- Shivji , IG . 1997 . 'Contradictory perspectives on rights and justice in the context of land tenure reform in Tanzania' . paper presented to a meeting of the Academic Staff Council . March 1997 . University of Dar es Salaam .
- 1997 . 'Guest Editor's Introduction: not yet uhuru' . Change , 5 : 2 – 3 .
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- Toulmin , C and Quan , J . 2000 . “ 'Evolving land rights, tenure and policy in sub-Saharan Africa' ” . In Evolving Land Rights, Policy and Tenure in Africa , Edited by: Toulmin and Quan . 3 London : IIED . This has been pointed out by a number of commentators: 'Much of Africa remains heavily dependent on development assistance. As a consequence, African governments have been particularly subject to the ebb and flow of donor thinking about the importance of the land question and how it should be addressed.
- Williams , S . Report on Regional Workshop on Land Issues in Africa See also 'for more than a decade and a half [since the last review of land issues in 1981] the World Bank's land policy greatly influenced the kind of development activity that was financed and supported throughout the world by donors and international financial institutions', (on file with the author)
- This paper is based on an analysis of a draft consultation paper presented by K Deininger, Chief Economist, World Bank Research Department, at the World Bank Regional Workshop on Land Issues in Africa, held in Kampala, Uganda, 29 April-2 May 2002. See K Deininger&G Feder, 'Land institutions andpPolicy: some key messages of the Policy Research Report', http://Inweb18. Worldbank.org/ESSD/essdext…nsf/25ByDocName/KDeiningerGFederPaper/$FILE/PRR_English. pdf, August 2002. As this article goes to press, the final version of the Report has not been made available to interested parties. R Palmer, Land Policy Adviser, Oxfam GB, personal communication, 23 October 2002.
- World Bank . 1989 . Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth , Washington, DC : World Bank .
- J-P Platteau . 1992 . Land Reform and Structural Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Controversies and Guidelines , Rome : Food and Agricultural Organisation .
- Bruce , JW and Migot-Adholla , SE . 1994 . Searching for Land Tenure Security in Africa , Iowa : Kendall Hunt .
- Deininger , K and Binswanger , H . 1999 . 'The evolution of the World Bank's land policy: principles, experiences and future challenges' . World Bank Research Observer , 14 : 247 – 276 .
- Pinckey , TC and Kimuyu , PK . 'Land tenure reform in East Africa: good, bad or unimportant' . Journal of African Economies , 3 1 – 28 .
- Bruce and Migot-Adholla . Searching for Land Tenure Security in Africa 262
- World Bank Electronic Conference on Land Policy and Sustainable Development 2001. For details, see http://www.oxfam.org.uk/landrights/Donormtg.rtf, September 2002.
- Ibid, p. 2.
- Ibid, p. 2.
- Deininger and Feder . “ 'Land institutions and policy' ” . 2
- Quan , J . 12 August 2002 . personal communication 12 August ,
- Palmer , R . 7 August 2002 . personal communication 7 August ,
- Deininger and Feder . “ 'Land institutions and policy' ” . 2
- Ibid, pp 2-4.
- Ibid, p. 3.
- Ibid.
- Ibid, p. 1.
- Soto , H de . 2000 . The Mysteries of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else , New York : Basic Books . Ibid, p. 3., which has had an important influence on the World Bank's thinking
- Deininger and Feder . “ 'Land institutions and policy' ” . 3
- Ibid, pp 8-9.
- Quan , J . 2002 . 'Customary to modern transition: challenges and recent advances' . Moderator's comments presented at World Bank Regional Workshop on Land Issues in Africa . April 29 2002 , Kampala. 2 May, http://Inweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/essdext.nsf/25ByDocName/PapersCustomary/$FILE/ Customary+to+Modern_Lavigne+Delville.pdf, August 2002
- Ibid, p. 17.
- Ibid, p. 23.
- Ibid, p. 39.
- Ibid, p. 36.
- Ibid, p. 36.
- Ibid, p. 36.
- Ibid, p. 38.
- Ibid, pp 35-36.
- Ibid, p. 36.
- Ibid, p. 36.
- Ibid, p. 36.
- Rai , SM . 2002 . Gender and the Political Economy of Development , Cambridge : Polity .
- Kabeer , N . 1991 . “ 'Gender, production and well-being: rethinking the household economy' ” . Paper No 288 Brighton : Institute of Development Studies .
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- Mallos , E , ed. 1980 . The Politics of Housework , London : Allison and Busby .
- Mies , M , ed. 1986 . Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour , London : Zed Books . See also the discussion contained in
- Smart , C . 1984 . The Ties That Bind: Law, Marriage and the Reproduction of Patriarchal Relations , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
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- Rowbotham , S . 1973 . Women's Consciousness, Man's World , London : Penguin .
- Yngstrom , I . 2002 . 'Women, wives and land rights in Africa: situating gender beyond the household in the debate over land policy and changing tenure systems' . Oxford Development Studies , 30 : 21 – 40 . For a discussion of this approach in the context of land tenure
- Guyer , JI . 1981 . 'Household and community in African studies' . African Studies Review , 24 : 87 – 137 .
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- Agarwal , B . 1994 . A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Chanock , M . 1985 . Law, Custom and Social Order , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . For a historical perspective, which provides an account of the interests of male clan elders in the creation of customary law and the consequences for women
- Rai , SM . 2002 . Gender and the Political Economy of Development , 58 Cambridge : Polity . This approach was manifest in the early initiatives of the World Bank and other development agencies aimed at women. For a discussion, 'Patriarchal and liberal discourses, at both national and international level, left unchallenged the question of gender relations in society, and often made these attendant upon a sexual division of labour and individual negotiation within the family.'
- Davison , J , ed. 1988 . Agriculture, Women and Land: The African Experience , London : Westview .
- A-M Goetz and Gupta , RS . 1996 . 'Who takes the credit? Gender, power and control over loan use in rural credit programmes in Bangladesh' . World Development , 24 (1) : 45 – 64 . For an account of women's difficulties in retaining loans raised under micro-credit schemes
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- Deininger and Feder . “ 'Land institutions and policy' ” . 22
- Whitehead , A . 1991 . “ 'Rural women and food production in sub-Saharan Africa' ” . In The Political Economy of Hunger , Edited by: Dreze , J and Sen , A . 425 – 473 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
- Manji , A . 1999 . 'The AIDS epidemic and women's land rights in Tanzania' . Recht in Afrika , 3 (1) : 31 – 50 .
- Manji . 2000 . '"Her name is Kamundage": rethinking women and property amongst the Haya of Tanzania' . Africa , 70 (3) : 482 – 500 .
- Shivji , IG . 1999 . 'The Land Acts 1999: a cause for celebration or a celebration of a cause?' . Keynote Address to a workshop on land held in Morogoro . February 1999 , Tanzania.
- Ibid.
- Wanitzek , U . 1990/1991 . 'Unrepresented women in Tanzanian courts' . Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law , 30 ( 31 )
- Thompson , MP . 2000 . “ 'Monied might or social justice: mortgage repossessions and the protection of occupiers' ” . In Property and Protection , Edited by: Meisel , F and Cook , P . 157 – 176 . Oxford : Hart Publishing .
- On 'undue influence' see ibid.
- Fehlberg , B . 1997 . Sexually Transmitted Debt: Surety Experience in English Law , Oxford : Clarendon Press . Judicial guidance to this effect was issued in Barclays Banks v O'Brien [1994] 1 A.C. 180 at 189-190 per Lord Browne-Wilkinson. For criticisms
- Thompson, 'Monied might or social justice'.
- Fehlberg, Sexually Transmitted Debt.
- Wylie , JCW . “ 'An Irish perspective on protecting a non-owning spouse in the home' ” . In Property and Protection Edited by: Meisel and Cook .
- In England and Wales, the interests of banks in realising their securities were for many years given priority over the need to protect occupiers of mortgaged property. See Thompson, 'Monied might or social justice'.
- Whitehead , A and Lockwood , M . 1999 . 'Gendering poverty: a review of six World Bank African poverty assessments' . Development and Change , 30 : 525 – 555 . One of the aims of the Report is 'to assess the role of land in existing country strategies, and where they exist, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, with the goal of facilitating integration of land-related issues (in the form of coherent programs) into strategies for poverty reduction and economic growth which could then be supported by donors in a coordinated way'. Deininger&Feder, 'Land institutions and policy', p. 2. For a discussion of the World Bank's focus on poverty
- George , S and Sabelli , F . 1994 . Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire , Boulder, CO : Westview . more generally
- Deininger and Feder . “ 'Land institutions and policy' ” . 27 29
- Ibid, p. 38.
- Ibid, p. 36.
- Goetz&Gupta, 'Who takes the credit?'.
- Harrington , J . 1998 . 'Privatising scarcity: civil liability and medical practice in Tanzania' . Journal of African Law , 42 : 147 – 171 .
- Manji , A . 2002 . 'Land reform in the shadow of the state: the implementation of new land laws in sub-Saharan Africa' . Third World Quarterly , 22 (3) : 327 – 342 . HWO Ogoth-Ogendo, Land Administration: The Forgotten Factor in Land Reform in Africa, forthcoming;
- For an account of attempts by 'femocrats' within the World Bank to influence policy, see Rai, Gender and the Political Economy of Development.
- 2002 . 'The gender dimension of development' . World Bank Operational Manual: Operational Policies , September According to the World Bank's operational manual, it 'aims to integrate gender considerations in its country assistance program', www.worldbank.org
- Miller , C . 1998 . “ 'Gender advocates and multilateral development organizations: promoting change from within' ” . In Missionaries and Mandarins: Feminist Engagements with Development Institutions , Edited by: Miller , C and Razavi , S . London : IT Publishers .
- Jahan , R . 1995 . The Elusive Agenda: Mainstreaming Women in Development , London : Zed Books .
- Staudt , K . 2002 . “ The uses and abuses of empowerment discourse' ” . In Rethinking Empowerment in a Global/Local World , Edited by: Parpart , J , Rai , SM and Staudt , K . London : Routledge .
- Tinker , I . 1997 . “ 'The making of a field: advocates, practitioners and scholars' ” . In The Women, Gender and Development Reader , Edited by: Visvanathan , N . London : Zed Books .
- Cooper , D . 2001 . 'Against the current: social pathways and the pursuit of enduring change' . Feminist Legal Studies , 9 : 119 – 148 . For a discussion of the difficulties of embedding progressive social and political change
- Manji , A . 1998 . 'Gender and the politics of the land reform process in Tanzania' . Journal of Modern African Studies , 36 (4) : 645 – 667 . The term is Agarwal's and as used here may be taken to mean organisations that are concerned with reducing or eliminating the social, economic and political inequalities facing women in relation to men. See Agarwal, A Field of One 's Own. It is important to recognise the interrelations between international and national gender progressive groups. In Africa, local groups function very much as satellites or watchdogs of the international community and the channels through which donors distribute funds and their agendas reflect this to a large extent
- Manji, 'Gender and the politics of the land reform process in Tanzania'.
- Ibid.
- Rugadya , M and Busingye , H . 2002 . Gender Perspectives in the Land Reform Process in Uganda , Kampala : Uganda LandAlliance . Recent work by the Uganda Land Alliance goes some way towards recognising this. See
- Deininger and Feder . “ 'Land institutions and policy' ” . 46
- Quan , J . 12 August 2002 . personal communication 12 August , During his address at the British Labour Party Conference in 2002, former US President Bill Clinton made explicit mention of this approach: 'I have just come here from a trip to Africa which provided me with all kinds of fresh evidence of the importance of politics … In Ghana … a new President is working with a great Peruvian economist, Hernando de Soto, to bring the assets of poor people in to the legal system so they can be collateral for loans.' See Former US President Bill Clinton's Address to the Labour Party Conference, October 2002. Full text available at http://politics.guardian.co.uk/labour2002>
- Yngstrom, 'Women, wives and land rights in Africa'.
- Shivji, 'Contradictory perspectives on rights and justice in the context of land tenure reform in Tanzania'.
- Sparr , P , ed. 1994 . Mortgaging Women's Lives: Feminist Critiques of Structural Adjustment , London : Zed Books .
Third World Quarterly
Volume 24, 2003 - Issue 1