524
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Impact of Biological Contamination of Rice on Food Safety

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rice Is Life: International Year of Rice 2004. http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/rice2.htm (Acessed August 5, 2018).
  • Bhullar, N. K.; Gruissem, W. Nutritional Enhancement of Rice Human Health: The Contribution of Biotechnology. Biotechnol. Adv. 2013, 31, 50–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.02.001.
  • FAO. Rice Market Monitor. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, #60;italic#62;21#60;/italic#62;(1), 1–25. http://www.fao.org/3/I9243EN/i9243en.pdf (accessed July 25, 2018)
  • Saikrishna, A.; Sayantani., D.; Subramanian, V.; Moses, J. A.; Anandharamakrishnan, C. Ageing of Rice: A Review. J. Cereal Sci. 2018, 81, 161–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.04.009.
  • Sun, G. X.; Williams, P. N.; Zhu, Y. G.; Deacon, C.; Carey, A. M.; Raab, A.; Feldmann, J.; Meharg, A. A. Survey of Arsenic and Speciation in Rice Products Such as Breakfast Cereals, Rice Crackers and Japanese Rice Condiments. Environ. Int. 2009, 35(3), 473–475. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.07.020.
  • Cheli, F.; Battaglia, D.; Gallo, R.; Dell’Orto, V. EU Legislation on Cereal Safety: An Update with a Focus on Mycotoxins. Food Control. 2014, 37, 315–325. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.059.
  • Haque, A.; Russell, N. J. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterisation of Bacillus Cereus Isolates from Bangladeshi Rice. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2005, 98(1), 23–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.025.
  • Laca, A.; Mousia, Z.; Díaz, M.; Webb, C.; Pandiella, S. S. Distribution of Microbial Contamination within Cereal Grains. J. Food Eng. 2006, 72(4), 332–338. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.12.012.
  • Meharg, A. A.; Williams, P. N.; Adomako., E.; Lawgali, Y. Y.; Deacon, C.; Villada, A.; Cambell, R. C.; Sun, G.; Zhu, Y. G.; Feldmann, J.; et al. Geographical Variation in Total and Inorganic Arsenic Content of Polished (White) Rice. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43(5), 1612–1617. DOI: 10.1021/es802612a.
  • Otero, X. L.; Tierra, W.; Atiaga, D.; Nunes, L. M.; Ferreir, T. O.; Ruales, J. Arsenic in Rice Agrosystems (Water, Soil and Rice plants) in Guayas and Los Ríos Provinces, Ecuador. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 573, 779–787. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.162.
  • Norton, G. J.; Williams, P. N.; Adomako, E. E.; Price, A. H.; Zhu, Y.; Zhao, F. J.; McGrath, S.; Deacon, C. M.; Villada, A.; Sommella, A.; et al. Lead in Rice: Analysis of Baseline Lead Levels in Market and Field Collected Rice Grains. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 485, 428–434. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.090.
  • Lee, S. J.; Park, H. J.; Kim, W.; Jin, J. S.; El-Aty, A. M. A.; Shim, J.-H.; Shin, S. C. Multiresidue Analysis of 47 Pesticides in Cooked Wheat Flour and Polished Rice by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Biomed.Chromatogr. 2009, 23, 434–442. DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1140.
  • Lemes, V. R. R.; Kussumi, T. A.; Nakamo, V. E.; Rocha, S. B.; Oliveira, M. C.; Rodrigues, M. C. C.; Rodrigues, M. P.; Ribeiro, J. I. A. Avaliação De Resíduos De Agrotóxicos Em Arroz E Feijão E Sua Contribuição Para Prevenção De Riscos À Saúde Da População Consumidora. Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz. 2011, 70(2), 113–121.
  • Lee, J.; Shin, Y.; Lee, J.; Lee, J.; Kim, B. J.; Kim, J.-H. Simultaneous Analysis Oh 310 Pesticide Multiresidues Using UHPLC-MS/MS in Brown Rice, Orange and Spinach. Chemosphere. 2018, 207, 519–526. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.116.
  • Wubneh, W. Y.; Bayu, F. A. Assessment of Diseases on Rice (Oriza Sativa L.) In Major Growing Fields of Pawe District, Northwestern Ethiopia. World Sci. News. 2016, 42, 13–23.
  • Morales, F. J.; Ward, E.; Castaño, M.; Arroyave, J. A.; Lozano, I.; Adams, M. J. Emergence and Partial Characterization of Rice Stripe Necrosis Virus and Its Fungus Vector in South America. Europ. J. Plant Pathol. 1999, 105(7), 643–650. DOI: 10.1023/A:1008786832634.
  • Hoang, A. T.; Zhang, H. M.; Yang, J.; Chen, J. P.; Hébrard, E.; Zhou, G. H.; Vihn, V. N.; Cheng, J. A. Identification, Characterization, and Distribution of Southern Rice Black-streaked Dwarf Virus in Vietnam. Plant Dis. 2011, 95(9), 1063–1069. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-07-10-0535.
  • Yang, X.; Lv, K.; Wang, M.; Zhou, G. Investigation of Viruses Infecting Rice in Southern China Using a Multiplex RT-PCR Assay. Crop Prot. 2017, 91, 8–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2016.09.012.
  • Prot, J. C.; Soriano, I. R. S.; Matias, D. M. Major Root-parasitic Nematodes Associated with Irrigated Rice in the Philippines. Fundam. Appl. Nematol. 1994, 17, 75–78.
  • Poussin, J.; Neuts, T.; Mateille, T. Interactions between Irrigated Rice (Oryza sativa) Growth, Nitrogen Amendments and Infection by Hirschmanniellaoryzae (Nematoda, tylenchida). Appl. Soil Ecol. 2005, 29, 27–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2004.10.001.
  • Zhan, L.; Ding, Z.; Peng, D.; Peng, H.; Kong, L.; Li, S.; Liu, Y.; Li, Z.; Huang, W. Evaluation of Chinese Rice Varieties Resitant to the Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne Graminicola. J. Integrat. Agri. 2018, 17(3), 621–630. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(17)61802-1.
  • Agata, N.; Ohta, M.; Yokoyama, K. Production of B. Cereus Emetic Toxin (Cereulide) in Various Foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2002, 73, 23–27. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00692-4.
  • Ankolekar, C.; Rahmati, T.; Labbé, R. G. Detection of Toxigenic Bacillus Cereus and Bacillus Thuringiensis Spores in US Rice. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2009, 128(3), 460–466. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.10.006.
  • Fangio, M. F.; Roura, S. J.; Fritz, R. Isolation and Identification of Bacillus Spp. And Related Genera from Different Starchy Foods. Food Microbiol. Safety. 2010, 75(4), 218–221. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01566.x.
  • Kim, B.; Bang, J.; Kim, H.; Kim, Y.; Kim, B.; Beuchat, L.; Ryu, J.-H. Bacillus Cereus and Bacillus Thuringiensis Spores in Korean Rice: Prevalence and Toxin Production as Affected by Production Area and Degree of Milling. Food Microbiol. 2014, 42, 89–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.02.21.
  • Tonon, S. A.; Marucci, R. S.; Jerke, G.; Garcı́a, A. Mycoflora of Paddy and Milled Rice Produced in the Region of Northeastern Argentina and Southern Paraguay. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1997, 37(2–3), 231–235. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1605(97)00066-4.
  • Nunes, I. L.; Magagnin, G.; Bertolin, T. E.; Furlong, E. B. Arroz Comercializado Na Região Sul Do Brasil: Aspectos Micotoxicológicos E Microscópicos. Ciênc. Tecnol. Alim. 2003, 23(2), 190–194. DOI: 10.1590/S0101-20612003000200015.
  • Lee, J.; Chang, I.-Y.; Kim, H.; Yun, S.-H.; Leslie, J. F.; Lee, Y.-W. Genetic Diversity and Fitness of Fusarium Graminearum Populations from Rice in Korea. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2009, 75(10), 3289–3295. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02287-08.
  • Amatulli, M. T.; Spadaro, D.; Gullino, M. L.; Garibaldi, A. Molecular Identification of Fusarium Spp. Associated with Bakanae Disease of Rice in Italy and Assessment of Their Pathogenicity. Plant Pathol. 2010, 59(5), 839–844. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02319.x.
  • Qiu, J.; Shi, J. Genetic Relationships, Carbendazim Sensitivity and Mycotoxin Production of the Fusarium Graminearum Populations from Maize, Wheat and Rice in Eastern China. Toxins. 2014, 6(8), 2291–2309. DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082291.
  • Savi, G. D.; Piacentini, K. C.; Rocha, L. O.; Carnielli-Queiroz, L.; Furtado, B. G.; Scussel, R.; Zanoni, E. T.; Machado-de-Ávila, R. A.; Côrrea, B.; Angioletto, E. Incidence of Toxigenic Fungi and Zearalenone in Rice Grains from Brazil. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2018, 270, 5–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.02.004.
  • Zhang, C.; Xia, X.; Li, B.; Hung, Y. C. Disinfection Efficacy of Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water on Brown Rice Soaking and Germination. Food Control. 2018, 89, 38–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.01.007.
  • Bongers, T.; Ferris, H. Nematode Community Structure as a Bioindicator in Environmental Monitoring. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1999, 14, 224–228. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01583-3.
  • Bridge, J.; Plowright, R. A.; Peng, D. Nematode Parasites of Rice. In Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture; Luc, M., Sikora, R.A., Bridge, J., Eds.; CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK, 2005; pp 87–130.
  • Kumari, C.; Dutta, T. K.; Banakar, P.; Rao, U. Comparing the Defence-related Gene Expression Changes upon Root-knot Nematode Attack in Susceptible versus Resistant Cultivars of Rice. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 22846. DOI: 10.1038/srep22846.
  • McVeig, P.; Atkinson, L.; Marks, N. J.; Mousley, A.; Dalzell, J. J.; Sluder, A.; Hammerland, L.; Maule, A. G. Parasite Neuropeptide Biology: Seeding Rational Drug Target Selection? Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug. Resist. 2012, 2, 76–91. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2011.10.004.
  • Eyske, M.; Ploeger, H. W. Value of Present Diagnostic Methods for Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Ruminants. Parasitology. 2000, 120, 109–119. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182099005752.
  • Veríssimo, C. J.; Niciura, S. C. M.; Alberti, A. L. L.; Rodrigues, C. F. C.; Barbosa, C. M. P.; Chiebao, D. P.; Cardoso, D.; Silva, G. S.; Pereira, J. R.; Margatho, L. F. F.; et al. Multidrugandmultispeciesresistance in sheepflocksfromSao Paulo State. Braz. Vet. Parasitol. 2012, 187, 1–2. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.01.013.
  • Bridge, J.; Luc, M.; Plowright, R. A. Nematode Pests of Rice. In Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture; Luc, M., Sikora, R.A., Bridge, J., Eds.; AB International: Wallingford, UK, 1990; pp 69–108.
  • Babatola, J. O.;. Rice Nematode Problems in Nigeria: Their Occurrence, Distribution and Pathogenesis. Trop. Pest. Manage. 1984, 30, 256–265. DOI: 10.1080/09670878409370892.
  • Plowright, R. A.; Hunt, D. J. Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Upland, Hydromorphic and Inland Swamp Rice Ecosystems in Cote d’Ivoire. Afro-Asian J. Nematol. 1994, 4, 61–67.
  • Kyndt, T.; Denil, S.; Haegeman, A.; Trooskens, G.; Bauters, L.; Van Criekinge, W.; De Meyer, T.; Gheysen, G. Transcriptional Reprogramming by Root Knot and Migratory Nematode Infection in Rice. New Phytol. 2012, 196, 887–900. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04311.x.
  • Ji, H.; Gheysen, G.; Denil, S.; Lindsey, K.; Topping, J. F.; Nahar, K.; Haegeman, A.; De Vos, W. H.; Trooskens, G.; Van Crienjinge, W.; et al. Transcriptional Analysis through RNA Sequencing of Giant Cells Induced by Meloidogyne Graminicola in Rice Roots. J. Exp. Botany. 2013, 64, 3885–3898. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert219.
  • Fortuner, R.; Merny, G. Root-parasitic Nematodes of Rice. Revue Nematol. 1979, 2, 79–102.
  • Fortuner, R.;. Fertilisation Du Riz Et Degats Causes Par Le Nematode Hirschmanniellaoryzae (Van Breda De Haan, Luc Et goodey). CR Acad. Agric. France. 1977, 58, 624–630.
  • Park, J. S.; Han, S. C.; Lee, Y. B. Studies on the Ecology and Feeding Preference of Hirschmanniellaoryzae. Res. Rep. Off. Rur. Dev. Korea Plant. Environ. 1970, 13, 93–98.
  • Thorne, G.;. Principles of Nematology; McGraw-Hill Book Co: New York, 1961; pp 553.
  • Mathur, V. K.; Prasad, S. K. Survival and Host Range of the Rice Root Nematode, Hirschmanniellaoryzae. Indian J. Nematol. 1973, 3, 88–93.
  • Singh, A.; Dalal, M. R.; Bhatti, D. S. Control of Hirschmanniellaoryzae Nematodes in Rice. Int. Rice Res. Newsl. 1989, 14, 6–34.
  • Arayarungsarit, L.;. Yield Ability of Rice Varieties in Fields Infested with Root-knot Nematode. Int. Rice Res. News. 1987, 12(5), 14.
  • Sharma-Poudyal, D.; Pokharel, R.; Shrestha, S. M.; Khatri-Chhetri, G. B. Evaluation of Common Nepalese Rice Cultivars against Rice Root Knot Nematode. Nepal Agric. Res. J. 2004, 5, 33–36.
  • Dutta, T. K.; Ganguly, A. K.; Gaur, H. S. Global Status of Rice Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Graminicola. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2012, 6, 6016–6021. DOI: 10.5897/AJMR12.707.
  • Chen, Q.; Yang, B.; Liu, X.; Chen, F.; Ge, F. Long-term Cultivation of Bt Rice Expressing the Cry1Ab/1AC Genre Reduced Phytoparasitic Nematode Abundance but Did Not Affect Other Namatode Parameters in Paddy Fields. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 607–608, 463–464. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.225.
  • Ranoarisoa, M. P.; Blanchart, E.; Kirsten, V. B.; Ramanantsoanirina, A.; Sester, M.; Plassard, C.; Cournac, L.; Trap, J. Attractancy of Bactetivorous Nematodes to Root-adhering Soils Differs according to Rice Cultivars. Rhizosphere. 2017, 3, 128–131. DOI: 10.1016/j.rhisph.2017.04.001.
  • Koopmans, M.; Duizer, E. Foodborne Viruses: An Emerging Problem. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2004, 90, 23–41. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00169-7.
  • Koonin, E. V.; Dolja, V. V. Virus World as an Evolutionary Network of Viruses and Capsidless Selfish Elements. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Ver. 2014, 78(2), 278–303. DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00049-13.
  • Castrignano, S. B.;. O Que São Vírus? Um Novo Conceito. Inst. Adolfo Lutz. 2016, 26(8), 1–3.
  • Fauquet, C.; Thouvenel, J. C.; Fargette, D.; Fishpool, L. D. C. Rice Stripe Necrosis Virus: A Soil-borne Rod-shaped Virus. Dev. Appl. Biol. II Virus Fung.Vect. 1988, 71–82.
  • Kalyoussef, S.; Feja, K. N. Foodborne Illnessses. Adv. Pediat. 2014, 61(1), 287–312. DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2014.04.003.
  • From, C.; Hormazabal, V.; Granum, P. E. Food Poisoning Associated with Pumilacidin-producing Bacillus Pumilusin Rice. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2007, 115, 319–324. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.11.005.
  • Granun, P. E.; Lund, T. Bacillus Cereus and Its Food Poisoning Toxins. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1997, 15(2), 223–228. DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb12776.x.
  • Ehling-Schulz, M.; Fricker, M.; Scherer, S. Bacillus Cereus, the Causative Agente of an Emetic Type of Food-borne Illness. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2004, 48(7), 479–487. DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200400055.
  • Kramer, J. M.; Gilbert, R. J. Bacillus Cereus and Other Bacillus Species. Foodborne Bact. Path. 1989, 19, 21–70.
  • Reinoso Pozo, Y.; Casadesús Romero, L.; García Suárez, A.; Gutiérrez Pérez, J.; Álvarez-Rivera, V. P. Aislamiento, Selección E Identificación De Bacteriasdel Género Bacillus Antagonistas De Pectobacteriumcarotovorum. Fitosanidad. 2006, 10(3), 187–191.
  • Sarrias, J. A.; Valero, M.; Salmerón, M. C. Enumeration, Isolation and Characterization of B. Cereus Strains from Spanish Raw Rice. Food Microbiol. 2002, 19(6), 589–595. DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2002.0514.
  • Finlay, W. J. J.; Logan, N. A.; Sutherland, A. D. Bacillus Cereus Emetic Toxin Production in Cooked Rice. Food Microbiol. 2002, 19(5), 431–439. DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2002.0505.
  • Turnbull, P. C. B.;. Bacillus Cereus Toxins. Pharm. Therap. 1981, 13(3), 453–505. DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(81)90026-7.
  • Sarrias, J. A.; Valero, M.; Salmeron, M. C. Elimination of Bacillus Cereus Contaminationin Raw Rice by Electron Beam Irradiation. Food Microbiol. 2003, 20, 327–332. DOI: 10.1016/S0740-0020(02)00124-7.
  • Little, C. L.; Barnes, J.; Mitchell, R. T. Microbiological Quality of Take-away Cooked Rice and Chicken Sandwiches: Effectiveness of Food Hygiene Training of the Management. Commun. Dis. Public Health. 2002, 5(4), 289–298.
  • European Food Safety Authority. Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ). Scientific Opinion on the Risks for Public Health Related to the Presence of Bacillus Cereus and Other Bacillus Spp. Including Bacillus Thuringiensis in Foodstuffs. Efsa J. 2016, 14(7), 93.
  • Svensson, B.; Monthan, A.; Guinebretiere, M. H.; Nguyen, C.; Christiansson, A. Toxin Production Potential and the Detection of Toxin Genes among Strains of the Bacillus Cereus Group Isolated along the Dairy Production Chain. Int. Dairy J. 2007, 17, 1201–1208. DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.03.004.
  • Sastalla, I.; Fattah, R.; Coppage, N.; Nandy, P.; Crown, D.; Pomerantsev, A. P.; Leppla, S. H. The Bacillus Cereus Hbl and Nhe Tripartite Enterotoxin Componentes Assemble Sequentially on the Surface of Target Cells and are Not Interchangeable. PLoSOne. 2013, 8(10), 76955. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076955.
  • Coelho, C. S. P.; Furlong, E. B.; Almeida, T. L. Migração De Micotoxinas Durante a Parboilização Do Arroz. Braz. J. Food Tec. 1999, 2, 39–44.
  • Srivastava, D.; Shamim, M.; Kumar, M.; Mishra, A.; Pandey, P.; Kumar, D.; Yadav, P.; Siddiqui, M. H.; Singh, K. N. Current Status of Conventional and Molecular Interventions for Blast Resistance in Rice. Rice Sci. 2017, 24(6), 299–321. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsci.2017.08.001.
  • Onaga, G.; Asea, G. Occurrence of Rice Blast (Magnaportheoryzae) and Identification of Potential Resistance Sources in Uganda. CropProtect. 2016, 80, 65–72. DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2015.10.028.
  • Desjardins, A. E.; Manandhar, H. K.; Plattner, R. D.; Manandhar, G. G.; Poling, S. M.; Maragos, C. M. Fusarium Species from Nepalese Rice and Production of Mycotoxins and Gibberellic Acid by Selected Species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2000, 66(3), 1020–1025. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.66.3.1020-1025.
  • Naeem, K.; Anwar, S. A.; Haque, M. I.; Riaz, A.; Khan, M. S. A. Seed-born Fungi and Bacteria of Rice and Their Impact on Sedd Germination. Pak. J. Phytopathol. 2001, 13(1), 75–81.
  • Prabhu, A. S.; Araújo, L. G.; Faustina, C.; Berni, R. F. Estimativa De Danos Causados Pela Brusone Na Produtividade De Arroz De Terras Altas. Pesq. Agrop. Bras. 2003, 38(9), 1045–1051. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-204X2003000900004.
  • Hoeltz, M.; Fagundes, C. A.; Alcayaga, E. A. L.; Noll, I. B. Micobiota E Micotoxinas Em Amostras De Arroz Coletadas Durante O Sistema Estacionário De Secagem E Armazenamento. Ciênc. Rural. 2009, 39(3), 803–808. DOI: 10.1590/S0103-84782008005000093.
  • Kamal, M. M.; Mia, M. A. T. Diversity and Pathogenicity of the Rice Brown Spot Pathogen, Bipolarisoryzae (Breda De haan) Shoem, in Bangladesh Assessed by Genetic Fingerprint Analysis. Bangl. J. Bot. 2009, 38(2), 119–125. DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5135.
  • Ludwig, J.; Moura, A. B.; Santos, A. S.; Ribeiro, A. S. Microbiolização De Sementes Para O Controle Da Mancha-parda E Da Escaldadura Em Arroz Irrigado. Trop.Plant.Pathol. 2009, 34(5), 322–328. DOI: 10.1590/S1982-56762009000500005.
  • Ok, H. E.; Lee, S. Y.; Chun, H. S. Occurrence and Simultaneous Determination of Nivalenol and Deoxynivalenol in Rice and Bran by HPLC-UV Detection and Immunoaffinity Cleanup. Food Control. 2018, 87, 53–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.005.
  • Lenz, G.; Balardin, R. S.; Corte, G. D.; Marques, L. N.; Debona, D. Escala Diagramática Para Avaliação De Severidade De Mancha Parda Em Arroz. Ciênc. Rural. 2010, 40(4), 1–7. DOI: 10.1590/S0103-84782010005000061.
  • Aydin, A.; Aksu, H.; Gunsen, U. Mycotoxin Levels and Incidence of Mould in Turkish Rice. Environ. Moni. Assess. 2011, 789(1–4), 271–280. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1688-9.
  • Kumar, P.; Anshu, V.; Kumar, S. Morpho-pathological and Molecular Characterization of Bipolarisoryzae in Rice (Oryzae sativa). J. Phytopathol. 2011, 159, 51–56. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01726.x.
  • Ok, H. E.; Kim, D. M.; Kim, D.; Chung, S. H.; Chung, M. S.; Park, K. H.; Chun, H. S. Mycobiota and Natural Occurrence of Aflatoxin, Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol and Zearalenone in Rice Freshly Harvested in South Korea. Food Control. 2014, 37, 284–291. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.020.
  • Iqbal, S. Z.; Mustafa, H. G.; Asi, M. R.; Jinap, S. Variation in Vitamin E Level and Aflatoxins Contamination in Different Rice Varieties. J. Cereal. Sci. 2014, 60, 352–355. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.05.012.
  • Gomes, L. B.; Ward, T. J.; Badiale-Furlong, E.; Del Ponte, E. M. Species Composition, Toxigenic and Pathogenicity of Fusarium Graminearum Species Complex Isolates from Southern Brazilian Rice. Plant Pathol. 2015, 64, 980–987. DOI: 10.1111/ppa.12332.
  • Katsurayama, A. M.; Martins, L. M.; Iamanaka, B. T.; Fungaro, M. H. P.; Silva, J. J.; Frisvad, J. C.; Pitt, J. I.; Taniwaki, M. H. OccurrenceofAspergillussectionFlaviandaflatoxins in Brazilian Rice: Fromfieldtomarket. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2018, 266, 213–221. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.008.
  • Malavolta, V. M. A.; Parisi, J. J. D.; Takada, H. M.; Martins, M. C. Effect of Different Incidence Levels of Bipolarisoryzae in Rice Seeds on Physiological Aspects: Seed-seedlingtransmission and Production. Summa Phytopathol. 2002, 8(4), 336–340.
  • Figueira, E. L. Z.; Hidrooka, E. Y.; Mendiola-Olaya, E.; Blanco-Labra, A. Characterization of a Hydrophobic Amylase Inhibitor from Corn (Zea mays) Seeds with Activity against Amylase from Fusarium Verticillioides. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 2003, 93(8), 917–922. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.8.917.
  • Benbrook, C.;. Breaking the Mold-impacts of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems on Mycotoxins in Food and Livestock Feed. Organic Center State Sci. Rev. 2005, 1–58.
  • Ferre, F. S.;. Worldwide Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Rice. Food Control. 2016, 62, 291–298. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.10.051.
  • Heidtmann-Bemvenuti, R.; Mendes, G. L.; Scaglioni, P. T.; Badiale-Furlong, E.; Souza-Soares, L. A. Biochemistry and Metabolismo of Mycotoxins: A Review. Afr. J. Food Sci. 2011, 5(16), 861–869. DOI: 10.5897/AJFSX11.009.
  • D’Mello, J. P. F.;, 4 Mycotoxins in Cereal Grains, Nuts And., Food Saf., 2003, 65. CABI.
  • Kumera, N.; Mohammed, A. Mycotoxin Occurrence in Grains and the Role of Postharvest Management as A Mitigation Strategies. A Review. Food Control. 2017, 78, 412–425. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.03.012.
  • Taniwaki, M. H.; Pitt, J. I.; Magan, N. Aspergillus Species and Mycotoxins: Occurrence and Importance in Major Food Commodities. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2018, 23, 38–43. DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.05.008.
  • Cole, R. J.; Cox, R. H. Tremorgen Group. In Handbook of Toxic Fungal Metabolites, 1981; pp 355–509.
  • IARC. Working Group on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans; 35; 1993.
  • FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – Statistics Division. Crops. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. (Acessed Dec. 2018).
  • Santos, L.; Marin, S.; Sanchis, V.; Ramos, A. J. Co-ocurrence of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A and Zeraralenone in Capsicum Poder Samples Available on the Spanish Market. Food Chem. 2010, 122(3), 826–830. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.070.
  • Iqbal, S. Z.; Asi, R. M.; Hanif, U.; Zuber, M.; Jinap, S. The Presence of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Rice and Rice Products; and Evaluation of Dietary Intake. Food Chem. 2016, 210, 135–140. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.104.
  • JOINT, F. A. O. WHO Expert Committee of Food Additives (JECFA); Ochratoxin, A.; ed. Safety Evaluations of Specific Mycotoxins. Prepared by the Fifty-sixth Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 2001, Geneva, 2002.
  • Hackbart, H.; Souza, M. M.; Scaglioni, P. T.; Primel, E. G.; Garda-Buffon, J.; Furlong, E. B. Método QuEChERS Para Determinação De Ocratoxina A E Citrinina Em Arroz E Farelo De Arroz. Quím. Nova. 2012, 35, 1733–1737. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-40422012000900006.
  • Majeed, S.; Iqbal, M.; Asi, M. A.; Iqbal, S. Z. Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A Contamination in Rice, Corn and Corn Products from Punjab, Pakistan. J. Cereal Sci. 2013, 58, 446–450. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.09.007.
  • Liu, X. L.; Liu, R.; Ruan, C.; Zhang, H.; Liu, C. Occurrence of Aflatoxins Ond Ochratoxin A in Rice Samples from Six Provinces in China. Food Control. 2015, 50, 401–404. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.029.
  • Blanc, P. J.; Loret, M. O.; Goma, G. Production of Citrinin by Various Species of Monascus. Biotechnol Lett. 1995, 17(3), 291–294. DOI: 10.1007/BF01190639.
  • Li, Y.; Zhou, Y.-C.; Yang, M.-H.; Ou-Yang, Z. Natural Occurrence of Citrinin in Widely Consumed Traditional Chinese Food Red Yeast Rice, Medicinal Plants and Their Related Products. Food Chem. 2012, 132, 1040–1045. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.051.
  • Liao, C.-D.; Chen, Y.-C.; Lin, H.-Y.; Chiueh, L.-C.; Shih, Y.-C. Incidence of Citrinin in Red Yeast Rice and Various comercialMonascus Products in Taiwan from 2009 to 2012. Food Control. 2014, 32, 178–183. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.10.016.
  • Wang, W.; Chen, Q.; Zhang, H.; Huang, Q.; Li, Q.; Yao, J. Comparison of Extraction Methods for Anlysis of Citrinin in Red Fermented Rice. Food Chem. 2014, 157, 408–412. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.060.
  • Dors, G. C.; Pinto, L. A. A.; Badiale-Furlong, E. Migration of Mycotoxins into Rice Starchy Endosperm during the Parboiling Process. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2009, 42(1), 433–437. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2008.03.012.
  • Dors, G. C.; Bierhals, V. S.; Badiale-Furlong, E. Parboiled Rice: Chemical Composition and the Occurrence of Mycotoxins. Ciênc. Tec. Alim. 2011, 31(1), 172–177. DOI: 10.1590/S0101-20612011000100025.
  • Becker-Algeri, T. A.; Heidtmann-Bemvenutti, R.; Hackbart, H. C. S.; Badiale-Furlong, E. Thermal Treatments and Their Effects on the Fumonisin B1 Levels in Rice. Food Control. 2013, 34, 488–493. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.05.016.
  • Choi, J.-H.; Lee, S.; Nah, J.-Y.; Kim, H.-K.; Paek, J.-S.; Lee, S.; Ham, H.; Hong, S. K.; Yun, S.-H.; Lee, T. Species Composition of and Fumonisin Production by the Fusarium Fujikuroi Species Complex Isolated from Korea Cereals. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2018, 267, 62–69. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.006.
  • Manizan, A. L.; Oplatowska-Stachowiak, M.; Piro-Metayer, I.; Campbell, K.; Koffi-Nevry, R.; Elliott, C.; Akaki, D.; Montet, D.; Brabet, C. Multi-mycotoxin Determination in Rice, Maize and Peanut Products Most Consumed in Côte d’Ivoire by UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Control. 2018, 87, 22–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.11.032.
  • Silva, L. P.; Madureira, F.; Vargas, E. A.; Faria, A. F.; Augusti, R. Development and Validation of a Multianalyte Method for Quantification of Mycotoxins and Pesticides in Rice Using a Simple Dilute and Shoot Procedure and UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem. 2019, 270, 420–427. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.126.
  • Bryden, W. L.;. Mycotoxins in the Food Chain: Human Health Implications. Asia Pacific J. Clin. Nut. 2007, 16(1), 95–101. DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.2007.16.s1.18.
  • McMullen, M.; Jones, R.; Gallenberg, D. Scab of Wheat and Barley: A Re-emerging Disease of Devastating Impact. Plant Dis. 1997, 81(12), 1340–1348. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.12.1340.
  • Glenn, A. E.;. Mycotoxigenic Fusarium Species in Animal Feed. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 2007, 137(3–4), 213–240. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.003.
  • Zinedine, A.; Soriano, J. M.; Molto, J. C.; Manes, J. Review on the Toxicity, Occurrence, Metabolism, Detoxification, Regulations and Intake of Zearalenone: An Oestrogenic Mycotoxin. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2007, 45(1), 1–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.07.030.
  • Bennet, J. W.; Klich, M. Mycotoxins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2003, 16, 497–516. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.
  • Cendoya, E.; Chiotta, M. L.; Zachetti, V.; Chulze, S. N.; Ramirez, M. L. Fumonisins and Fumonisin-producing Fusarium Occurrence in Wheat and Wheat by Products: A Review. J. Food Sci. 2018, 80, 158–166. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.02.010.
  • Missmer, S. A.; Suarez, L.; Felkner, M.; Wang, E.; Merrill, A. H., Jr; Rothman, K. J.; Hendricks, K. A. Exposure to Fumonisins and the Occurrence of Neural Tube Defects along the Texas-Mexico Border. Environ. Health Persp. 2006, 114(2), 237–241. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8221.
  • Sun, G.; Wang, S.; Hu, X.; Su, J.; Huang, T.; Yu, J.; Tang, L.; Gao, W.; Wang, J. S. Fumonisin B1 Contamination of Home-grown Corn in High-risk Areas for Esophageal and Liver Cancer in China. Food Addit. Contam. 2007, 24(2), 181–185. DOI: 10.1080/02652030601013471.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.