domestic violence opening Pandora's box . Journal of the American Medical Association , 267 : 3157 – 3160 .
- SUTHERLAND , C. , BYBEE , D. and SULLIVAN , C. 1998 . The long-term effects of battering on women's health . Women's Health , 4 : 41 – 70 .
- TILDEN , V.P. , SCHMIDT , T.A. , LIMANDRI , B.J. , CHIODO , G.T. , GARLAND , M.J. and LOVELESS , P.A. 1994 . Factors that influence clinician assessment and management of family violence . American Journal of Public Health , 84 : 628 – 633 .
- WEAVER , T.L. and CLUM , G.A. 1995 . Psychological distress associated with interpersonal violence a metaanalysis . Clinical Psychology Review , 15 : 115 – 140 .
- WEBSTER , J. , CHANDLER , J. and BATTISTUTTA , D. 1996 . Pregnancy outcomes and health-care use effects of abuse . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 174 : 760 – 767 .
- WIHTLEY , G.G. , JACOBSON , G.A. and GAWRYS , M.T. 1996 . The impact of violence in the health care setting upon nursing education . Journal of Nursing Education , 35 : 211 – 218 .
- WILLIAMS , J. 1997 . Casualties of violence in Northern Ireland . International Journal of Trauma Nursing , 3 : 78 – 82 .
- WYATT , J.P. and WATT , M. 1995 . Violence towards junior doctors in accident and emergency departments . Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine , 12 : 40 – 42 .
- YATES , D. , HADFIELD , J.M. and PETERS , K. 1987 . Alcohol consumption of patients attending two accident and emergency departments in north west England . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine , 80 : 486 – 489 .
The impacts of crime on health and health services: A literature review
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.