THE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY–EPRI VETERANS' COHORT MORTALITY STUDY: Preliminary Results

REFERENCES

• Abbey, D. E., Nishino, N., and McDonnell, W. F. 1999. Long-term inhalable particles and other air pollutants related to mortality in nonsmokers. Am.J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 159:373–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyco, E. J., Koepsell, T. D., Gaziano, J. M., Homer, R. D., and Feussner, J. R. 2000. U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Care System as a resource to ep idemio log ists.Am. J. Epidemiol. 151:307–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calle, E. E., Thun, M. J., Petrelli, J. M., Rodriguez, C., and Heath, C. W., Jr. 1999. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N. EngL J. Med. 341: 1097–1105.
   Google Scholar
• Cleroux, J., Feldman, R. D., and Petrella, R. J. 1999. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hyperten-sion. 4. Recommendations on physical exercise training. CMAJ 160(9 suppl.):521–28.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, N. R., Hebert, P. R., Satterfield, S., Taylor, J. O., Buring, J. E., and Henneken, C. H. 1994. Height, lung function, and mortality from cardiovascular disease among the elderly. Am.J. Epidemiol. 139:1066–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppola, L., Giunta, R., Grassia, A., Misso, L., Verrazo, G., Violano, P. F., Grandillo, F., and Tire Ili, A. 1989. Air pollution by gasoline exhaust fumes: effect on platelet function and blood viscosity. Med. Lay. 80:187–191.
   Google Scholar
• Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A. III, Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G. Jr., and Speizer, F. E. 1993. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N. Eng. J. Med. 329: 1753–1759.
   Google Scholar
• Eurowinter Group. 1997. Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe. Lancet 349:1341–1346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamble, J. F. 1998. PM2.5 and mortality in long-term prospective cohort studies: Cause-effect or statis-tical associations? Environ. Health Perspect. 106:535-549. Also see subsequent correspondence in Environ. Health Perspect. 107:A392-A394 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Hu, H., Aro, A., Payton, M., Korrick, S., Sparrow, D., Weiss, S. T., and Rotnitzky, A. 1996. The relationship of bone and blood lead to hypertension. The Normative Aging Study.J. Am. Med. Assoc. 275:1171–1176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korrick, S. A., Hunter, D. J., Rotnitzky, A., Hu, H., and Speizer, F. E. 1999. Lead and hypertension in a sample of middle-aged women. Am.J. Public Health 89:330–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunzli N., and Tager, I. B. 1997. The semi-individual study in air pollution epidemiology: A valid design as compared to ecological studies. Environ. Health Perspect. 105:1078–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linn, W. S., Solomon, J. C., Trim, S. C., Spier, C. E., Shamoo, D. A., Venet, T. G., Avo I, E. L., and Hackney, J. D. 1985. Effects of exposure to 4 ppm nitrogen dioxide in healthy and asthmatic volunteers. Arch. Environ. Health 40:234–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linn, W. S., Gong, H., Jr., Clark, K. W., and Anderson, K. R. 1999. Day-to-day particulate exposures and health changes in Los Angeles area residents with severe lung disease./ Am. Waste Manage. Assoc. 49:PM–108–115.
   Google Scholar
• Lipfert, F. W. 1992. Community Air Pollution and Mortality: Analysis of 1980 Data from U.S. Metropolitan Areas. Report prepared for U.S. Department of Energy, Brookhaven National Laboratory, November. BNL 48446.
   Google Scholar
• Lipfert, F. W. 1994a. Air pollution and community health. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar
• Lipfert, F. W. 1994b. Filter artifacts associated with particulate measurements: Recent evidence and effects on statistical relationships. Atmos. Environ. 28:3233–3249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipfert, F. W. 1995. Estimating air pollution-mortality risks from cross-sectional studies: Prospective vs. ecologic study designs. In Particulate matter: Health and regulatory issues, Proc. of International Specialty Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, April, pp. 78–102. AWMA Publ. VIP 49.
   Google Scholar
• Lipfert, F. W. 1997. Air pollution and human health: Perspectives for the '90s and beyond. Risk Anal. 17:137–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipfert, F. W., and Wyzga, R. E. 1995. Air pollution and mortality: Issues and uncertainties./ Am. Waste Manage. Assoc. 45:949–966.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipfert, F. W., and Wyzga, R. E. 1998. Statistical considerations in determining the health significance of constituents of airborne particulate matter. Proc. AWMA Con 1. PM2.5: A Fine Particle Standard, Long Beach, CA, January.
   Google Scholar
• Lipfert, F. W., Malone, R. G., Daum, M. L., Mendell, N. R., and Yang, C.-C. 1988. A Statistical Study of the Macroepidemiologyof Air Pollution and Total Mortality. Report BNL-52122. Brookhaven National Laboratory, April.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, J. P., Perry, H. M., Jr., Rossiter, J. E., Baty, J. D., Carmody, S. E., and Sambhi, M. P. 1994. Regional differ-ences in mortality during 15-year follow-up of 11,936 hypertensive veterans. Hypertension 23:431–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics. 1986. Vital Statistics of the United States, 1981, vol. II, Mortality, part A. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 86–1101. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Ng-Mak, D. S., Dohrenwend, B. P., Abraido-Lanza, A. F., and Turner, J. B. 1999. A further analysis of race differences in the national longitudinal mortality study. Am.J. Public Health 89:1748–1751.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, H. M., Jr., Schnaper, H. W., Meyer, G., and Swatzell, R. 1982. Clinical program for screening and treatment of hypertension in veterans.J. Nat. Med. Assoc. 74: 433–444.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, H. M., Jr., Miller, J. P., Baty, J. D., Sambhi, M. P., Rutan, G., Moskowitz, D. W., and Carmody, S. E. 1995a. Early predictors of 15-year end-stage renal disease in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 25:587–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, H. M., Miller, J. P., Fornoff, J. R., Baty, J. D., Sambhi, M. P., Rutan, G., Moskowitz, D. W., and Carmody, S. E. 1995b. Early predictors of 15-year end-stage renal disease in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 25:587–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C. A. III, Thun, M. J., Namboodiri, M. M., Dockery, D. W., and Evans, J. S. 1995. Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151: 669–674.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, J. 1981. Hypertension in Adults 25–74 Years of Age, United States, 1971–75. Vital and Health Statistics: Series 11, Data from the National Health Survey; No. 221. DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 81–1671, April. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Samaras, T. T., and Elrick, H. 1999. Height, body size, and longevity. Acta Med. Okayama 53:149–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slattery, M. L., and Jacobs, D. R., Jr., 1988. Physical fitness and cardiovascular mortality, the U.S. Railroad study. Am.J. EpidemioL 127:571–580.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, G. D., Wentworth, D., Neaton, J. D., Stamler, R., and Stamler, J. 1996. Socioeconomic differentials in mortality risk among men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial: II. Black men. Am. J. Public Health 86:497–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1958. Air Pollution Measurements of the National Air Sampling Network, Analysis of Suspended Particulate Samples Collected 1953–1957. Cincinnati, OH: Taft Sanitary Engineering Center.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. National Air Pollution Emission Trends, 1900–1994. EPA-454/R-95-011, Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. EPA.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. 1996. Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter: Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. EPA.
   Google Scholar
• Valberg P. A., and Watson, A. Y. 1998. Alternative hypotheses linking outdoor particulate matter with daily morbidity and mortality. InhaL ToxicoL 10:641–662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vedal, S. 1997. Ambient particles and health: Lines that divide,]. Am. Waste Manage. Assoc. 47:551–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. 1970. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. II. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 mm Hg. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 213:1143–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wannamethee, S. G., and Shaper, A. G. 1997. Socioeconomic status within social class and mortality: A prospective study in middle-aged British men. Int. J. Epidemiol. 26:532–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt, G. C., Hart, C. L., Hole, D. J., Smith, G. D., Gillis, C. R., and Hawthorne, V. M. 1995. Risk factors for cardiorespiratory and all cause mortality in men and women in urban Scotland: 15 Year follow up. Scot. Med.J. 40:108–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar