Folk, faith and fatherland: Defining the Polish nation in 1883

References

• 2000 . "Identity and the State: Nationalism and Sovereignty in a Changing World" . paper I presented at the ASN Fifth World Conference . April 13-15 2000 , New York . Research for this article was supported in part by a grant from the International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX) with funds provided by the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the United States Department of State which administers the Title Vin Program. None of these organizations is responsible for the views expressed. I would also like to thank Roman Szporluk, Tim Snyder, and two anonymous reviewers for their suggestions, as well as those who commented on the
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• Himka , John-Paul . Religion and Nationality in Western Ukraine: The Greek Catholic Church and the Ruthenian National Movement in Galicia, 1867-1900 [Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999] 8 I agree with John-Paul Himka that the nationally neutral term Ruthenian permits us "to make a distinction between the ethnic group as such and the alternative constructions of its nationality."; While Himka presents two alternative identities-the pan-Russian and the pan-Ukrainian-I focus here on manifestations of what one might term a pan-Polish identity that was intended to embrace the Ruthenians as well
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• Chwalba , Andrzej . 1992 . Sacrum i rewolucja: Socjalisci polscy wobec praktyk i symboli religijnych (1870-1918) , Warsaw : Universitas . Activists less enamored of Rome also often ended up availing themselves of the religious connection when trying to engage the peasantry. Even socialists were not immune to religious terminology, as shown by; The argument for linking Polishness and Catholicism was bolstered by other similarities, such as shared territorial base and linguistic foundation
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• Dabrowski . "Reinventing Poland" ” . 168 – 169 . 178 – 189 . Two other events were also coordinated to occur within the same week as the Sobieski anniversary: the twenty-fifth jubilee of painter Jan Matejko (13 September) as well as the first congress of Polish writers and artists (14-15 September). These are discussed in
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• Himka . Religion and Nationality 57 – 64 . 73 – 78 . The next two paragraphs are based on; any distortion or oversimplification of this fine scholarship is my fault alone.
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• Again, this is chronicled in Himka, Religion and Nationality.
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• 1883 . "Kronika miejscowa i zagraniczna" . Czas , 7 September A number of toasts, for example, were recorded at the various banquets for the distinguished clergymen which seemed to demonstrate much good will on both sides
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• Ibid., p. 68.
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• According to statements made by Fryderyk Zoll, taken from the minutes of the meetings of the Sobieski anniversary committee (Komisya juvbileuszu Sobieskiego), 22 June 1883 and 15 November 1882, Archiwum Panstwowe w Krakowie (hereafter APKr), IT 1023/14.
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• Peasants were bedded in the monasteries, on straw, wherever possible; others ended up sleeping out-of-doors, which cannot have been pleasant, given the rain. (Pamiatka pielgrzymki ludowej, pp. 19-20.)
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• Pamiatka pielgrzymki ludowej, p. 21.
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• Tarnowski . "Obchod wiedenskiej rocznicy" ” . 11 – 12 . The upper classes made much of the proper demeanor of the waterlogged peasants, who uncomplainingly withstood the elements, even though most of them had spent the nights out of doors as well. Tarnowski touted the peasants' "innate instinctual gravity" and "desire to behave itself seriously."
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• 1883 . "Jubileusz Sobieskiego" . Nowa Reforma , 15 August The organizers were initially divided as to whether they should coordinate their actions with Stojatowski. (Report from the meeting of the previous day, reported in
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• A speech prepared for a Ruthenian has been preserved in the papers of Kazimierz Bartoszewicz (ArcMwum Panstwowe w Lodzi, Arcrriwum Bartoszewiczów, 1737, fol. 1). Whether it was actually used by any of the visitors cannot be determined, although its existence raises additional questions as to the "independence" of the participating peasants.
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• 1883 . "Jubileusz Sobieskiego" . Nowa Reforma , 24 August The plans for the peasant celebration were given in the report on the committee meeting of the previous day, presented in
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• 1883 . 'Obchód uroczysty jubileuszu Sobieskiego w Krakowie" . Nowa Reforma , 12 September Among the speakers at the folk gathering was Wladyslaw Kolodziejczyk, a peasant from Mogila; Jakob Kot, a Ruthenian from Olesko, where Sobieski was born; Michal Ostrowski, a Ruthenian merchant from Ruda; and Ruthenian villager Hrehory Skoblik (vel Skablyk) of Daszowa in the province of Stryj
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• Dabrowski . "Reinventing Poland" ” . 174 Leopoldians were particularly interested in raising the international profile of the celebration
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• The Ukrainian paper DiIo said the jubilee had the character of a Polish national manifestation (per Nowolecki, Uroczystosci, p. 51); Prolom and Slovo were also opposed. For other views of the siege, see the "Ukrainophile" Stefan Kachala's book on 1683, reviewed in Reforma, 23 June 1882.
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• 1883 . "Kronika" . Nowa Reforma , 12 September Such figures as Platon Kostecki and Father Jan Guszalewicz wrote poems
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