Natural Occurrence, Legislation, and Determination of Aflatoxins Using Chromatographic Methods in Food: A Review (from 2010 to 2019)

References

• Okello, D.; Kaaya, A.; Bisikwa, J.; Were, M.; Oloka, H. Management of Aflatoxins in Groundnuts: A Manual for Farmers, Processors, Traders and Consumers in Uganda; National Agricultural Research Organization: Entebbe: Uganda, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Marin, S.; Ramos, A.; Cano-Sancho, G.; Sanchis, V. Mycotoxins: Occurrence, Toxicology, and Exposure Assessment. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2013, 60, 218–237. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat, R.; Rai, R. V.; Karim, A. A. Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. F. 2010, 9, 57–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabak, B. Aflatoxins in Hazelnuts and Dried Figs: Occurrence and Exposure Assessment. Food Chem. 2016, 211, 8–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisvad, J. C.; Hubka, V.; Ezekiel, C. N.; Hong, S.-B.; Novákova, A.; Chen, A. J.; Arzanlou, M.; Larse, T. O.; Sklenár, F.; Mahakarnchanakul, W.; et al. Taxonomy of Aspergillus Section Flavi and Their Production of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins and Other Mycotoxins. Stud. Mycol. 2019, 93, 1–63. DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2018.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bbosa, G. S.; Lubega, A.; Kyegombe, D. B.; Kitya, D.; Ogwal-Okeng, J.; Anokbonggo, W. W. Review of the Biological and Health Effects of Aflatoxins on Body Organs and Body Systems. In Aflatoxins: Recent Advances and Future Prospects; IntechOpen: Ankara, Turkey, 2013, pp 239–265.
   Google Scholar
• Zain, M. E. Impact of Mycotoxins on Humans and Animals. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 2011, 15, 129–144. DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2010.06.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowley, E. N. K. Aflatoxins: A Silent Threat in Developing Countries. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2016, 15, 1864–1870. DOI: 10.5897/AJB2016.15305.
   Google Scholar
• Abrar, M.; Anjum, F. M.; Butt, M. S.; Pasha, I.; Randhawa, M. A.; Saeed, F.; Waqas, K. Aflatoxins: Biosynthesis, Occurrence, Toxicity, and Remedies. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. 2013, 53, 862–874. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.563154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D.; Lee, K.-G. Analysis of Aflatoxin M1 and M2 in Commercial Dairy Products Using High-performance Liquid Chromatography with a Fluorescence Detector. Food Control. 2015, 50, 467–471. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. https://monographs.iarc.fr/agents-classified-by-the-iarc/ (accessed Oct 17, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 Setting Maximum Levels for Certain Contaminants in Foodstuffs. Off. J. Eur. Union. 2006, L364, 5–24.
   Google Scholar
• Lehotay, S. J.; Sapozhnikova, Y.; Mol, H. G. Current Issues Involving Screening and Identification of Chemical Contaminants in Foods by Mass Spectrometry. TrAC-Trend. Anal. Chem. 2015, 69, 62–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, F.; Guclu, H. Aflatoxin Regulations in a Network of Global Maize Trade. PloS One. 2012, 7, e45151. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, F. Global Impacts of Aflatoxin in Maize: Trade and Human Health. World Mycotoxin J. 2014, 8, 137–142. DOI: 10.3920/WMJ2014.1737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA. Compliance Policy Guide CPG Sec. 683.100 Action Levels for Aflatoxins in Animal Feeds; FDA: USA,MD, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• FDA. Compliance Policy Guide CPG Sec. 570.200 Brazil Nuts-adulteration with Aflatoxin; FDA: USA,MD, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• FDA. Compliance Policy Guide CPG Sec. 570.375 Aflatoxin in Peanuts and Peanut Products; FDA: USA, MD, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• FDA. Compliance Policy Guide CPG Sec. 570.500 Pistachio Nuts - Aflatoxin Adulteration; FDA: USA,MD, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• FDA. Compliance Policy Guide CPG Sec. 555.400 Foods - Adulteration with Aflatoxin; FDA: USA,MD, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• FDA. Compliance Policy Guide CPG Sec. 527.400 Whole Milk, Lowfat Milk, Skim Milk - Aflatoxin M1; FDA: USA, MD, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Van Egmond, H. P.; Schothorst, R. C.; Jonker, M. A. Regulations Relating to Mycotoxins in Food. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 389, 147–157. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1317-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. Commission Regulation No 401/2006 of 23 February 2006 Laying down the Methods of Sampling and Analysis for the Official Control of the Levels of Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs. Off. J. Eur. Union. 2006, L70, 12–34.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. Commission Regulation (EU) No 165/2010 of 26 February 2010 Amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 Setting Maximum Levels for Certain Contaminants in Foodstuffs as Regards Aflatoxins. Off. J. Eur. Union. 2010, L50, 8–12.
   Google Scholar
• Anukul, N.; Vangnai, K.; Mahakarnchanakul, W. Significance of Regulation Limits in Mycotoxin Contamination in Asia and Risk Management Programs at the National Level. J. Food Drug Anal. 2013, 21, 227–241. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2013.07.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA. China’s Maximum Levels for Mycotoxins in Foods; GAIN Report Number CH14057; USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. www.fas.usda.gov, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• USDA. Technical Regulations on Mycotoxin and Heavy Metals MRLs in Foods; GAIN Report Number VM3070; USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. www.fas.usda.gov, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Mycotoxins. World Health Organization www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Berthiller, F.; Cramer, B.; Iha, M.; Krska, R.; Lattanzio, V. M. T.; MacDonald, S.; Malone, R. J.; Maragos, C.; Solfrizzo, M.; Stranska-Zachariasova, M.; et al. Developments in Mycotoxin Analysis: An Update for 2016-2017. World Mycotoxin J. 2018, 11, 5–31. DOI: 10.3920/WMJ2017.2250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrman, T. J.; Lee, K.-M.; Jones, B.; McCormick, C. Aflatoxin Sampling and Testing Proficiency in the Texas Grain Industry. Int. J. Regul. Sci. 2014, 2, 7–13.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, K.-M.; Herrman, T. J.; Dai, S. Y. Application and Validation of a Statistically Derived Risk-based Sampling Plan to Improve Efficiency of Inspection and Enforcement. Food Control. 2016, 64, 135–141. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.12.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esbensen, K. H.; Paoletti, C.; Thiex, N. Representative Sampling for Food and Feed Materials: A Critical Need for Food/feed Safety. J. AOAC Int. 2015, 98, 249–251. DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.SGE_Esbensen_intro.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuiper, H. A.; Paoletti, C. Food and Feed Safety Assessment: The Importance of Proper Sampling. J. AOAC Int. 2015, 98, 252–258. DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.15-007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paoletti, C.; Esbensen, K. H. Distributional Assumptions in Food and Feed Commodities—Development of Fit-For-Purpose Sampling Protocols. J. AOAC Int. 2015, 98, 295–300. DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.14-250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiex, N.; Paoletti, C.; Esbensen, K. H. Towards a Unified Sampling Terminology: Clarifying Misperceptions. J. AOAC Int. 2015, 98, 259–263. DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.14-290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA. Investigations Operation Manual 2016; FDA: MD: USA, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Malachová, A.; Sulyok, M.; Beltrán, E.; Berthiller, F.; Krska, R. Optimization and Validation of a Quantitative Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method Covering 295 Bacterial and Fungal Metabolites Including All Regulated Mycotoxins in Four Model Food Matrices. J. Chromatogr. A. 2014, 1362, 145–156. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibáñez-Vea, M.; González-Peñas, E.; Lizarraga, E.; De Cerain, A. L. Co-occurrence of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A and Zearalenone in Barley from A Northern Region of Spain. Food Chem. 2012, 132, 35–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoochehri, M.; Asgharinezhad, A. A.; Safaei, M. Determination of Aflatoxins in Rice Samples by Ultrasound-assisted Matrix Solid-phase Dispersion. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2014, 53, 189–195. DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhtar, H.; Farooq, Z.; Manzoor, M. Determination of Aflatoxins in Super Kernel Rice Types Consumed in Different Regions of Punjab, Pakistan. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 2016, 26, 542–548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, M.; Almeida, N.; Carvalho, K.; Goncalves, G.; Silva, C.; Santos, E.; Garcia, J.; Vargas, E. Co-occurrence of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol, and Citreoviridin in Rice in Brazil. Food Addit. Contam. A. 2012, 29, 694–703. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.651750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huertas-Pérez, J. F.; Arroyo-Manzanares, N.; Hitzler, D.; Castro-Guerrero, F. G.; Gámiz-Gracia, L.; García-Campaña, A. Simple Determination of Aflaxonis in Rice by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Chemical Post-column Derivatization and Fluorescence Detection. Food Chem. 2018, 245, 189–195. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karami-Osboo, R.; Mirabolfathi, M. A Novel Dispersive Nanomagnetic Particle Solid-Phase Extraction Method to Determine Aflatoxins in Nut and Cereal Samples. Food Anal. Method. 2017, 12, 4086–4093. DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0975-2.
   Google Scholar
• Dini, A.; Khazaeli, P.; Roohbakhsh, A.; Madadlou, A.; Pourenamdari, M.; Setoodeh, L.; Askarian, A.; Doraki, N.; Farrokhi, H.; Moradi, H. Aflatoxin Contamination Level in Iran’s Pistachio Nut during Years 2009–2011. Food Control. 2013, 30, 540–544. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.08.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masood, M.; Iqbal, S. Z.; Asi, M. R.; Malik, N. Natural Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Dry Fruits and Edible Nuts. Food Control. 2015, 55, 62–65. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.02.041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leong, Y.-H.; Ismail, N.; Latif, A. A.; Ahmad, R. Aflatoxin Occurrence in Nuts and Commercial Nutty Products in Malaysia. Food Control. 2010, 21, 334–338. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algül, I.; Kara, D. Determination and Chemometric Evaluation of Total Aflatoxin, Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A and Heavy Metals Content in Corn Flours from Turkey. Food Chem. 2014, 157, 70–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armorini, S.; Altafini, A.; Zaghini, A.; Roncada, P. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Conventional and Organic Milk Offered for Sale in Italy. Mycotoxin Res. 2016, 32, 237–246. DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0256-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idris, Y. M.; Mariod, A. A.; Elnour, I. A.; Mohamed, A. A. Determination of Aflatoxin Levels in Sudanese Edible Oils. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48, 2539–2541. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elzupir, A. O.; Suliman, M. A.; Ibrahim, I. A.; Fadul, M. H.; Elhussein, A. M. Aflatoxins Levels in Vegetable Oils in Khartoum State, Sudan. Mycotoxin Res. 2010, 26, 69–73. DOI: 10.1007/s12550-010-0041-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Idris, Y. M.; Hassan, S. A.; Mariod, A. A. Physicochemical Characteristics and Aflatoxin Levels in Two Types of Sudanese Sesame Oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2013, 90, 989–998. DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2241-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janati, S. S. F.; Beheshti, H. R.; Asadi, M.; Mihanparast, S.; Feizy, J. Preliminary Survey of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Dried Fruits from Iran. B. Environn. Contam. Tox. 2012, 88, 391–395. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0477-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çağındı, Ö.; Gürhayta, O. F. Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Dried Eggplant and Green Bell Pepper. Food Control. 2016, 70, 216–220. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzoune, N.; Mokrane, S.; Riba, A.; Bouras, N.; Verheecke, C.; Sabaou, N.; Mathieu, F. Contamination of Common Spices by Aflatoxigenic Fungi and Aflatoxin B1 in Algeria. Qual. Assur. Saf. Crop. 2016, 8, 137–144. DOI: 10.3920/QAS2014.0426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen, J.; Kong, W.; Hu, Y.; Wang, J.; Yang, M. Multi-mycotoxins Analysis in Ginger and Related Products by UHPLC-FLR Detection and LC-MS/MS Confirmation. Food Control. 2014, 43, 82–87. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.02.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Roma, A.; Rossini, C.; Ritieni, A.; Gallo, P.; Esposito, M. A Survey on the Aflatoxin M1 Occurrence and Seasonal Variation in Buffalo and Cow Milk from Southern Italy. Food Control. 2017, 81, 30–33. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuib, N. S.; Makahleh, A.; Salhimi, S. M.; Saad, B. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Dairy Products Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-fluorescence with Post Column Photochemical Derivatization. J. Chromatogr. A. 2017, 1510, 51–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martos, P.; Thompson, W.; Diaz, G. Multiresidue Mycotoxin Analysis in Wheat, Barley, Oats, Rye and Maize Grain by High-performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry. World Mycotoxin J. 2010, 3, 205–223. DOI: 10.3920/WMJ2010.1212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soleimany, F.; Jinap, S.; Faridah, A.; Khatib, A. A UPLC–MS/MS for Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone, DON, Fumonisins, T-2 Toxin and HT-2 Toxin, in Cereals. Food Control. 2012, 25, 647–653. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lattanzio, V. M.; Gatta, S. D.; Suman, M.; Visconti, A. Development and In‐house Validation of a Robust and Sensitive Solid‐phase Extraction Liquid Chromatography/tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Quantitative Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, Ochratoxin A, Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone, T‐2 and HT‐2 Toxins in Cereal‐based Foods. Rapid Commun. Mass Sp. 2011, 25, 1869–1880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annunziata, L.; Stramenga, A.; Visciano, P.; Schirone, M.; De Colli, L.; Colagrande, M. N.; Campana, G.; Scortichini, G. Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxins, T-2 and HT-2 Toxins, and Fumonisins in Cereal-derived Products by QuEChERS Extraction Coupled with LC-MS/MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2017, 21, 5143–5155. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0462-z.
   Google Scholar
• Sirhan, A. Y.; Tan, G. H.; Wong, R. C. S. Determination of Aflatoxins in Food Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). Food Control. 2013, 31, 35–44. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartori, A. V.; de Moraes, M. H. P.; Dos Santos, R. P.; Souza, Y. P.; da Nóbrega, A. W. Determination of Mycotoxins in Cereal-based Porridge Destined for Infant Consumption by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Anal. Method. 2017, 12, 4049–4061. DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0965-4.
   Google Scholar
• Andrade, P.; Caldas, E. Aflatoxins in Cereals: Worldwide Occurrence and Dietary Risk Assessment. World Mycotoxin J. 2015, 8, 415–431. DOI: 10.3920/WMJ2014.1847.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jettanajit, A.; Nhujak, T. Determination of Mycotoxins in Brown Rice Using QuEChERS Sample Preparation and UHPLC–MS-MS. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2016, 54, 720–729. DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Azeem, S.; Diab, M.; El-Shahat, M. Ultra-high-pressure Liquid Chromatography–Solid-phase Clean-up for Determining Aflatoxins in Egyptian Food Commodities. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2015, 44, 18–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y.; Huang, J.; Ma, L.; Wang, F. Development and Validation of a Simple and Fast Method for Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxin B 1 and Sterigmatocystin in Grains. Food Chem. 2017, 221, 11–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Luz, S. R.; Pazdiora, P. C.; Dallagnol, L. J.; Dors, G. C.; Chaves, F. C. Mycotoxin and Fungicide Residues in Wheat Grains from Fungicide-treated Plants Measured by a Validated LC-MS Method. Food Chem. 2017, 220, 510–516. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade, P. D.; Dantas, R. R.; de Moura, T. L. D. S.; Caldas, E. D. Determination of Multi-mycotoxins in Cereals and of Total Fumonisins in Maize Products Using Isotope Labeled Internal Standard and Liquid Chromatography/tandem Mass Spectrometry with Positive Ionization. J. Chromatogr. A. 2017, 1490, 138–147. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ediage, E. N.; Van Poucke, C.; De Saeger, S. A Multi-analyte LC–MS/MS Method for the Analysis of 23 Mycotoxins in Different Sorghum Varieties: The Forgotten Sample Matrix. Food Chem. 2015, 177, 397–404. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paschoal, F. N.; de Azevedo Silva, D.; de Souza, R. V. S.; de Oliveira, M. S.; Pereira, D. A. A.; de Souza, S. V. C. A Rapid Single-Extraction Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, Fumonisin B1, and Zearalenone in Corn Meal by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Anal. Method. 2017, 10, 1631–1644. DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0712-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varga, E.; Glauner, T.; Berthiller, F.; Krska, R.; Schuhmacher, R.; Sulyok, M. Development and Validation of a (Semi-) Quantitative UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of 191 Mycotoxins and Other Fungal Metabolites in Almonds, Hazelnuts, Peanuts and Pistachios. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2013, 405, 5087–5104. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6831-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z.; Hu, X.; Zhang, Q.; Li, P. Determination for Multiple Mycotoxins in Agricultural Products Using HPLC–MS/MS via a Multiple Antibody Immunoaffinity Column. J. Chromatogr. B. 2016, 1021, 145–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, S.; Qiu, F.; Kong, W.; Wei, J.; Xiao, X.; Yang, M. Development and Validation of an Accurate and Rapid LC-ESI-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of Aflatoxin B 1, B 2, G 1 and G 2 in Lotus Seeds. Food Control. 2013, 29, 156–161. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, L.; Zheng, N.; Zheng, B.; Wen, F.; Cheng, J.; Han, R.; Xu, X.; Li, S.; Wang, J. Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxin M 1, Ochratoxin A, Zearalenone and α-zearalenol in Milk by UHPLC–MS/MS. Food Chem. 2014, 146, 242–249. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H.; Zhou, X.-J.; Liu, Y.-Q.; Yang, H.-M.; Guo, Q.-L. Simultaneous Determination of Chloramphenicol and Aflatoxin M1 Residues in Milk by Triple Quadrupole Liquid Chromatography− Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 3532–3538. DOI: 10.1021/jf2006062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachariasova, M.; Cajka, T.; Godula, M.; Malachova, A.; Veprikova, Z.; Hajslova, J. Analysis of Multiple Mycotoxins in Beer Employing (Ultra)‐high‐resolution Mass Spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Sp. 2010, 24, 3357–3367. DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltrán, E.; Ibáñez, M.; Sancho, J. V.; Cortés, M. Á.; Yusà, V.; Hernández, F. UHPLC–MS/MS Highly Sensitive Determination of Aflatoxins, the Aflatoxin Metabolite M1 and Ochratoxin A in Baby Food and Milk. Food Chem. 2011, 126, 737–744. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, N.; Hashim, N. H.; Shuib, N. S. Natural Occurrence of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Processed Spices Marketed in Malaysia. Food Addit. Contam. A. 2015, 32, 518–532. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1011712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firdous, S.; Ashfaq, A.; Khan, S. J.; Khan, N. Aflatoxins in Corn and Rice Sold in Lahore, Pakistan. Food Addit. Contam. B. 2014, 7, 95–98. DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.851123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue, X.; Selvaraj, J. N.; Zhao, L.; Dong, H.; Liu, F.; Liu, Y.; Li, Y. Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin a in Bee Pollen by Low-temperature Fat Precipitation and Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup Coupled with LC-MS/MS. Food Anal. Method. 2014, 7, 690–696. DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9723-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, S.-W.; Chee, K.-M.; Cho, S.-J. Nutritional Quality of Rice Bran Protein in Comparison to Animal and Vegetable Protein. Food Chem. 2015, 172, 766–769. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, R.; Xu, H.; Wang, W.; Zhan, R.; Chen, W. Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, Ochratoxin A, and Sterigmatocystin in Traditional Chinese Medicines by LC–MS–MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2014, 406, 3031–3039. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7750-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Taher, F.; Cappozzo, J.; Zweigenbaum, J.; Lee, H. J.; Jackson, L.; Ryu, D. Detection and Quantitation of Mycotoxins in Infant Cereals in the US Market by LC-MS/MS Using a Stable Isotope Dilution Assay. Food Control. 2017, 72, 27–35. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Domínguez, G.; Romero-González, R.; Arrebola, F. J.; Garrido-Frenich, A. Multi-class Determination of Pesticides and Mycotoxins in Isoflavones Supplements Obtained from Soy by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Orbitrap High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Food Control. 2016, 59, 218–224. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.05.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, W.; Han, Z.; Aerts, J.; Nie, D.; Jin, M.; Shi, W.; Zhao, Z.; De Saeger, S.; Zhao, Y.; Wu, A. A Reliable Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Mycotoxins in Fresh Fish and Dried Seafoods. J. Chromatogr. A. 2015, 1387, 42–48. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, L.; Zheng, N.; Zhang, Y.; Du, R.; Zheng, B.; Wang, J. A Survey of Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk in Tangshan Region of China during 2012–2014. Food Control. 2016, 69, 30–35. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milhome, M.; Lima, C.; De Lima, L.; Lima, F.; Sousa, D.; Nascimento, R. Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Cashew Nuts Produced in Northeastern Brazil. Food Control. 2014, 42, 34–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.01.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, R.; Wang, X.; Zhou, T.; Yang, D.; Wang, Q.; Zhou, Y. Occurrence of Four Mycotoxins in Cereal and Oil Products in Yangtze Delta Region of China and Their Food Safety Risks. Food Control. 2014, 35, 117–122. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, R.; Qiu, F.; Kong, W.; Wei, J.; Yang, M.; Luo, Z.; Qin, J.; Ma, X. Co-occurrence of Aflatoxin B 1, B 2, G 1, G 2 and Ochrotoxin A in Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. Food Control. 2013, 32, 216–221. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheijooni‐Fumani, N.; Hassan, J.; Yousefi, S. R. Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Cereals by Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Extraction Coupled to High Performance Liquid Chromatography‐fluorescence Detection. J. Sep. Sci. 2011, 34, 1333–1337. DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luttfullah, G.; Hussain, A. Studies on Contamination Level of Ochratoxin A in Dried Fruits and Nuts. Act. Hortic. 2012, 963, 259–264.
   Google Scholar
• Gallo, A.; Masoero, F.; Bertuzzi, T.; Piva, G.; Pietri, A. Effect of the Inclusion of Adsorbents on Aflatoxin B1 Quantification in Animal Feedstuffs. Food Addit. Contam. 2010, 27, 54–63. DOI: 10.1080/02652030903207219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Set, E.; Erkmen, O. The Aflatoxin Contamination of Ground Red Pepper and Pistachio Nuts Sold in Turkey. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48, 2532–2537. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.06.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danezis, G.; Anagnostopoulos, C.; Liapis, K.; Koupparis, M. Multi-residue Analysis of Pesticides, Plant Hormones, Veterinary Drugs and Mycotoxins Using HILIC chromatography–MS/MS in Various Food Matrices. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2016, 942, 121–138. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartori, A. V.; de Mattos, J. S.; de Moraes, M. H. P.; da Nóbrega, A. W. Determination of Aflatoxins M1, M2, B1, B2, G1, and G2 and Ochratoxin A in UHT and Powdered Milk by Modified QuEChERS Method and Ultra-high-performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Anal. Method. 2015, 8, 2321–2330. DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0128-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanovic, S.; Spiric, D.; Petronijevic, R.; Trailovic, J. N.; Milicevic, D.; Nikolic, D.; Jankovic, S. Comparison of Two Analytical Methods (ELISA and LC-MS/MS) for Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Corn and Aflatoxin M1 in Milk. Proc. Food Sci. 2015, 5, 270–273. DOI: 10.1016/j.profoo.2015.09.077.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, N. J.; Bowers, E.; Hurburgh, C.; Wu, F. Potential Economic Losses to the US Corn Industry from Aflatoxin Contamination. Food Addit. Contam. A. 2016, 33, 540–550. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1138545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavšič-Vrtač, K.; Ojanperä, S.; Apajalahti, J.; Šrimpf, K.; Tavčar-Kalcher, G. Analytical Procedures for the Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Eggs of Laying Hens Using Immunoaffinity Columns and Liquid Chromatography with Post-column Derivatisation and Fluorescence Detection. Food Anal. Method. 2014, 7, 1917–1924. DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9836-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullum, C.; Tchounwou, P.; Ding, L.-S.; Liao, X.; Liu, Y.-M. Extraction of Aflatoxins from Liquid Foodstuff Samples with Polydopamine-coated Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for HPLC-MS/MS Analysis. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 4261–4267. DOI: 10.1021/jf501659m.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khayoon, W. S.; Saad, B.; Salleh, B.; Manaf, N. H. A.; Latiff, A. A. Micro-solid Phase Extraction with Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Aflatoxins in Coffee and Malt Beverage. Food Chem. 2014, 147, 287–294. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, D.; Cao, X.; Tao, Y.; Wu, Q.; Pan, Y.; Huang, L.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Peng, D.; Liu, Z. Development of A Sensitive and Robust Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry and A Pressurized Liquid Extraction for the Determination of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Animal Derived Foods. J. Chromatogr. A. 2012, 1253, 110–119. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, S.; Chen, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, F.; Jiang, R.; Ouyang, G. High Enrichment and Ultra-trace Analysis of Aflatoxins in Edible Oils by a Modified Hollow-fiber Liquid-phase Microextraction Technique. Chem. Commun. 2017, 53, 8988–8991. DOI: 10.1039/C7CC03261G.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eom, T.; Cho, H.-D.; Kim, J.; Park, M.; An, J.; Kim, M.; Kim, S.-H.; Han, S. B. Multiclass Mycotoxin Analysis in Edible Oils Using a Simple Solvent Extraction Method and Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Addit. Contam. A. 2017, 34, 2011–2022. DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1363416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, H.; Chen, X.; Shen, C.; Qu, B. Determination of 16 Mycotoxins in Vegetable Oils Using a QuEChERS Method Combined with High-performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Addit. Contam. A. 2017, 34, 255–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharmili, K.; Jinap, S.; Sukor, R. Development, Optimization and Validation of QuEChERS Based Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Determination of Multimycotoxin in Vegetable Oil. Food Control. 2016, 70, 152–160. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaclavik, L.; Zachariasova, M.; Hrbek, V.; Hajslova, J. Analysis of Multiple Mycotoxins in Cereals under Ambient Conditions Using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) Ionization Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Talanta. 2010, 82, 1950–1957. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.08.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, R.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, J.; Bai, B.; Wu, A.; Yan, L.; Song, S. A Simple Sample Pretreatment Method for Multi-mycotoxin Determination in Eggs by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A. 2015, 1417, 1–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yogendrarajah, P.; van Poucke, C.; De Meulenaer, B.; De Saeger, S. Development and Validation of a QuEChERS Based Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Multiple Mycotoxins in Spices. J. Chromatogr. A. 2013, 1297, 1–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Carrasco, Y.; Font, G.; Mañes, J.; Berrada, H. Determination of Mycotoxins in Bee Pollen by Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 1999–2005. DOI: 10.1021/jf400256f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabregat-Cabello, N.; Zomer, P.; Sancho, J.; Roig-Navarro, A.; Mol, H. Comparison of Approaches to Deal with Matrix Effects in LC-MS/MS Based Determinations of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed. World Mycotoxin J. 2016, 9, 149–161. DOI: 10.3920/WMJ2014.1872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltrán, E.; Ibáñez, M.; Portolés, T.; Ripollés, C.; Sancho, J. V.; Yusà, V.; Marín, S.; Hernández, F. Development of Sensitive and Rapid Analytical Methodology for Food Analysis of 18 Mycotoxins Included in a Total Diet Study. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2013, 783, 39–48. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahmanni, A.; Jinap, S.; Soleimany, F. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Mycotoxins. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. F. 2009, 8, 202–251. DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00079.x.
   Google Scholar
• Campone, L.; Piccinelli, A. L.; Celano, R.; Rastrelli, L. Application of Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction for the Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in Cereal Products. J. Chromatogr. A. 2011, 1218, 7648–7654. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrojo-Manzanares, N.; Huertas-Pérez, J. F.; Gámiz-Gracia, L.; García-Campaña, A. A New Approach in Sample Treatment Combined with UHPLC-MS/MS for the Determination of Multiclass Mycotoxins in Edible Nuts and Seeds. A Talanta. 2013, 115, 61–67. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EFSA. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a Request from the Commission Related to the Potential Increase of Consumer Health Risk by a Possible Increase of the Existing Maximum Levels for Aflatoxins in Almonds, Hazelnuts and Pistachios and Derived Products. Efsa J. 2007, 446, 1–127.
   Google Scholar
• Abdel-Azeem, S. M.; Diab, M. A.; El-Shahat, M. F. Ultra-high-pressure Liquid Chromaotography-solid-phase Clean-up for Determining Aflatoxins in Egyptian Food Commodities. J. Food Comp. Anal. 2015, 44, 18–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Q.; Jiang, L.; Zhang, H.; Wei, M.; Chu, C.; Yan, J. Modified Magnetic Nanoparticle-based Solid-phase Extraction for the Determination of Trace Amounts of Aflatoxins B1 and B2 in Chinese Patent Medicines: The Use of Fupuganmao Granules as a Case of Study. J. AOAC Int. 2019, 102, 761–766. DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.18-0311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira, V.; Fernandes, J.; Cunha, S. Mycotoxins in Cereals and Related Foodstuffs: A Review on Occurrence and Recent Methods of Analysis. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 2014, 36, 96–136. DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.01.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, C. M.; Trucksess, M. W. Determination of Aflatoxins in Botanical Roots by a Modification of AOAC Official Method SM 991.31: Single-laboratory Validation. J. AOAC Int. 2010, 93, 184–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores-Flores, M. E.; González-Peñas, E. An LC–MS/MS Method for Multi-mycotoxin Quantification in Cow Milk. Food Chem. 2017, 218, 378–385. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao, J.; Zheng, N.; Wen, F.; Guo, L.; Fu, C.; Ouyang, H.; Zhong, L.; Wang, J.; Lei, S. Multi-mycotoxins Analysis in Raw Milk by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Food Control. 2018, 84, 305–311. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.08.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, N. W.; Subrahmanyam, S.; Piletsky, S. A. Analytical Methods for Determination of Mycotoxins: A Review. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2009, 632, 168–180. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wacoo, A. P.; Wendiro, D.; Vuzi, P. C.; Hawumba, J. F. Methods for Detection of Aflatoxins in Agricultural Food Crops. J. Appl. Chem. 2014, 2014, ID706291. DOI: 10.1155/2014/706291.
   Google Scholar
• Reddy, K. R. N.; Raghavender, C. R.; Salleh, B.; Reddy, C. S.; Reddy, B. N. Potential of Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus Flavus Strains on Commercially Important Food Grains. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 2011, 46, 161–165. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02468.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reazai, M.; Sayadi, M.; Akbarpour, B.; Mohammadpourfard, I.; Behzadi, A.; Teimoory, H. Safety of Dried Fruits Marketed in Tehran as Assessed by Aflatoxins Contamination. Int. J. Food Nutr. Sa. 2014, 5, 24–30.
   Google Scholar
• Tosun, H.; Arslan, R. Determination of Aflatoxin B1 Levels in Organic Spices and Herbs. TheScientificWorldJo. 2013, 2013, ID874093. DOI: 10.1155/2013/874093.
   Google Scholar
• Hariprasad, P.; Vipin, A.; Karuna, S.; Raksha, R.; Venkateswaran, G. Natural Aflatoxin Uptake by Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinaurum L.) And Its Persistence in Jaggery. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. 2015, 22, 6246–6253. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3851-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ondieki, D.; Lutta, S.; Okoth, M.; Kering, P. Rapid Assessment of Aflatoxin Contamination of Groundnuts by Thin Layer Chromatography and Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay from Selected Divisions of Busia County in Kenya. Afr. J. Food Sci. Tech. 2014, 5, 12–20.
   Google Scholar
• Tang, Y.; Lai, W.; Zhang, J.; Tang, D. Competitive Photometric and Visual ELISA for Aflatoxin B1 Based on the Inhibition of the Oxidation of ABTS. Microchim. Acta. 2017, 184, 2387–2394. DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2268-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X.; Niessner, R.; Tang, D.; Knopp, D. Nanoparticle-based Immunosensors and Immunoassays for Aflatoxins. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2016, 912, 10–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal, S. Z.; Jinap, S.; Pirouz, A. A.; Ahmad Faizal, A. R. Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Dairy Products, Occurrence and Recent Challenges: A Review. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 2015, 46, 110–119. DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.08.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauhan, R.; Singh, J.; Sachdev, T.; Basu, T.; Malhotra, B. Recent Advances in Mycotoxins Detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2016, 81, 532–545. DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, L.; Ding, F.; Yin, W.; Ma, J.; Wang, B.; Nie, A.; Han, H. From Electrochemistry to Electroluminescence: Development and Application in a Ratiometric Aptasensor for Aflatoxin B1. Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 7578–7585. DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, M.; Wang, P.; Guo, Y.; Wang, L.; Luo, F.; Qiu, B.; Guo, L.; Su, X.; Lin, Z.; Chen, G. Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Food Samples Based on Target-responsive Aptamer-cross-linked Hydrogel Using a Handheld pH Meter as Readout. Talanta. 2018, 176, 34–39. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, M.-W.; Bai, X.-L.; Liu, Y.-M.; Yang, L.; Liao, X. Simultaneous Determination of Trace Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A by Aptamer-based Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis in Food Samples. J. Chromatogr. A. 2018, 1569, 222–228. DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramesh, J.; Sarathchandra, G.; Sureshkumar, V. Analysis of Feed Samples for Aflatoxin B1 Contamination by HPTLC-a Validated Method. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2013, 2, 373–377.
   Google Scholar
• Li, P.; Zhang, Z.; Hu, X.; Zhang, Q. Advanced Hyphenated Chromatographic‐mass Spectrometry in Mycotoxin Determination: Current Status and Prospects. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 2013, 32, 420–452. DOI: 10.1002/mas.21377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardiello, D.; Lo Magro, S.; Iammarino, M.; Palermo, C.; Muscarella, M.; Centonze, D. Recent Advances in the Post-column Derivatization for the Determination of Mycotoxins in Food Products and Feed Materials by Liquid Chromatography and Fluorescence Detection. Curr. Anal. Chem. 2014, 10, 355–365. DOI: 10.2174/1573411010999131219102253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asghar, M. A.; Zahir, E.; Rantilal, S.; Ahmed, A.; Iqbal, J. Aflatoxins in Composite Spices Collected from Local Markets of Karachi, Pakistan. Food Addit. Contam. B. 2016, 9, 113–119. DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1150356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elshafie, S. Z.; ElMubarak, A.; El-Nagerabi, S. A.; Elshafie, A. E. Aflatoxin B1 Contamination of Traditionally Processed Peanuts Butter for Human Consumption in Sudan. Mycopathologia. 2011, 171, 435–439. DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9378-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, B.; Han, Z.; Cai, Z.; Wu, Y.; Ren, Y. Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 in Peanuts and Their Derivative Products by Ultra-high-performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2010, 662, 62–68. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.01.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrido-Frenich, A.; Romero-González, R.; Aguilera-Luiz, M. M. Comprehensive Analysis of Toxics (Pesticides, Veterinary Drugs and Mycotoxins) in Food by UHPLC-MS. TrAC-Trend. Anal. Chem. 2014, 63, 158–169. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.06.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Luan, L.; Cai, Z.; Ren, Y.; Wu, Y. An Ultra-high-performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 in Traditional Chinese Medicines. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2010, 664, 165–171. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.02.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubert, J.; Fapohunda, S.; Soler, C.; Ezekiel, C.; Mañes, J.; Kayode, F. A Survey of Mycotoxins in Random Street-vended Snacks from Lagos, Nigeria, Using QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS. Food Control. 2013, 32, 673–677. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.01.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Domínguez, G.; Romero-González, R.; Garrido-Frenich, A. Multi-class Methodology to Determine Pesticides and Mycotoxins in Green Tea and Royal Jelly Supplements by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Orbitrap High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Food Chem. 2016, 197, 907–915. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, K.; Wong, J. W.; Krynitsky, A. J.; Trucksess, M. W. Determining Mycotoxins in Baby Foods and Animal Feeds Using Stable Isotope Dilution and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 8935–8943. DOI: 10.1021/jf503943r.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dirican, S. A Review of Effects of Aflatoxins in Aquaculture. Appl. Res. J. 2015, 1, 192–196.
   Google Scholar
• Shuaib, F. M.; Ehiri, J.; Abdullahi, A.; Williams, J. H.; Jolly, P. E. Reproductive Health Effects of Aflatoxins: A Review of the Literature. Reprod. Toxicol. 2010, 29, 262–270. DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.12.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernazza, F. Summary of the 2016 Data Collection on Contaminant Occurrence Data. Efsa J. 2017, 1217, 1–280.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA. Aflatoxins (Sum of B1, B2, G1, G2) in Cereals and Cereal-derived Food Products. Efsa J. 2013, 406, 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Schatzmayr, G.; Streit, E. Global Occurrence of Mycotoxins in the Food and Feed Chain: Facts and Figures. World Mycotoxin J. 2013, 6, 213–222. DOI: 10.3920/WMJ2013.1572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinotti, L.; Ottoboni, M.; Giromini, C.; Dell’Orto, V.; Cheli, F. Mycotoxin Contamination in the EU Feed Supply Chain: A Focus on Cereal Byproducts. Toxins. 2016, 2, 45. DOI: 10.3390/toxins8020045.
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, I.; Chin, L. J. A Comprehensive Survey on the Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Maize Dried Distillers’ Grain and Solubles Sourcer Worldwide. World Mycotoxin J. 2012, 5, 83–88. DOI: 10.3920/WMJ2011.1308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesci, A.; Passone, M. A.; Barra, P.; Girardi, N.; García, D.; Etcheverry, M. Prevention of Aflatoxin Contamination in Stored Grains Using Chemical Strategies. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2016, 11, 56–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2016.09.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, Y. I.; Zhou, T. Promising Detoxification Strategies to Mitigate Mycotoxins in Food and Feed. Toxins. 2018, 10, 116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, H.; Li, S.; Bai, Y.; Prates, L. L.; Lei, Y.; Yu, P. Mycotoxin Contamination of Food and Feed in China: Occurrence, Detection Techniques, Toxicological Effects and Advances in Mitigation Technologies. Food Control. 2018, 91, 202–215. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker‐Algeri, T. A.; Castagnaro, D.; Bortoli, K.; Souza, C.; Drunkler, D. A.; Badiale‐Furlong, E. Mycotoxins in Bovine Milk and Dairy Products: A Review. J. Food Sci. 2016, 81, R544–R552. DOI: 10.1111/jfds.2016.81.issue-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Didwania, N.; Joshi, M. Mycotoxins: A Critical Review on Occurrence and Significance. Int. J. Pharmac. Pharmaceut. Sci. 2013, 5, 1005–1010.
   Google Scholar
• Tozzi, B.; Liponi, G.; Meucci, V.; Casini, L.; Dall’Asta, C.; Intorre, L.; Gatta, D. Aflatoxins M1 and M2 in the Milk of Donkeys Fed with Naturally Contaminated Diet. Dairy Sci. Technol. 2016, 96, 513–523. DOI: 10.1007/s13594-016-0285-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miocinovic, J.; Keskic, T.; Miloradovic, Z.; Kos, A.; Tomasevic, I.; Pudja, P. The Aflatoxin M1 Crisis in the Serbian Dairy Sector: The Year After. Food Addit. Contam. B. 2016, 10, 1–4. DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1210243.
   Google Scholar
• Sahin, H. Z.; Celik, M.; Kotay, S.; Kabak, B. Aflatoxins in Dairy Cow Feed, Raw Milk and Milk Products from Turkey. Food Addit. Contam. B. 2016, 9, 152–158. DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1152599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed, S.; Munissi, J. J.; Nyandoro, S. S. Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk and Aflatoxin B1 in Feed from Household Cows in Singida, Tanzania. Food Addit. Contam. B. 2016, 9, 85–90. DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1137361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashemi, M. A Survey of Aflatoxin M1 in Cow Milk in Southern Iran. J. Food Drug Anal. 2016, 24, 888–893. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.05.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villers, P. Aflatoxins and Safe Storage. Front. Microbiol. 2014, 5, ID158. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordin, K.; Sawada, M. M.; da Costa Rodrigues, C. E.; da Fonseca, C. R.; Oliveira, C. A. F. Incidence of Aflatoxins in Oil Seeds and Possible Transfer to Oil: A Review. Food Eng. Rev. 2014, 6, 20–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amirkhizi, B.; Arefhosseini, S. R.; Ansarin, M.; Nemati, M. Aflatoxin B1 in Eggs and Chicken Livers by Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and HPLC. Food Addit. Contam. B. 2015, 8, 245–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, Q.; Lin, H.; Guan, B. Aflatoxins in Seafood: A Potential Threat to Food Safety. Food Sci. 2013, 34, 324–328.
   Google Scholar