Antimicrobial Activity of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) and Its Application in Food Products

References

• Gutiérrez-del-Río, I.; Fernández, J.; Lombó, F. Plant Nutraceuticals as Antimicrobial Agents in Food Preservation: Terpenoids, Polyphenols and Thiols. Int. J. Antimicro. Ag. 2018, 52, 309–315. In press. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.04.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisoschi, A. M.; Pop, A.; Georgescu, C.; Turcuş, V.; Olah, N. K.; Mathe, E. An Overview of Natural Antimicrobials Role in Food. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2018, 143, 922–935. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, B.; Nath, A.; Saikia, H.; Sengupta, M. Bactericidal Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants against Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Strains from Clinical Isolates. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 2014, 7, S435–S441. DOI: 10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60271-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karuppiah, P.; Rajaram, S. Antibacterial Effect of Allium Sativum Cloves and Zingiber Officinale Rhizomes against Multiple-Drug Resistant Clinical Pathogens. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2012, 8, 597–601. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60104-X.
   Google Scholar
• Cetin-Karaca, H.; Newman, M. C. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Phytochemicals against Bacillus Cereus in Reconstituted Infant Rice Cereal. Food Microbiol. 2018, 69, 189–195. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.08.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro-Santos, R.; Andrade, M.; Melo, N. R.; Sanches-Silva, A. Use of Essential Oils in Active Food Packaging: Recent Advances and Future Trends. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 2017, 61, 132–140. DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.11.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ávila-Sosa, R.; Ávila-Crisóstomo, E.; Reyes-Arcos, E. A.; Cid-Pérez, T. S.; Navarro-Cruz, A. R.; Ochoa-Velasco, C. E. Effect of Blue and UV-C Irradiation on Antioxidant Compounds during Storage of Hawthorn (Crataegus Mexicana). Sci. Hort. 2016, 217, 102–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.01.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochoa-Velasco, C. E.; Ávila-Sosa, R.; Navarro-Cruz, A. R.; López-Malo, A.; Palou, E. Biotic and Abiotic Factors to Increase the Bioactive Compounds in Fruits and Vegetables. Chapter 9. In Food Bioconversion; Grumezescu, A.M., Holban, A. M., Eds.; Academic Press: London, 2017; pp 317–348.
   Google Scholar
• Debbarma, J.; Kishore, P.; Nayak, B. B.; Kannuchamy, N.; Gudipati, V. Antibacterial Activity of Ginger, Eucalyptus and Sweet Orange Peel Essential Oils on Fish-Borne Bacteria. J. Food Process Preserv. 2013, 37, 1022–1030. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2012.00753.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemente, I.; Aznar, M.; Silva, F.; Nerín, C. Antimicrobial Properties and Mode of Action of Mustard and Cinnamon Essential Oils and Their Combination against Foodborne Bacteria. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2016, 36, 26–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.05.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, A.; Flores-Vallejo, R. C.; Cardoso-Taketa, A.; Villareal, M. L. Antibacterial Activities of Medicinal Plants Used in Mexican Traditional Medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2017, 208, 264–329. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semwal, R. B.; Semwal, D. K.; Combrinck, S.; Viljoen, A. M. Gingerols and Shogaols: Important Nutraceutical Principles from Ginger. Phytochemistry. 2015, 117, 554–568. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.07.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nile, S. H.; Park, S. W. Chromatographic Analysis, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities of Ginger Extracts and Its Reference Compounds. Ind. Crop Prod. 2015, 70, 238–244. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitomi, S.; Ono, K.; Terawaki, K.; Matsumoto, C.; Mizuno, K.; Yamaguchi, K.; Imai, R.; Omiya, Y.; Hattoti, T.; Kase, Y.; et al. [6]-Gingerol and [6]-Shogaol, Active Ingredients of the Traditional Japanese Medicine Hangeshashinto, Relief Oral Ulcerative Mucositis-Induced Pain via Action on Na+ Channels. Pharm. Res. 2017, 117, 288–302. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.026.
   Google Scholar
• Soltani, E.; Jangjoo, A.; Aghaei, A. M.; Dalili, A. Effects of Preoperative Administration of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 2017, 1–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.06.008.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, J. S.; Wang, K. C.; Yeh, C. F.; Shieh, D. E.; Chiang, L. C. Fresh Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Has Anti-Viral Activity against Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Human Respiratory Tract Cell Lines. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013, 145, 145–151. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daily, J. W.; Yang, M.; Kim, D. S.; Park, S. Efficacy of Ginger for Treating Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. J. Ethn Foods. 2015, 2, 336–343. DOI: 10.1016/j.jef.2015.02.007.
   Google Scholar
• Funk, J. L.; Frye, J. B.; Oyarzo, J. N.; Chen, J.; Zhang, H.; Timmermann, B. N. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Essential Oils of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) in Experimental Rheumatoid Arthritis. PharmaNutrition. 2016, 4, 123–131. DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2016.02.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ezzat, S. M.; Ezzat, M. I.; Okba, M. M.; Menze, E. T.; Abdel-Naim, A. B. The Hidden Mechanism beyond Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Rosc.) Potent in Vivo and in Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018, 214, 113–123. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, R. J.; Chen, C. Y.; Lu, C. M.; Ma, Y. H.; Chung, L. Y.; Wang, J. J.; Lee, J. D.; Yen, C. M. Anthelmintic Constituents from Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) against Hymenolepis Nana. Acta Trop. 2014, 140, 50–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.07.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte, M. C.; Tavares, G. S. V.; Valadares, D. G.; Lage, D. P.; Ribeiro, T. G.; Lage, L. M. R.; Rodrigues, M. R.; Faraco, A. A. G.; Soto, M.; Da Silva, E. S. et al. Antileishmanial Activity and Mechanism of Action from a Purified Fraction of Zingiber Officinalis Roscoe against Leishmania Amazonensis. Exp. Parasitol. 2016, 166, 21–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulka, Y.; Singh, M. Cancer Preventive Properties of Ginger: A Brief Review. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2007, 45, 683–690. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.11.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, F.; Zhang, J. G.; Qu, J.; Zhang, Q.; Prasad, Q.; Wei, Z. J. Assessment of Anti-Cancerous Potential of 6-Gingerol (Tongling White Ginger) and Its Synergy with Drugs on Human Cervical Adenocarcinoma Cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2017, 109, 910–922. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh, H. Y.; Chuang, C. H.; Chen, H. C.; Wan, C. J.; Chen, T. L.; Lin, L. Y. Bioactive Components Analysis of Two Various Gingers (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) and Antioxidant Effect of Ginger Extracts. Food Sci. Technol. 2014, 5, 329–334. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.08.003.
   Google Scholar
• Shirin, P. R.; Prakash, J. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Ginger Root (Zingiber Officinale). J. Med. Plants Res. 2010, 24, 2674–2679. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR09.464.
   Google Scholar
• Misawa, K.; Hashizume, K.; Yamamoto, M.; Minegishi, Y.; Hase, T.; Shimotoyodome, A. Ginger Extract Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice via Activation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor δ Pathway. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2015, 26, 1058–1067. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.04.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, M. Q.; Ye, L. L.; Liu, X. L.; Qi, X. M.; Lv, J. D.; Wang, G.; Farhan, U. K.; Waqas, N.; Chen, D. D.; Han, L. et al. Gingerol Activates Noxious Cold Ion Channel TRPA1 in Gastrointestinal Tract. Chin. J. Nat. Med. 2016, 6, 0434–0440. DOI: 10.1016/S1875-5364(16)30040-1.
   Google Scholar
• Srinivasan, K. Ginger Rhizomes (Zingiber Officinale): A Spice with Multiple Health Beneficial Potentials. PharmaNutrition. 2017, 5, 18–28. DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2017.01.001.
   Google Scholar
• Shamsi, S.; Tajuddin; Afaq, S.H. Spice and Medicine: Zingiber Officinale. Int J. Appl. Biol. Pharm. Tech. 2010, 3, 968–973.
   Google Scholar
• Si, W.; Chen, Y. P.; Zhang, J.; Chen, Z.-Y.; Chung, H. Y. Antioxidant Activities of Ginger Extract and Its Constituents toward Lipids. Food Chem. 2018, 239, 1117–1125. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascolo, N.; Jain, R.; Jain, S. C.; Capasso, F. Ethnophermacologic Investigation of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale). J. Ethnopharmacol. 1989, 27, 129–140. DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(89)90085-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thongson, C.; Davidson, P. M.; Mahakarnchanakul, W.; Vibulsresth, P. Antimicrobial Effect of Thai Spices against Listeria Monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. J. Food Prot. 2005, 3, 2054–2058. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-68.10.2054.
   Google Scholar
• Mahady, G. B.; Pendland, S. L.; Stoia, A.; Hamill, F. A.; Fabricant, D.; Dietz, B. M.; Chadwick, L. R. In Vitro Susceptibility of Helicobacter Pylori to Botanical Extracts Used Traditionally for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders. Phytother. Res. 2005, 19(11), 988–991. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaushik, P.; Goyal, P. Evaluation of Various Crude Extracts of Zingiber Officinale Rhizome for Potential Antibacterial Activity: A Study in Vitro. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 2011, 1, 7–12. DOI: 10.4236/aim.2011.11002.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, G.; Maurya, S.; Catalan, C.; De Lampasona, M. P. Studies on Essential Oils, Part 42: Chemical, Antifungal, Antioxidant and Sprout Suppressant Studies on Ginger Essential Oil and Its Oleoresin. Flavour Fragr. J. 2005, 20, 1–6. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Code of Federal Regulations (Annual Edition). Title 21 Food and Drugs. 2017. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2017-title21-vol3/pdf/CFR-2017-title21-vol3-chapI-subchapB.pdf (accessed Jan 31, 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Jakribettu, R. P.; Boloor, R.; Bhat, H. P.; Thaliath, A.; Haniadka, R.; Rai, M. P.; George, T.; Baliga, S. M. Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Rosc.) Oils. In Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety, 1st ed.; Preedy, V.R., Ed.; Academic Press: London, 2016; pp 447–454.
   Google Scholar
• Kandiannan, K.; Sivaraman, K.; Thankamani, C. K.; Peter, K. V. Agronomy of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Rosc.) A Review. JOSAC. 1996, 5, 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, M.; Khan, M. A.; Naeem, M. Effect of Nitrogen on Growth, Nutrient Assimilation, Essential Oil Content, Yield and Quality Attributes in Zingiber Officinale Rosc. J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 2016, 15, 171–178. DOI: 10.1016/j.jssas.2014.11.002.
   Google Scholar
• Shakya, S. R. Medicinal Uses of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) Improves Growth and Enhances Immunity in Aquaculture. Int. J. Chem. Stud. 2015, 2, 83–87.
   Google Scholar
• Otunola, G. A.; Oloyede, O. B.; Oladiji, A. T.; Afolayan, A. J. Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Three Spices-Allium Sativum L. Zingiber Officinale Rosc. And Capsicum Frutescens L. Commonly Consumed in Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2010, 9(41), 6927–6931.
   Google Scholar
• Zachariah, T. J. Ginger. In Chemistry of Spices; Parthasarathy, V.A., Chempakam, B., Zachariah, T.J., Eds.; CAB International: U.K, 2008; pp 70–96.
   Google Scholar
• Konar, E. M.; Harde, S. M.; Kagliwal, L. D.; Shinghal, R. S. Value-Added Bioethanol from Spent Ginger Obtained after Oleoresin Extraction. Ind. Crop Prod. 2013, 42, 299–307. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.05.040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bednarczyk, A. A.; Kramer, A. Identification and Evaluation of the Flavor-Significant Components of Ginger Essential Oil. Chem. Senses. 1975, 1, 377–386. DOI: 10.1093/chemse/1.4.377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong, F.; Fung, Y.; Liang, Y. Determination of Volatile Components in Ginger Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Resolution Improved by Data Processing Techniques. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004, 52, 6378–6383. DOI: 10.1021/jf040102z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Y.; Huang, T.; Yang, B.; Liu, X.; Duan, G. Development of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Microwave Distillation and Simultaneous Solid-Phase Microextraction for Rapid Determination of Volatile Constituents in Ginger. J Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal. 2007, 43, 24–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.06.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, G.; Fapoor, I. P. S.; Shigh, P.; Heluani, C. S.; Lampasona, M. P.; Catalan, C. A. N. Chemistry, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Investigations on Essential Oil and Oleoresins of Zingiber Officinale. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008, 46, 3295–3302. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noori, S.; Zeynali, F.; Almasi, H. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Efficiency of Nanoemulsion-Based Edible Coating Containing Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Essential Oil and Its Effect on Safety and Quality Attributes of Chicken Breast Fillets. Food Control. 2018, 84, 312–320. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.08.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyes-Najar, A.; Castro-Vargas, H. I.; Rodríguez-Varela, L. I.; Quijano-Celis, C. E.; Parada-Alfonso, F. Obtención de extractos de jengibre (Zingiber officinale) empleando CO2 supercrítico. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 2011, 35, 381–385.
   Google Scholar
• Mesomo, M. C.; Corazza, M. L.; Ndiaye, P. M.; Santa, O. R. D.; Cardozo, L.; Scheer, A. P. Supercritical CO2 Extracts and Essential Oil of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale R.): Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity. J. Supercrit. Fluids. 2013, 80, 44–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.03.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesomo, M. C.; Scheer, A. P.; Pérez, E.; Ndiaye, P. M.; Corazza, M. L. Ginger (Zingiber Officinale R.) Extracts Obtained Using Supercritical CO2 and Compressed Propane: Kinetics and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation. J. Supercrit. Fluids. 2012, 71, 102–109. DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.08.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Švarc-Gajić, J.; Cvetanović, A.; Segura-Carretero, A.; Linares, I. B.; Maškovic, P. Characterization of Ginger Extracts Obtained by Subcritical Water. J. Supercrit. Fluids. 2017, 123, 92–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.12.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, K.; Arita, M.; Sakurai, H.; Ono, N.; Tezuka, Y. Analysis of Chemical Properties of Edible and Medicinal Ginger by Metabolomics Approach. BioMed Res. Int. 2015, 2015, 1–7. DOI: 10.1155/2015/671058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, B. H.; Blunder, G.; Tanira, M. O.; Nemmar, A. Some Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe): A Review of Recent Research. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008, 46, 409–420. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J. G.; Kim, S. Y.; Jeong, M.; Oh, M. S. Pharmacotherapeutic Potential of Ginger and Its Compounds in Age-Related Neurological Disorders. Pharmacol. Ther. 2018, 182, 56–69. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. C.; Kuo, M. C.; Wu, C. M.; Ho, C. T. Pungent Compounds of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) Extracted by Liquid Carbon Dioxide. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1986, 34, 477–480. DOI: 10.1021/jf00069a027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, B.; Rehman, M. U.; Amin, I.; Arif, A.; Rasool, S.; Bhat, S. A.; Afzal, I.; Hussain, I.; Bilal, S.; Mir, M. R. A Review on Pharmacological Properties of Zingerone (4-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone. TSWJ. 2015, 2015, 1–6. DOI: 10.1155/2015/816364.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y.; Hong, Y.; Han, Y.; Wang, Y.; Xia, L. Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activities Comparison in Fresh, Dried, Stir-Frying and Carbonized Ginger. J. Chromatogr. B. 2016, 1011, 223–232. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ok, S.; Jeong, W. S. Optimization of Extraction Conditions for the 6-Shogaol-Rich Extract from Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe). Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 2012, 17, 166–171. DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2012.17.2.166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshikawa, M.; Hatakeyama, S.; Chatani, N.; Nishino, Y.; Yamahara, J. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Principles in Zingiberis Rhizoma by Means of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Liquid Chromatography. On the Evaluation of Zingiberis Rhizoma and Chemical Change of Constituents during Zingiberis Rhizoma Processing. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1993, 113, 307–315. DOI: 10.1248/yakushi1947.113.4_307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellik, Y. Total Antioxidant Activity and Antimicrobial Potency of the Essential Oil and Oleoresin of Zingiber Officinale Roscoe. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 2014, 4, 40. DOI: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60311-X.
   Google Scholar
• Vawazola, V. H.; Dani, A.; Malumba, A.; Ngombre, N.; Kizungu, R.; Zumbu, P. E.; Masimango, J. T. Antibacterial and Antiplasmodial Potentials of Essential Oils from Two Plants of Tangawisi Products: Zingiber Officinalis Roscoe and Monodora Myristica (Gaertn) Dunal. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2018, 7, 643–648.
   Google Scholar
• Sasidharan, I.; Menon, A. N. Comparative Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity Fresh & Dry Ginger Oils (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe). Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res. 2010, 2, 40–43.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, P. K.; Singh, V.; Ali, M. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Fresh Rhizome Essential Oil of Zingiber Officinale Roscoe. Pharmacogn. J. 2016, 8, 185–190. DOI: 10.5530/pj.2016.3.3.
   Google Scholar
• Hammer, K. A.; Carson, C. F.; Riley, T. V. Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils and Other Plant Extracts. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1999, 86, 985–990. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00780.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panpatil, V.; Tattari, S.; Kota, N.; Nimgulkar, C.; Polasa, K. In Vitro Evaluation on Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Spice Extracts of Ginger, Turmeric and Garlic. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2013, 2, 143–148.
   Google Scholar
• Agrawal, P.; Kotagiri, D.; Kolluru, V. C. Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity of Herbal Extracts against Pathogenic Microbes. Curr. Trends Biomedical Eng. Biosci. 2018, 16, 1–7. DOI: 10.19080/CTBEB.2018.16.555930.
   Google Scholar
• Yusuf, A.; Lawal, B.; Abubakar, A. N.; Berinyuy, E.; Omonije, Y. O.; Umar, S. I.; Shebe, M. N.; Alhaji, Y. C. In-vitro antioxidants, antimicrobial and toxicological evaluation of Nigerian Zingiber officinale. Clinical Phytosci. 2018, 4–12. DOI: 10.1186/s40816-018-0070-2.
   Google Scholar
• Lucky, E.; Igbinosa, O. E.; Jonahan, I. Antimicrobial Activity of Zingiber Officinale against Multidrug Resistant Microbial Isolates. Health Sci.Res. 2017, 4, 76–81. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10693.55520.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, N.; Tiwari, R.; Srivastava, M. P. Zingiber Officinale Roscoe. Oil: A Preservative of Stored Commodities against Storage Mycoflora. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2013, 2, 123–134.
   Google Scholar
• El-Baroty, G. S.; El-Baky, H. H. A.; Farag, R. S.; Saleh, M. A. Characterization of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Compounds of Cinnamon and Ginger Essential Oils. Afr. J. Biochem. Res. 2010, 6, 167–174.
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto-Ribeiro, M. M. G.; Grespan, R.; Kohiyama, C. Y.; Dias, F.; Galerani, S. A.; Leite, E.; Alves de Abreu, B.; Graton, J. M.; Machinski, M. Effect of Zingiber Officinale Essential Oil on Fusarium Verticillioides and Fumonisin Production. Food Chem. 2013, 141, 3147–3152. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein, K. A.; Joo, J. H. Antifungal Activity and Chemical Composition of Ginger Essential Oil against Ginseng Pathogenic Fungi. Curr. Res. Environ. Appl. Mycol. J. Fungal Biol. 2018, 8, 194–203. DOI: 10.5943/cream/8/2/4.
   Google Scholar
• Park, M.; Bae, J.; Lee, D. S. Antibacterial Activity of [10]-Gingerol and [12]-Gingerol Isolated from Ginger Rhizome against Periodontal Bacteria. Phytother. Res. 2008, 22, 1446–1449. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naji, T.; Jassemi, M. Comparison between Antibacterial Effects of Ethanolic and Isopropyl: Hexan (7:3) Extracts of Zingiber Officinale Rosc. Int. J. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci. 2010, 4, 475–478.
   Google Scholar
• Habsah, M.; Amran, M.; Mackeen, M. M.; Lajis, N. H.; Kikuzaki, H.; Nakatani, N.; Rahman, A. A.; Ghafar Ali, A. M. Screening of Zingiberaceae Extracts for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000, 72, 403–410. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00223-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan, H. A.; Rashhed Raauf, A. M.; Abd Razik, B. M.; Rasool Hassan, B. A. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Crude Extracts Isolated from Zingiber Officinale by Different Solvents. Pharmaceut. Ana. Acta. 2012, 3, 1–5. DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000184.
   Google Scholar
• Vawazola, V. H.; Mutwale, P.; Ngombre, N.; Mpuza, M.; Masimango, J. T. In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils Extracted from Some Plants of Tangawisi ® Products on Candida Albicans. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2017, 6, 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Malu, S. P.; Obochi, G. O.; Tawo, E. N.; Nyong, B. E. Antibacterial Activity and Medicinal Properties of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale). Global J. Pure Appl. Sci. 2009, 15, 365–368. DOI: 10.4314/gjpas.v15i3-4.48561.
   Google Scholar
• Okoh, O. O.; Sadimenko, A. P.; Afolayan, A. J. Comparative Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oils of Rosmarinus Officinalis L. Obtained by Hydrodistillation and Solvent Free Microwave Extraction Methods. Food Chem. 2010, 120, 308–312. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandri, I. G.; Zacaria, J.; Fracaro, F.; Delamara, A. P. L.; Echeverrigaray, S. Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Brazilian Species of the Genus Cunila against Foodborne Pathogens and Spoiling Bacteria. Food Chem. 2007, 103, 823–828. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajpai, V. K.; AL-Reza, S. M.; Choi, U. K.; Lee, J. H.; Kang, S. C. Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Leaf Essential Oil and Extracts of Metasequioa Glyptostroboides Miki Ex HU. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009, 47, 1876–1883. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, S. D.; Mann, C. M.; Markham, J. L.; Bell, H. C.; Gustafson, J. E.; Warmington, J. T.; Wyllie, S. G. The Mode of Antimicrobial Action of the Essential Oil of Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree Oil). J. Appl. Microbiol. 2000, 88, 170–175. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00943.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deba, F.; Xuan, T. D.; Yasuda, M.; Tawata, S. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of the Essential Oils from Bidens Pilosa Linn. Var. Radiata. Food Control. 2008, 18, 346–352. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.04.011.
   Google Scholar
• Sikkema, J.; De Bont, J. A. M.; Poolman, B. Interaction of Cyclic Hydrocarbons with Biological Membranes. J. Biol. Chem.. 1994, 269, 8022–8028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmalkar, M. N.; Desai, P. Comparative Assessment of Antibacterial Activity of Ginger Extracts with Antimicrobial Agents. Int. J. Pharmacol. Bio. Sci. 2011, 5, 33–38.
   Google Scholar
• Sulaiman, F. A.; Kazeem, M. O.; Waheed, A. M.; Temowo, S. O.; Azeez, I. O.; Zubair, F. I.; Adeyemi, T.; Nyang, A.; Adeyemi, O. S. Antimicrobial and Toxic Potential of Aqueous Extracts of Allium Sativum, Hibiscus Sabdariffa and Zingiber Officinale in Wistar Rats. J. Taibah Univ. Sci. 2014, 8, 315–322. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.05.004.
   Google Scholar
• Gull, I.; Saeed, M.; Shaukat, H.; Aslam, S. M.; Samra, Z. Q.; Athar, A. M. Inhibitory Effect of Allium Sativum and Zingiber Officinale Extracts on Clinically Important Drug Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria. Ann. Clin. Microb. Anti. 2012, 1, 1–6. DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-11-8.
   Google Scholar
• Chandarana, H.; Baluja, S.; Chanda, S. V. Comparison of Antibacterial Activities of Selected Species of Zingiberaceae Family and Some Synthetic Compounds. Turkish J. Biol. 2005, 29, 83–97.
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer. Some Traditional Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2002. DOI: 10.1044/1059-0889(2002/er01).
   Google Scholar
• Bendaha, H.; Yu, L.; Touzani, R.; Souane, R.; Giaever, G.; Nislow, C.; Boone, C.; Kadiri, S. E.; Brown, G. W.; Bellaoui, M. New Azole Antifungal Agents with Novel Modes of Action: Synthesis and Biological Studies of New Tridentate Ligands Based on Pyrazole and Triazole. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 9, 4117–4124. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.06.012.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, H.; Ng, T. B. An Antifungal Protein from Ginger Rhizomes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 336, 100–104. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noshirvani, N.; Ghanbarzadeh, B.; Gardrat, C.; Rezaei, M. R.; Hashemi, M.; Coz, C. L.; Coma, V. Cinnamon and Ginger Essential Oils to Improve Antifungal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Chitosan-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Films. Food Hydrocolloids. 2017, 70, 36–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.08.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atarés, L.; Bonilla, J.; Chiralt, A. Characterization of Sodium Caseinate-Based Edible Films Incorporated with Cinnamon or Ginger Essential Oils. J. Food Eng. 2010a, 100, 678–687. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.05.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atarés, L.; De Jesús, C.; Talens, P.; Chiralt, A. Characterization of SPI-based Edible Films Incorporated with Cinnamon or Ginger Essential Oils. J. Food Eng. 2010b, 99, 384–391. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon-Brown, K.; Solval, K. M.; Chotiko, A.; Alfaro, L.; Reyes, V.; Liu, C.; Dzandu, B.; Kyereh, E.; Barnaby, A. G.; Thompson, I.;, et al. Microencapsulation of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Extract by Spray Drying Technology. Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 70, 119–125. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.02.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini, S.; Presiuso, G.; Bosco, A. D.; Roscini, V.; Parisi, G.; Paci, G. Modifications of Fatty Acids Profile, Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Capacity in Raw and Cooked Rabbit Burgers Added with Ginger. Meat Sci. 2017b, 133, 151–158. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4573.2004.06403.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini, S.; Paci, G.; Fratini, F.; Torracca, B.; Nuvoloni, R.; Bosco, A. D.; Roscini, V.; Preziuso, G. Improving Pork Burgers Quality Using Zingiber Officinale Roscoe Powder (Ginger). Meat Sci. 2017a, 129, 161–168. DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.03.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reshi, M. U.; Bhat, R. A.; Dobi, M. R.; Pirzada, R.; Beigh, S. A.; Ahad, W. A.; Firdos, W. U.; Malik, A. H. Enhancement of Shelf Life of Spent Hen Meat Sausages with Incorporation of Ginger Extract. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 2017, 11, 1124–1130. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.133.
   Google Scholar
• Abdel-Naeem, H. H. S.; Mohamed, H. M. H. Improving the Physico-Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Camel Meat Burger Patties Using Ginger Extract and Papain. Meat Sci. 2016, 118, 52–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.03.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naveena, B. M.; Mendiratta, S. K.; Anjaneyulu, A. S. R. Tenderization of Buffalo Meat Using Plant Proteases from Cucumis Trigonus Roxb (Kachri) and Zingiber Officinale Roscoe (Ginger Rhizome). Meat Sci. 2004, 68, 363–369. DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.04.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idris, G. L.; Omojowo, F. S.; Omojasola, P. F.; Adetunji, C. O.; Ngwu, E. O. The Effect of Different Concentrations of Ginger on the Quality of Smoked Dried Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus). Nat. Sci. 2010, 4, 59–63.
   Google Scholar
• Kishk, Y. F. M.; Elsheshetawy, H. E. Effect of Ginger Powder on the Mayonnaise Oxidative Stability, Rheological Measurements, and Sensory Characteristics. Ann. Agric. Sci. 2013, 2, 213–220. DOI: 10.1016/j.aoas.2013.07.016.
   Google Scholar
• Gutierrez, J.; Barry-Ryan, C.; Bourke, P. The Antimicrobial Efficacy of Plant Essential Oil Combinations and Interaction with Food Ingredients. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2008, 124, 91–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.02.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, S. Essential Oils: Their Antibacterial Properties and Potential Applications in Foods—A Review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2004, 94, 223–253. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zick, S. M.; Djuric, Z.; Ruffin, M. T.; Litzinger, A. J.; Normolle, D. P.; Alrawi, S.; Feng, M. R.; Brenner, D. E. Pharmaconkinetics of 6-Gingerol, 8-Gingerol, 10-Gingerol, and 6-Shogaol and Conjugate Metabolites in Healthy Human Subjects. Cancer Epidemil. Biomarkers Prev. 2008, 17, 1930–1936. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rong, X.; Peng, G.; Suzuki, T.; Yang, Q.; Yamahara, J.; Li, Y. A 35-Day Gavage Safety Assessment of Ginger in Rats. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 2009, 2, 118–123. DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.03.002.
   Google Scholar
• Weidner, M. S.; Sigwart, K. Investigation of the Teratogenic Potential of a Zingiber Officinale Extract in the Rat. Reprod. Toxicol. 2000, 1, 75–80. DOI: 10.1016/S0890-6238(00)00116-7.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, J. M. Effect of Ginger Tea on the Fetal Development of Sprague-Dawley Rats. Reprod. Toxicol. 2000, 6, 507–512. DOI: 10.1016/S0890-6238(00)00106-4.
   Google Scholar
• ElMazoudy, R. H.; Attia, A. A. Ginger Causes Subfertility and Abortifacient in Mice by Targeting Both Estrous Cycle and Blastocyst Implantation without Teratogenesis. Phytomedicine. 2018, 50, 300–308. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.01.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Z.; Jiang, J.; Yang, X.; Chu, H.; Jin, M.; Li, Y.; Tao, X.; Wang, S.; Huang, Y.; Shang, L.;, et al. The Research of Genetic Toxicity of β-phellandrene. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2017, 54, 28–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.06.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, G.; Zhong, L.; Jiang, L.; Geng, C.; Cao, J.; Sun, X.; Ma, Y. Genotoxic Effect of 6-Gingerol on Human Hepatoma G2 Cells. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2010, 185, 12–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar