- Wiener , Philip P. , ed. 1958 . "The fixation of belief" ” . In Charles S. Peirce: Selected Writings , 121 – 123 . New York : Dover Publications .
- 1984 . Ordinary Vices , 240 Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Ibid., p. 69. Shklar has written that "A benevolent, medicinal, kindly meant cruelty is … a Christian duty, especially when used to return the wayward to the true faith."
- 1994 . "Pragmatism and Liberalism Between Dewey and Rorty" . Political Theory , 22 : 391 – 413 .
- Ibid., p. 394.
- Ibid., p. 393.
- Dewey , John . 1963 . Liberalism and Social Action , 90 New York : Capricorn Books .
- 1991 . Objectivity, Relativism and Truth , 217 New York : Cambridge University Press .
- "[W]ithout the protection of something like the institutions of bourgeois liberal society, people will be less able to work out their private salvations, create their private self-images, reweave their webs of belief and desire in the light of whatever new people and books they happen to encounter." Rorty: Contingency, pp. 84-85.
- Ordinary Vices, pp. 247-248.
- Lipman , Matthew . "Caring as Thinking" ” . 13 Unpublished, undated manuscript
- Oxman , Wendv , eds. 1992 . "What is a 'Community of Inquiry'?" ” . In Critical Thinking and Learning , 300 – 301 . Upper Montclair, New Jersey : Institute for Critical Thinking . Take two examples: (1) "Although it is possible that rationality may not lead to certainty, most of us, I think, would admit that human beings have evolved conceptions of cognitive virtues that have been of help in creating civilizations … We would not be better off without impartiality, consistency and reasonableness, even though we may all live them imperfectly … We can educate children to identify and agree upon a procedural conception of what it is to reason well."
- Lipman , Matthew . 1992 . Thinking in Education , 15 – 16 . New York : University of Cambridge Press . (2) "A dialogue that tries to conform to logic, [the community of inquiry] moves forward indirectly like a boat tacking into the wind, but in the process its progress comes to resemble that of thinking itself. Consequently, when this process is internalized or introjected by the participants, they come to think in moves that resemble its procedures. They come to think as the process thinks."
- Elisabeth , Eva Skoe , Aspaas . 1998 . "The ethic of care: issues in moral development" ” . In Personality Development in Adolescence: a cross national and life span perspective , Tromso, , Norway : University of Norway Press . Gilligan's construction of the ethic of care has become the foundation for a number of care-based morality measures, such as the Ethics of Care Interview (see
- Noddings , Nell . 1984 . Caring: a feminine approach to ethics and moral education , Berkeley : University of California Press . For alternative constructions of the ethic of care, see
- Hoffman , Martin . 1987 . Empathy and its Development , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Puka , Bill . 1994 . The Great Justice Debate: Kohlberg criticism, Vol. 4 of the series Moral Development: a compendium , Vol. 4 , Troy, New York : Rensselear Polytechnic Institute . Indeed, Gilligan's work has prompted a re-evaluation of Kohlberg, in which many theorists have found elements of a caring ethic in Kohlberg's paradigm, and/or have offered reconstructions of that paradigm that incorporate such elements. See, e.g.
- Gilligan . 1982, 1993 . In a Different Voice: psychological theory and women's development , xiv Cambridge : Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . "The most basic questions about human living--how to live and what to do--are fundamentally questions about human relations, because people's lives are deeply connected, psychologically, economically, and politically. [One should] Refram[e] these questions to make these relational realities explicit--how to live in relationship with others, what to do in the face of conflict …"
- 1990 . The Faces of Injustice , 2 New Haven : Yale University Press . In fact, Judith N. Shklar notes that notions of justice are largely shaped by willingness to care: "The difference between misfortune and injustice frequently involves our willingness and our capacity to act or not to act on behalf of the victims, to blame or absolve, to help, mitigate, and compensate, or to just turn away.". "The line of separation between injustice and misfortune is a political choice, not a simple rule that can be taken as a given." Ibid., p. 5
- Crandall , Christian S. 1999 . "Newsworthy moral dilemmas: justice, caring, and gender" . Sex Roles (University of Kansas Department of Psychology) , 40 (3-4) : 187 – 209 . Gilligan's finding of gender preferences for divergent moral paradigms is merely a finding of correlation, and does not include a theory of causation. Moreover, this finding remains controversial, as new studies alternately confirm it (see, e.g.
- Woods , Cindy J.P. 1996 . "Gender differences in moral development and acquisition: a review of Kohlberg's and Gilligan's models of justice and care" . Social Behavior and Personality (California State University) , 24 (4) : 375 – 384 . and refute it (see, e.g. Whether or not the moral paradigms constructed by Gilligan are indeed preferred by different genders in any culture, however, is irrelevant to my thesis of the relationship of care to democracy
- 1989 . Contingency, Irony and Solidarity , xvi New York : Cambridge University Press . Compare John Dewey: "All friendship and intimate affection are … the result of information about another person … as it becomes an integral part of sympathy through the imagination. It is when the desires and aims, the interests and modes of response of another become an expansion of our own being that we understand him."
- 1934 . Art as Experience , 336 New York : Minton, Balch & Company .
- Gates , William , ed. 1978 . Yucatan Before and After the Conquest , 30 New York : Dover Publications . (written 1566)
Journal of Moral Education
Volume 29, 2000 - Issue 4