The Difficulties and Dilemmas of International Intelligence Cooperation

References

• Desmond Ball, "Desperately Seeking Bin Laden: The Intelligence Dimension of the War Against Terrorism," in Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of Global Order, Ken Booth and Tim Dunne, eds. (Houndmills, United Kingdom: Palgrave, 2002), p. 71.
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• This led Britain to build the Blue Danube atomic bomb. Michael Smith, "MoD Shows Terrorists How to Make an A-Bomb," The Daily Telegraph, 15 April 2002, p. 1. Cooperation was restored in 1958. Peter Hennessy, The Secret State: Whitehall and the Cold War, p. 59.
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• Martin Bright, "GCHQ Arrest over Observer Spying Report," The Observer, 9 March 2003. This was compounded by stories that the United States was clearly reluctant to share intelligence with UN inspectors in Iraq for fears "that sensitive information might be leaked to the Iraqis and that intelligencegathering sources could be compromised." Rajiv Chandrasekaran and Colum Lynch. "U.N. Officials Say Intelligence to Prove US Claims Is Lacking," The Washington Post, 27 January 2003, p. 12.
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• Ian Davis and David Isenberg, "The Long History of UN Espionage," The Observer, 9 March 2003.
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• Jeffrey T. Richelson, "The Calculus of Intelligence Cooperation," p. 316; Bob Woodward, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981-1987 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), pp. 160-161.
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• Other factors include: a) "nations that provide key intelligence may seek to extort political or other benefits from a partner, or to avoid sanctions;" b) "participation in international intelligence arrangements may also cause a nation to conduct intelligence operations of little or no direct use to its own security;" and c) "Finally, nations may risk, or so believe, serious embarrassment when details of intelligence sharing become public." Jeffrey T. Richelson, "The Calculus of Intelligence Cooperation," pp. 317-318. For a general discussion, see also Michael Herman, Intelligence Power in Peace and War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 200-220.
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• For a short overview, see Arthur S. Hulnick, "Intelligence Cooperation in the Post-Cold War Era: A New Game Plan?" International Journal of Intelligence and Counterlntelligence, Vol. 5, No. 4, Winter 1991-1992, pp. 455-465.
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• See, inter alia, Paul Taillon, Hijacking and Hostages: Government Responses to Terrorism (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), p. 163.
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• For instance, Libyan intelligence agencies assisted the West in the fight against terrorism post-9/11. Richard J. Aldrich, "Dangerous Liaison: Post-September 11 Intelligence Alliances," Harvard International Review, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, Fall 2002, p. 51.
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• El Pais, Spain, 28 April 2002.
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• Joint Inquiry Staff, Report: The Context. Part I: Findings and Conclusions(Washington, DC: 10 December 2002), p. 9.
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• See, inter alia, Robert Baer, See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA 's War on Terrorism (New York: Crown Publishers, 2002).
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• Paul Taillon, Hijacking and Hostages, pp. 174-175.
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• Ibid., p. 41.
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• Peter Hennessy, The Secret State: Whitehall and the Cold War (London: The Penguin Press, 2002), p. 26. The key work on this subject is Jeffrey T. Richelson and Desmond Ball, The Ties That Bind: Intelligence Cooperation Between the UKUSA Countries (Boston: Alien & Unwin, 1985).
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• Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service (New York: The Free Press, 2000), p. 56.
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• See Percy Cradock, Know Your Enemy: How the Joint Intelligence Committee Saw the World (London: John Murray, 2002), pp. 271-280.
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• See, inter alia, Sylvain Besson, "Un vétéran des renseignements français oppose le «secret-défense» à l'enquête sur ses comptes suisses" (6 December 2002), at http://www.marcosbillions.com/marcos/Y2002/December/06%20 French%20intelligence%20veteran%20opposes% 20secrecy%20defence.htm; Mr. Lemoine, Rapporteur, "The New Challenges Facing European Intelligence--Reply to the Annual Report of the Council," Report submitted on behalf of the Defence Committee, Document A/1775 (Brussels: Assembly of the Western European Union, 4 June 2002), at http://www.assemblyweu.org/en/documents/sessions_ordinaires/rpt/2002/1775.html#P179_22707; and Intelligence Forum e-mail at http://lists.his.com/intelforum/msg04402.html 21 Europol was set up to deal with criminal intelligence. See its booklet entitled Europol Intelligence Management (The Hague, n.d.).
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• European Union, "Conclusions Adopted by the Council (Justice and Home Affairs), Brussels, 20 September 2001," document SN 3926/6/01 REV6 (Brussels, 20 September 2001).
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• Frank Gregory, "The EU's Role in the War on Terror," Jane's Terrorism & Insurgency (January 2003); Annual Report 2001 of the National Security Service (AIVD) (The Hague: AIVD, 2002), p. 55. Accessed at http://www.aivd.nl/ on 12 March 2003.
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• The text of the draft agreement is available as an attachment to the Forwarding Note from the Council of the European Union, "Agreement between the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization on the Security of Information," PESC 599, COSDP 463 (Brussels: 18 December 2002). Accessed at http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/asroberts/foi/library/gsoia/ nato_eu_2002_drft.pdf on 12 March 2003. See also NATO Press Release PR/CP(2003)022 (14 March 2003). Accessed at http://www.nato.int on 14 March 2003.
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• "Swiss Citizen Abducted by Western Secret Service?", "Fortress Europe?" -Circular Letter (FECL) No. 46, August 1996; Lemoine, The New Challenges Facing European Intelligence.
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• Annual Report 2001 of the Czech Security Information Service (BIS) (Prague: BIS, 2002). Accessed at http://www.bis.cz/eng/vz2001/vz2001.html on 10 March 2003; Annual Report 2001 of the National Security Service (AIVD) (The Hague: AIVD, 2002), p. 55. Accessed at http://www.aivd.nl/ on 12 March 2003; NATO Handbook (Brussels: NATO Office of Information and Press, 2001), p. 298; Lemoine, The New Challenges Facing European Intelligence.
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• Agence France Presse, as quoted in Southeast European Times, 11 April 2002. "President Ion Iliescu Meets Participants in Symposium on Role of Intelligence Services in XXIst Century," Romanian News Agency, 12 April 2002. Accessed at http://www.romania.fi/news_archive/ on 12 March 2003.
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• See Yves Bonnet, Contre-espionnage: Mémoires d'un patron de la DST (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 2000).
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• CIA historian Kevin Conley Ruffner compiled a rich collection of documents on this relationship, Forging an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1945-49, that was recently declassified. This was noted in Ruffner's biographic details in the Journal of Intelligence History, Vol. 2, No. 2, Winter 2002/2003 (accessed at http://www.intelligence-history, org/jih/contributors-2-2.html on 6 March 2003); and discussed in Vincent Jauvert, "Gehlen, l'homme
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• du Reichet de la Maison-Blanche," Le Nouvel Observateur, 11 July 2002.
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• Loch K. Johnson and Annette Freyberg, "Ambivalent Bedfellows: GermanAmerican Intelligence Relations, 1969-1991," International Journal of Intelligence and Counterlntelligence, Vol. 10, No. 2, Summer 1997, pp. 165-179.
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• Yigal Sheffy, "Israeli Intelligence and Counterterrorism," paper presented at the annual conference of the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies (CASIS) (Ottawa: 26-28 September 2002), p. 9.
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• Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), Public Report 2001 (Ottawa: CSIS, 2002). Accessed at http://www.csis-scrs-gc.ca on 10 March 2003); Government of Canada, The Canadian Security and Intelligence Community (Ottawa: Privy Council Office, 2001), pp. 17-18. Accessed at http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca on 10 March 2003.
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• As Paul Taillon argues, "more experience in working with foreign security, intelligence agencies and military forces may assist in an overall improvement of national intelligence services." Hijacking and Hostages, p. 166.
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• Ibid., p. 166; See also Jeffrey T. Richelson, "The Calculus of Intelligence Cooperation," p. 312.
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• Jeffrey T. Richelson, "The Calculus of Intelligence Cooperation," pp. 307-323.
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• Ibid., p. 314.
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• Paul Taillon, Hijacking and Hostages, p. 172.
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• Ibid., p. 172; Jeffrey T. Richelson, "The Calculus of Intelligence Cooperation," p. 309.
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• Alan Larson, "The International Dimension of Combating the Financing of Terrorism," Statement before the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance (Washington, DC: 9 October 2002). In his Executive Order of 24 September 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush requested that the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and other appropriate agencies make all efforts to cooperate and coordinate with other countries, including with respect to the sharing of intelligence about funding activities in support of terrorism. "Bush Executive Order on Freezing Terrorist Assets" (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State, International Information Programs, 24 September 2001). Accessed at http://usinfo.state.gov/ on 25 September 2001.
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• Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada, Performance Report for the Period Ending March 31, 2002 (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2002), pp. 1-2, 58; and Jimmy Gurulé, Testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance (Washington, DC: 9 October 2002), p. 14. See also Statement of Purpose of the Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units (The Hague, 13 June 2001).
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• Oleg A. Kalugin, "Window of Opportunity: Russia's Role in the Coalition Against Terror," Harvard International Review, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, Fall 2002, p. 60.
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• Jeffrey T. Richelson, "The Calculus of Intelligence Cooperation," International Journal of Intelligence and Counterlntelligence, Vol. 4, No. 3, Fall 1990, p. 315.
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• Ibid., pp. 315-316.
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• Lemoine, The New Challenges Facing European Intelligence.
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• Paul Taillon, Hijacking and Hostages, p. 174.
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• This is a particularly sensitive issue in Canada. The Security Intelligence Review Committee (SIRC) regularly audits CSIS on this matter, while being fully conscious of the balance to be maintained between protecting Canadians and preventing further abuses as a result of intelligence exchanges. See Security Intelligence Review Committee, SIRC Report 2000-2001: An Operational Audit of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2001), p. 7.
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• Tom Blackwell, "Kidnapping Ruling May Pose Security Threat," The National Post, Canada, 14 September 2002.
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• Paul Taillon, Hijacking and Hostages, p. 175.
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• Brace Page, David Leitch, and Philip Knightley, with an introduction by John Ie Carré, The Philby Conspiracy (Toronto: Fontana Books, 1968), pp. 2, 187-188; John Prados, President's Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations from World War II through the Persian Gulf, revised and updated edition (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1996 [1986]), pp. 48, 50.
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• Brace Page, et al., The Philby Conspiracy, pp. 234-235.
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