- Luxemburg , R. 1970 . "Stagnation and the Progress of Marxism," ” . In Rosa Luxemburg Speaks , Edited by: Waters , M.-A. 107 New York : Pathfinder .
- Best , S. and Kellner , D. 1998 . "Postmodern Politics and the Battle for the Future," . New Political Science , 20 : 283 – 299 . For an excellent assessment of the new forms of politics that result from this challenge to "the grand visions of emancipation," see
- Held , David . 1993 . Prospects for Democracy-North, South, East West , Cambridge : Polity . ); for a more sceptical interpretation of these issues, see
- Miliband , Ralph and Panitch , Leo , eds. 1994 . Between Globalism and Nationalism-Socialist Register 1994 , London : Merlin Press .
- Cerney , Phillip G. 1994 . "The Dynamics of Financial Globalizatiorc Technology, Market Structure and Policy Response," ” . unpublished paper
- Lash , Scott and Urry , John . 1987 . The End of Organised Capitalism , Cambridge : Polity .
- Claus Offe . 1985 . Disorganised Capitalism , Cambridge : Polity .
- Touraine , Alain . 1981 . The Voice and the Eye: An Analysis of Social Movements , 1 – 24 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Habermas , Jürgen . 1990 . "Excursus on the Obsolescence of the Production Paradigm," ” . In The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity , 75 – 82 . Cambridge : Polity .
- Dicken , Peter . 1998 . Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy, , 3rd edn , London : PCP .
- Lash , Scott and Urry , John . 1994 . Economies of Signs and Space , London : Sage .
- 1967 . Capital: The Process of Circulation of Capital , London : Lawrence and Wishart . Marx analyses these processes in the 2nd volume of
- Balibar , E. 1991 . "From Class Struggle to Classless Struggle?" ” . In Race, Nation, Class , Edited by: Balibar , E. and Wallerstein , I. 156 London : Verso . (emphases added)
- Sen , A. K. 1992 . Inequality Re-examined , 119 Oxford : Clarendon .
- Graham , K. 1986 . "Class: A Simple View," . Inquiry , 32 : 421
- Marcuse , H. 1972 . Counterrevolution and Revolt , 9 – 16 . Boston : Beacon Press . Herbert Marcuse utilizes Marx's notion of Gesamtarbeiter (composite labour) to identify this enlarged basis of exploitation in late capitalism. He argues that the overwhelming majority of the working population are now forced to sell their labour power for a wage and in so doing form a common class of workers subject to the total domination of monopoly capital. See
- Wright , E. O. 1979 . Class, Crisis and the State , London : Verso . On the issue of the indeterminacy of the middle class, see
- Wright , E. O. 1985 . Classes , London : Verso .
- Hobsbawn , E. J. 1977 . The Age of Revolution 1789-1848 , London : Abacus .
- Thompson , E. P. 1968 . The Making of the English Working Class , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
- Rose , S. O. 1992 . Limited Livelihoods: Gender and Class in Nineteenth Century England , Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Balibar , E. 1991 . "From Class Struggle to Classless Struggle?" ” . In Race Nation and Class , Edited by: Balibar , E. and Wallerstein , I. 177 London : Verso .
- Donald , J. and Rattansi , A. , eds. 1992 . "Race," Culture and Difference , Milton Keynes : Open University/Sage . Of course, Marxism is not the only "integrative" social theory susceptible to such problems. Liberal and communicative versions of social theory, for example, have faced similar conceptual difficulties in the face of the growing insistence on the recognition of difference and diversity as essential goals of, and means to, liberation. For a discussion of these difficulties, see
- Jessop , B. 1992 . State Theory , 76 Cambridge : Polity . What Jessop refers to, with regard to theories of the state, as the "concretization" and "complexification" of the key analytical tools of Marxism.
- Marx , K. 1974 . "Theses on Feuerbach," ” . In The German Ideology , Edited by: Marx , K. and Engels , F. 123 London : Lawrence and Wishart . But as Marx so famously made clear, "The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point is to change it."
- Haraway , D. J. , ed. 1991 . “ 'Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective," ” . In Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature , 579 New York : Routiedge .
- Jameson , F. 1988 . "History and Class Consciousness as an 'Unfinished Project," . Rethinking Marxism , 1 : 54 That standpoint, the Marxist theory of capitalism, "has taught us … [ ]… the way in which the very possibility of conceiving of a certain passionate value or of being capable of feeling a certain unique emotion is dependent on the labour of other people and on a social differentiation of production within which those particular human possibilities are available or on the other hand excluded."
- Spivak , G. C. 1988 . "Can the Subaltern Speak?" ” . In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture , Edited by: Nelson , C. and Grossberg , L. Chicago : University of Illinois Press . See, for example, Haraway, "Situated Knowledges," op. cit.;
- Sedgwick , E. K. 1990 . Epistemology of the Closet , Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Amin , S. 1989 . Eurocentrism , New York : Monthly Review Press .
- Harding , S. 1993 . "Rethinking Standpoint Epistemology: What is 'Strong Objectivity'?" ” . In Feminist Epistemologies , Edited by: Alcoff , L. and Potter , E. 54 London : Routiedge .
- Harstock , N. 1987 . "The Feminist Standpoint: Developing the Ground for Specifically Feminist Knowledge," ” . In Feminism and Methodology , Edited by: Haltung , S. 157 – 180 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . . The charge of blindness is often directed more particularly at the abstract individual of liberal theory who supposedly embodies this sort of value neutrality. See, for example,
- Jaggar , A. 1983 . Feminist Politics and Human Nature , Sussex : Harvester .
- Best , S. and Kellner , D. 1998 . "Postmodern Politics and the Battle for the Future," . New Political Science , 20 : 287 – 289 . Although this often is the (mis)interpretation made of feminist standpoint epistemology, I think the logic of this sort of criticism is better directed towards "identity politics." See the discussion in
- Smith , D. 1987 . The Everyday World as Problematic , Boston : North Eastern .
- Harding , S. , ed. "The Everyday World as a Problematic," ” . In Feminism and Methodology op. cit.
- Spivak , G. C. 1990 . "Practical Politics of the Open End," ” . In The Post-Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues , Edited by: Spivak , G. 109 London : Routledge . . See also her "The Problems of Cultural Self-representation" in the same volume, especially pp. 50-58.
- Spivak , G. C. "In A Word," . Differences , 1 129
- Kellner , D. 1989 . Critical Theory, Marxism and Modernity , 23 – 26 . Cambridge : Polity .
- Marcuse , H. 1986 . Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory , 25 London : Routledge and Kegen Paul . Hence Marcuse's suggestion that "Something is true if it is what it can be, fulfilling all of its objective possibilities."
- Katsiaficas , G. 1987 . The Imagination of the New Left: A Global Analysis of 1968 , 201 Boston : South End Press .
- Hall , S. 1980 . "Race, Articulation and Societies Structured in Dominance," ” . In Sociological Theories: Race and Colonialism , Edited by: UNESCO . 341 Paris : UNESCO . This is similar to Stuart Hall's assertion that "race is a modality in which class is 'lived', the medium through which class relations are experienced, the form in which it is appropriated and 'fought through'."
- Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies . 1982 . The Empire Strikes Back , London : Hutchinson .
- Gilroy , P. 1987 . There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack , London : Hutchinson . ) offer illustrations of how "race" specific cultural and religious practices have been central to class formation and class struggle in Britain;
- Fiske , J. 1993 . Power Play, Power Works , London : Verso . ) examines the highly sophisticated consumptive and spatial structures through which class struggle is mediated in the contemporary United States. Similarly,
- Aronowitz , Stanley . 1997 . "Between Nationality and Class," . Harvard Educational Review , 67 ), examines the complex interrelation of ethnicity and class in the discourses and practices of, in particular, the working poor in America. For an analysis of the structural interactions of race and class in the contemporary global economy, see
- Alexander , T. 1996 . Unravelling Global Apartheid: An Overview of World Politics , Cambridge : Polity .
- Gramsci . 1971 . Selections from Prison Notebooks , 377 London : Lawrence and Wishart .
- Ibid., p. 445.
- Gramsci is explicit on this point: "It might seem that there might exist an extra-historical and extra-human objectivity. But who is the judge of such objectivity? Who is able to put himself in this kind of 'standpoint of the cosmos itself' and what could such a standpoint mean? It can indeed be maintained that here we are dealing with a hangover of the concept of God, precisely in its mystic form of a conception of an unknown God" (ibid., p. 445). He counterposes this with a "practical" confirmation of reality: "… Italians often when speaking of Morocco, call it an 'Eastern' country, to refer to its Moslem and Arab civilisation. And yet these references are real; they correspond to real facts, they allow one to travel by land and by sea, to arrive where one has decided to arrive, to 'forsee' the future, to objectivise reality, to understand the objectivity of the external world. Rational and real become one. Without having understood this relationship it seems that one cannot understand the philosophy of praxis" (ibid., p. 447-448).
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
New Political Science
Volume 22, 2000 - Issue 3