The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus

References

• Abernethy , B. 1988 . Dual-task methodology and motor skills research: Some methodological constraints . Journal of Human Movement Studies , 14 : 101 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Gurfinkel , V. S. , Ivanenko , P. Y. , Levik , Y. S. and Babakova , I. A. 1995 . Kinesthetic reference for human orthograde posture . Neuroscience , 68 : 229 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , Y. and Wright , D. L. 2000 . An assessment of the attention demands during random-and blocked-practice schedules . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 53A : 591 – 606 .
   Google Scholar
• Maddox , D. , Wulf , G. and Wright , D. 2000 . The efficts of an internal vs. external focus of attention on the learning of a tennis backhand , USA : Texas A & M University . Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• McLeod , P. D. 1978 . Does probe RT measure central processing demand? . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 80 : 83-39
   Google Scholar
• McLeod , P. D. 1980 . “ What can probe RT tell us about the attentional demands of movements? ” . In Tutorials in motor behavior , Edited by: Stelmach , G. E. and Requin , J. 579 – 589 . Amsterdam : North-Holland .
   Google Scholar
• McNevin , N. H. , Shea , C. H. and Wulf , G. 2000 . Increasing the distance of an external focus of attention enhances learning Manuscript submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Newell , K. M. and Slifkin , A. B. 1996 . “ The nature of movement variability ” . In Motor control and human skill: A multidisciplinary perspective , Edited by: Piek , J. Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. and Keele , S. W. Attentional demands of movement . Proceedings of the 16th Congress of Applied Psychology . Amsterdam : Swets and Zeitlinger .
   Google Scholar
• Salmoni , A. W. , Sullivan , S. J. and Starkes , J. L. 1976 . The attention demands of movements: A critique of the probe technique . Journalof Motor Behavior , 8 : 161 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Shea , C. H. and Wulf , G. 1999 . Enhancing motor learning through external focus instructions and feedback . Human Movement Science , 18 : 553 – 571 .
   Google Scholar
• Temprado , J.-J. , Zanone , P. G. , Monno , A. and Laurent , M. 1999 . Attentional load associated with performing and stabilizing preffered bimanual patterns . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 25 : 1579 – 1594 .
   Google Scholar
• Vereijken , B. , van Emmerik , R. E. A. , Whiting , H. T. A. and Newell , K. M. 1992 . Free(z)ing degrees of freedom in skill acquisition . Journal of Motor Behavior , 24 : 133 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , D. L. and Kemp , T. 1992 . The dual-task methodology and assessing the attentional demands of ambulation with walking devices . Physical Therapy , 72 : 306 – 312 .
   Google Scholar
• Wrisberg , C. A. and Shea , C. H. 1978 . Shifts in attention demands and motor program utilization during motor learning . Journal of Motor Behavior , 2 : 149 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Wulf , G. , McConnel , Gärtner , M. and Schwarz , A. 2000 . Feedback and attentional focus: Enhancing the learning of sport skills through external-focus feedback Manuscript submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Wulf , G. , Höß , M. and Prinz , W. 1998 . Instructions for motor learning: Differential effects of internal versus external focus of attention . Journal of Motor Behavior , 30 : 169 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Wulf , G. , Lauterbach , B. and Toole , T. 1999 . Learning advantages of an external focus of attention in golf . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 70 : 120 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Wulf , G. , McNevin , N. H. , Fuchs , T. , Ritter , F. and Toole , T. 2000 . Attentional focus in complex motor skill learning . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 71 : 229 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Wulf , G. and Prinz , W. in press . Directing attention to movement effects enhances learning: A review . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review ,
   Google Scholar
• Wulf , G. , Shea , C. H. and Park , J.-H. in press . Attention in motor learning: Preferences for and advantages of an external focus . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport ,
   Google Scholar