Fruits, Vegetables, and Their Components and Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Review

References

• Alzheimer's Association . 2012 . Alzheimer's disease facts and figures . Alzheimers Dement. , 8 : 131 – 168 . 2012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovell , M.A. and Markesbery , W.R. 2007 . Oxidative damaore in mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease . J. Neurosci. Res. , 85 : 3036 – 3040 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broussard , G.J. , Mytar , J. , Li , R. and Klapstein , G.J. 2012 . The role of inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease . Inflammopharmacology , 20 ( 3, Special Issue ) : 109 – 126 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moreiras , O. , Van Staveren , W.A. , Cruz , J.A.A. , Carbajal , A. , De Henauw , S. , Grunenberger , F. and Roszkowski , W. 1996 . Longitudinal changes in the intake of energy and macronutrients of elderly Europeans . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 50 ( Suppl. 2 ) : S67 – S76 .
   Google Scholar
• Barberger-Gateau , P. , Raffaitin , C. , Letenneur , L. , Berr , C. , Tzourio , C. , Dartigues , J.F. and Alperovitch , A. 2007 . Dietary patterns and risk of dementia—The Three-City cohort study . Neurology , 69 : 1921 – 1930 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , T.F. , Andel , R. , Small , B.J. , Borenstein , A.R. , Mortimer , J.A. , Wolk , A. , Johansson , B. , Fratiglioni , L. , Pedersen , N.L. and Gatz , M. 2010 . Midlife fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of dementia in later life in Swedish twins . Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry , 18 : 413 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peneau , S. , Galan , P. , Jeandel , C. , Ferry , M. , Andreeva , V. , Hercberg , S. and Kesse-Guyot , E. 2011 . Fruit and vegetable intake and cognitive function in the SU.VI.MAX 2 prospective study . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 94 : 1295 – 1303 . SU VI MAX 2 Res Grp
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nooyens , A.C.J. , Bueno-de-Mesquita , H.B. , van Boxtel , M.P.J. , van Gelder , B.M. , Verhagen , H. and Verschuren , W.M.M. 2011 . Fruit and vegetable intake and cognitive decline in middle-aged men and women: The Doetinchem Cohort Study . Br. J. Nutr. , 106 : 752 – 761 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , M.C. , Evans , D.A. , Tangney , C.C. , Bienias , J.L. and Wilson , R.S. 2006 . Associations of vegetable and fruit consumption with age-related cognitive change . Neurology , 67 : 1370 – 1376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang , J.H. , Ascherio , A. and Grodstein , F. 2005 . Fruit and vegetable consumption and cognitive decline in aging women . Ann. Neurol. , 57 : 713 – 720 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai , Q. , Borenstein , A.R. , Wu , Y. , Jackson , J.C. and Larson , E.B. 2006 . Fruit and vegetable juices and Alzheimer's disease: The Kame Project . Am. J. Med. , 119 : 751 – 759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega , R.M. , Requejo , A.M. , Andres , P. , LopezSobaler , A.M. , Quintas , M.E. , Redondo , M.R. , Navia , B. and Rivas , T. 1997 . Dietary intake and cognitive function in a group of elderly people . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 66 : 803 – 809 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein , M.F. , Folstein , S.E. and Mchugh , P.R. 1975 . Mini-Mental State—Practical method for grading cognitive state of patients for clinician . J. Psychiatr. Res. , 12 : 189 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paleologos , M. , Cumming , R.G. and Lazarus , R. 1998 . Cohort study of vitamin C intake and cognitive impairment . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 148 : 45 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsch , A.U. , Bondi , M.W. , Butters , N. , Salmon , D.P. , Katzman , R. and Thal , L.J. 1992 . Comparisons of verbal fluency tasks in the detection of dementia of the Alzheimer type . Arch. Neurol. , 49 : 1253 – 1258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen , R.C. , Thomas , R.G. , Grundman , M. , Bennett , D. , Doody , R. , Ferris , S. , Galasko , D. , Jin , S. , Kaye , J. , Levey , A. , Pfeiffer , E. , Sano , M. , van Dyck , C.H. and Thal , L.J. 2005 . Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study . Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N. Engl. J. Med. , 352 : 2379 – 2388 .
   Google Scholar
• Petersen , R.C. , Roberts , R.O. , Knopman , D.S. , Boeve , B.F. , Geda , Y.E. , Ivnik , R.J. , Smith , G.E. and Jack , C.R. Jr. 2009 . Mild Cognitive Impairment Ten Years Later . Arch. Neurol. , 66 : 1447 – 1455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sano , M. , Ernesto , C. , Thomas , R.G. , Klauber , M.R. , Schafer , K. , Grundman , M. , Woodbury , P. , Growdon , J. , Cotman , D.W. , Pfeiffer , E. , Schneider , L.S. and Thal , L.J. 1997 . A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease . N. Engl. J. Med. , 336 : 1216 – 1222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang , J.H. , Cook , N. , Manson , J. , Buring , J.E. and Grodstein , F. 2006 . A randomized trial of vitamin E supplementation and cognitive function in women . Arch. Intern. Med. , 166 : 2462 – 2468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , M.C. , Evans , D.A. , Bienias , J.L. , Tangney , C.C. , Bennett , D.A. , Aggarwal , N. , Wilson , R.S. and Scherr , P.A. 2002 . Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease on a biracial community study . JAMA , 287 : 3230 – 3237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , M.C. , Evans , D.A. , Bienias , J.L. , Tangney , C.C. and Wilson , R.S. 2002 . Vitamin E and cognitive decline in older persons . Arch. Neurol. , 59 : 1125 – 1132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervantes , S. , Samaranch , L. , Manuel Vidal-Taboada , J. , Lamet , I. , Jesus Bullido , M. , Frank-Garcia , A. , Coria , F. , Lleo , A. , Clarimon , J. , Lorenzo , E. , Alonso , E. , Sanchez-Juan , P. , Rodriguez-Rodriguez , E. , Combarros , O. , Rosichi , M. , Vilella , E. and Pastor , P. 2011 . Genetic variation in APOE cluster region and Alzheimer's disease risk . Neurobiol. Aging , 32 : e7 – 17 . 2107
   Google Scholar
• Schipper , H.M. and Apolipoprotein , E . 2011 . Implications for AD neurobiology, epidemiology and risk assessment . Neurobiol. Aging , 32 : 778 – 790 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devore , E.E. , Grodstein , F. , van Rooij , F.J.A. , Hofman , A. , Stampfer , M.J. , Witteman , J.C.M. and Breteler , M.M.B. 2010 . Dietary antioxidants and long-term risk of dementia . Arch. Neurol. , 67 : 819 – 825 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambelet , P. , Saucy , F. and Loliger , J. 1985 . Chemical Evidence for Interactions between Vitamin-E and Vitamin-C . Experientia , 41 : 1384 – 1388 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masaki , K.H. , Losonczy , K.G. , Izmirlian , G. , Foley , D.J. , Ross , G.W. , Petrovitch , H. , Havlik , R. and White , L.R. 2000 . Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men . Neurology , 54 : 1265 – 1272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , S.L. , Anderson , M.L. , Crane , P.K. , Breitner , J.C.S. , McCormick , W. , Bowen , J.D. , Teri , L. and Larson , E. 2008 . Antioxidant vitamin supplement use and risk of dementia or Alzheimer's disease in older adults . J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. , 56 : 291 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein , F. , Kang , J.H. , Glynn , R.J. , Cook , N.R. and Gaziano , M. 2007 . A Randomized trial of beta carotene supplementation and cognitive function in men—The Physicians’ Health Study II . Arch. Intern. Med. , 167 : 2184 – 2190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omenn , G.S. 2007 . Chemoprevention of lung cancers: Lessons from CARET, the beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial, and prospects for the future . Eur. J. Cancer Prev. , 16 : 184 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuhouser , M.L. , Patterson , R.E. , Thornquist , M.D. , Omenn , G.S. , King , I.B. and Goodman , G.E. 2003 . Fruits and vegetables are associated with lower lung cancer risk only in the placebo arm of the beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevent. , 12 : 350 – 358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao , R. 2010 . Chemistry and biochemistry of dietary polyphenols . Nutrients. , 2 : 1231 – 1246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer , J.P.E. 2008 . Flavonoids: Modulators of brain function? . Br. J. Nutr. , 99E ( Suppl. 1 ) : ES60 – ES77 .
   Google Scholar
• Krikorian , R. , Nash , T.A. , Shidler , M.D. , Shukitt-Hale , B. and Joseph , J.A. 2010 . Concord grape juice supplementation improves memory function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment . Br. J. Nutr. , 103 : 730 – 734 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Commenges , D. , Scotet , V. , Renaud , S. , Jacqmin-Gadda , H. , Barberger-Gateau , P. and Dartigues , J.F. 2000 . Intake of flavonoids and risk of dementia . Eur. J. Epidemiol. , 16 : 357 – 363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letenneur , L. , Proust-Lima , C. , Le Gouge , A. , Dartigues , J.F. and Barberger-Gateau , P. 2007 . Flavonoid intake and cognitive decline over a 10-year period . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 165 : 1364 – 1371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesse-Guyot , E. , Fezeu , L. , Andreeva , V.A. , Touvier , M. , Scalbert , A. , Hercberg , S. and Galan , P. 2012 . Total and specific polyphenol intakes in midlife are associated with cognitive function measured 13 years later . J. Nutr. , 142 : 76 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butchart , C. , Kyle , J. , McNeill , G. , Corley , J. , Gow , A.J. , Starr , J.M. and Deary , I.J. 2011 . Flavonoid intake in relation to cognitive function in later life in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 . Br. J. Nutr. , 106 : 141 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jager , C.A. , Oulhaj , A. , Jacoby , R. , Refsum , H. and Smith , A.D. 2012 . Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial . Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry , 27 : 592 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A.D. , Smith , S.M. , de Jager , C.A. , Whitbread , P. , Johnston , C. , Agacinski , G. , Oulhaj , A. , Bradley , K.M. , Jacoby , R. and Refsum , H. 2010 . Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial . PLoS ONE , 5 Article e12244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford , A.H. , Flicker , L. , Alfonso , H. , Thomas , J. , Clarnette , R. , Martins , R. and Almeida , O.P. 2010 . Vitamins B(12), B(6), and folic acid for cognition in older men . Neurology , 75 : 1540 – 1547 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aisen , P.S. , Schneider , L.S. , Sano , M. , Diaz-Arrastia , R. , van Dyck , C.H. , Weiner , M.F. , Bottiglieri , T. , Jin , S. , Stokes , K.T. , Thomas , R.G. and Thal , L.J. 2008 . Alzheimer Dis Cooperat Study . High-dose B vitamin supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease—A randomized controlled trial. , 300 : 1774 – 1783 . JAMA
   Google Scholar
• Sun , Y. , Lu , C. , Chien , K. , Chen , S. and Chen , R. 2007 . Efficacy of multivitamin supplementation containing vitamins B-6 and B-12 and folic acid as adjunctive treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor in Alzheimer's disease: A 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in Taiwanese patients . Clin. Ther. , 29 : 2204 – 2214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , M.C. , Evans , D.A. , Schneider , J.A. , Tangney , C.C. , Bienias , J.L. and Aggarwal , N.T. 2006 . Dietary folate and vitamins B-12 and B-6 not associated with incident Alzheimer's disease . J. Alzheimers Dis. , 9 : 435 – 443 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchsinger , J.A. , Tang , M. , Miller , J. , Green , R. and Mayeux , R. 2007 . Relation of higher folate intake to lower risk of Alzheimer disease in the elderly . Arch. Neurol. , 64 : 86 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dangour , A.D. , Whitehouse , P.J. , Rafferty , K. , Mitchell , S.A. , Smith , L. , Hawkesworth , S. and Vellas , B. 2010 . B-vitamins and fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and dementia: A systematic review . J. Alzheimers Dis. , 22 : 205 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford , A.H. and Almeida , O.P. 2012 . Effect of homocysteine lowering treatment on cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials . J. Alzheimers Dis. , 29 : 133 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , M.C. , Evans , D.A. , Bienias , J.L. , Scherr , P.A. , Tangney , C.C. , Hebert , L.E. , Bennett , D.A. , Wilson , R.S. and Aggarwal , N. 2004 . Dietary niacin and the risk of incident Alzheimer's disease and of cognitive decline . J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry , 75 : 1093 – 1099 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrada , M.M. , Kawas , C.H. , Hallfrisch , J. , Muller , D. and Brookmeyer , R. 2005 . Reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease with high folate intake: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging . Alzheimers Dement. , 1 : 11 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malouf , R. and Grimley Evans , J. 2008 . Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for the prevention and treatment of healthy elderly and demented people . Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. , 4 : 1 – 81 . CD004514
   Google Scholar
• Villemagne , V.L. , Burnham , S. , Bourgeat , P. , Brown , B. , Ellis , K.A. , Salvado , O. , Szoeke , C. , Macaulay , S.L. , Martins , R. , Maruff , P. , Ames , D. , Rowe , C.C. and Masters , C.L. 2013 . Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) Research Group. Amyloid beta deposition, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: A prospective cohort study . Lancet Neurol. , 12 : 357 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , J.C. 1993 . The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)—Current version and scoring rules . Neurology , 43 : 2412 – 2414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckhann , G. , Drachman , D. , Folstein , M. , Katzman , R. , Price , D. and Stadlan , E.M. 1984 . Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease—Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group Under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease . Neurology , 34 : 939 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , R.H. 2003 . Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 78 : 517S – 520S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhardt , M.V. , Lee , C.Y. and Liu , R.H. 2000 . Nutrition—Antioxidant activity of fresh apples . Nature , 405 : 903 – 904 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mecocci , P. 2004 . Oxidative stress in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: A continuum . J. Alzheimers Dis. , 6 : 159 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , D.R. , Gross , M.D. , Martini , M.C. , Grandits , G.A. , Slavin , J.L. and Potter , J.D. 1994 . Plasma carotenoids as biomarkers of vegetable and fruit intake . Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevent. , 3 : 493 – 500 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarmeas , N. , Stern , Y. , Tang , M. , Mayeux , R. and Luchsinger , J.A. 2006 . Mediterranean diet and risk for Alzheimer's disease . Ann. Neurol. , 59 : 912 – 921 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarmeas , N. , Stern , Y. , Mayeux , R. and Luchsinger , J.A. 2006 . Mediterranean diet, Alzheimer disease, and vascular mediation . Arch. Neurol. , 63 : 1709 – 1717 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , M.C. and Tangney , C.C. 2011 . A potential design flaw of randomized trials of vitamin supplements . JAMA , 305 : 1348 – 1349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen , W.G. , Mohs , R.C. and Davis , K.L. 1984 . A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease . Am. J. Psychiatry , 141 : 1356 – 1364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delis , D. , Kramer , J. , Kaplan , E. and Ober , B. 2000 . California Verbal Learning Test, second edition, adult version , San Antonio , TX : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Teng , E.L. , Hasegawa , K. , Homma , A. , Imai , Y. , Larson , E. , Graves , A. , Sugimoto , K. , Yamaguchi , T. , Sasaki , H. and Chiu , D. 1994 . The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI): A practical test for cross-cultural epidemiological studies of dementia . Int. Psychogeriatr. , 6 : 45 – 62 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1981 . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised , New York : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Spiegel , R. , Brunner , C. , Erminifunfschilling , D. , Monsch , A. , Notter , M. , Puxty , J. and Tremmel , L. 1991 . A new behavioral assessment scale for geriatric outpatients and inpatients—The Nosger (Nurses Observation Scale for Geriatric-Patients) . J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. , 39 : 339 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer , E. 1975 . Short portable mental status questionnaire for assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients . J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. , 23 : 433 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar