The Reliability of the Subjective Reports of Memories

References

• Bohannon , J. N. III . 1988 . Flashbulb memories for the Space Shuttle disaster: A tale of two theories . Cognition , 29 : 179 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon , J. N. III and Symons , V. L. 1992 . “ Flashbulb memories: Confidence, consistency, and quantity ” . In Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories , Edited by: Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. 65 – 91 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brewer , W. F. 1992 . “ Phenomenal experience in laboratory and autobiographical tasks ” . In Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory , Edited by: Conway , M. A. , Rubin , D. C. , Spinnler , H. and Wagenaar , W. A. 31 – 51 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , N. R. 1990 . Organization of public events in long-term memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 119 : 297 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R. and Kulik , J. 1977 . Flashbulb memories . Cognition , 5 : 73 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt , C. D. B. , Mitchell , D. A. , R aggatt , P. T. F. , Jones , C. A. and Cowan , T. M. 1995 . A snapshot of autobiographical memory retrieval characteristics . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 9 : 61 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardeña , E. and Spiegel , D. 1993 . Dissociative reactions to the San Francisco Bay area Earthquake of 1989 . Am erican Journal of Psychiatry , 150 : 474 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson , S.-Å. 1989 . Flashbulb memories: Special, but not so special . Memory and Cognition , 17 : 435 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1977 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , revised edn. , Orlando , FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. 1995 . Flashbulb memories , Hove : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. , Anderson , S. J. , Larsen , S. F. , Donnelly , C. M. , McDaniel , M. A. , McClelland , A. G. R. , Rawles , R. E. and Logie , R. H. 1994 . The formation of flashbulb memories . Memory and Cognition , 22 : 326 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. , Collins , A. F. , Gathercole , S. E. and Anderson , S. J. 1996 . Recollections of true and false autobiographical memories . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 125 : 69 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curci , A. , Stasolla , F. , Leone , G. and Bellelli , G. The resignation of Judge Di Pietro: A study of flashbulb memories . Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Memory . July , Abano Terme , Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Gaskell , G. D. , Wright , D. B. and O'Muircheartaigh , C. A . 1995 . Context effects in the measurement of attitudes: A comparison of the consistency and framing of explanations . British Journal of Social Psychology , 34 : 383 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grice , H. P. 1975 . “ Logic and conversation ” . In Syntax and semantics: Speech acts , Edited by: Cole , P. and Morgan , H. L. Vol. 3 , 41 – 58 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Howell , D. C. 1992 . Statistical methods for psychology , 3rd edn. , Boston , MA : Duxbury Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jobe , J. B. , Tourangeau , R. and Smith , A. F. 1993 . Contributions of survey research to the understanding of memory . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 7 : 567 – 584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krosnick , J. A. and Schuman , H. 1988 . Attitude intensity, importance, and certainty and susceptibility to response effects . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54 : 940 – 952 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. , eds. Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories , 32 – 64 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Loftus , E. F. 1991 . “ Made in memory: Distortions in recollection after misleading information ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory , Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol. 27 , 187 – 213 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Loftus , E. F. and Kaufman , L. 1992 . “ Why do traumatic experiences sometimes produce good memory (flashbulbs) and sometimes no memory (repression)? ” . In Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories , Edited by: Winograd and Neisser , U. 212 – 223 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Loftus , E. F. , Fienberg , S. E. and Tanur , J. 1985 . Cognitive psychology meets the national survey . American Psychologist , 40 : 175 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyman , B. J. and Hertel , P. T. 1992 . Taking “flashbulb” memory by (Desert) Storm . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 30 : 464
   Google Scholar
• McCloskey , M. 1992 . “ Special versus ordinary memory mechanisms in the genesis of flashbulb memories ” . In Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories , Edited by: Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. 227 – 235 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCloskey , M. , Wible , C. and Cohen , N. 1988 . Is there a special flashbulb-memory mechanism? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 117 : 171 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse , C. K. , Woodward , E. M. and Zweigenhaft , R. L. 1993 . Gender di? erences in ¯ ash-bulb memories elicited by the Clarence Thomas hearings . Journal of Social Psychology , 133 : 453 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neisser , U. 1982 . “ Snapshots or benchmarks? ” . In Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts , Edited by: Neisser , U. 43 – 48 . San Francisco , CA : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Neisser , U. and Harsch , N. 1992 . “ Phantom flashbulbs: False recollections of hearing the news about Challenger ” . In Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories , Edited by: Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. 9 – 31 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Neisser , U. , Winograd , E. , Bergman , E. T. , Schreiber , C. A. , Palmer , S. E. and Weldon , M. S. 1996 . Remembering the earthquake: Direct experience vs. hearing the news . Memory , 4 : 337 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker , J. W. and Harber , K. D. 1993 . A social stage model of collective coping: The Loma Prieta earthquake and the Persian Gulf war . Journal of Social Issues , 49 : 125 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillemer , D. B. 1984 . Flashbulb memories of the assassination attempt on President Reagan . Cognition , 16 : 63 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R ubin , D. C. and Kozin , M. 1984 . Vivid memories . Cognition , 16 : 81 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuman , H. and Presser , S. 1981 . Questions and answers in attitude surveys: Experiments on question form, wording and context , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz , N. 1995 . What respondents learn from questionnaires: The survey interview and the logic of conversation . International Statistical Review , 63 : 153 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz , N. , Strack , F. and Mai , H.-P. 1991 . Assimilation and contrast effects in part-whole question sequences: A conversational logic analysis . Public Opinion Quarterly , 55 : 3 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strack , F. , Martin , L. L. and Schwarz , N. 1988 . Priming and communication: The social determinants of information use in judgments of life-satisfaction . European Journal of Social Psychology , 18 : 429 – 442 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , C. P. 1982 . Memory for unique personal events: The roommate study . Memory and Cognition , 10 : 324 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagenaar , W. A. 1986 . My memory: A study of autobiographical memory over six years . Cognitive Psychology , 18 : 225 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren , A. R. and Smartwood , J. N. 1992 . “ Developmental issues in flashbulb memoryresearch: Children recall the Challenger event ” . In Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories , Edited by: Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. 95 – 120 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weaver , C. III . 1993 . A . Do you need a “flashbulb” to form a flashbulb memory? Journal of Experim ental Psychology: General , 122 : 39 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Winograd , E. and Killinger , W. A. Jr. 1983 . Relating age at encoding in early childhood to adult recall: Development of flashbulb memories . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 112 : 413 – 422 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winograd , E. and Neisser , U. , eds. 1992 . Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of “flashbulb” memories , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , D. B. 1993 . Recall of the Hillsborough disaster over time: Systematic biases of “flashbulb” memories . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 7 : 129 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , D. B. and Gaskell , G. D. 1995 . Flashbulb memories: Conceptual and methodological issues . Memory , 3 : 67 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , D. B. , Gaskell , G. D. and O'Muircheartaigh , C. A . in press . Flashbulbmemory assumptions: Using national surveys to explore cognitive phenomena . British Journal of Psychology ,
   Google Scholar
• Yarmey , A. D. and Bull , M. P. III . 1978 . Where were you when President Kennedy was assassinated? . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 11 : 133 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar