A Comprehensive and Critical Review on Ethnopharmacological Importance of Desert Truffles: Terfezia claveryi, Terfezia boudieri, and Tirmania nivea

References

• Bokhary, H. A.; Parvez, S. Chemical Composition of Desert Truffles Terfezia claveryi. J. Food Compos. Anal. 1993, 6, 285–293. DOI: 10.1006/jfca.1993.1031.
   Google Scholar
• Murcia, M. A.; Mart´ınez-tom´e, M.; Vera, A.; Morte, A.; Gutierrez, A.; Honrubia, M.; Jiménez, A. M. Effect of Industrial Processing on Desert Truffles Terfezia claveryi Chatin and Picoa juniperi Vittadini): Proximate Composition and Fatty Acids. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2003, 83, 534–541. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.1397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalac, P.;. Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of European Species of Wild Growing Mushrooms: A Review. Food Chem. 2009, 113, 9–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandeel, Q. A.; Al-Laith, A. A. A. Ethnomycological Aspects of the Desert Truffle among Native Bahraini and non-Bahraini Peoples of the Kingdom of Bahrain. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 110, 118–129. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morte, A.; Honrubia, M.; Gutierrez, C. Biotechnology and Cultivation of Desert Truffles; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Morte, A.; Zamora, M.; Gutierrez, A.; Honrubia, M. Desert Truffle Cultivation in Semiarid Mediterranean Areas; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, I. R.; Brown, G. T.; Zambonelli, A. Taming the Truffle. Portland; Timber Press: Oregon, USA, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Cullere, L.; Ferreira, V.; Chevret, B.; Venturini, M. E.; Sanchez-Gimeno, A. C.; Blanco, D. Characterisation of Aroma Active Compounds in Black Truffles (Tuber melanosporum) and Summer Truffles (Tuber aestivum) by Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry. Food Chem. 2009, 122, 300–306. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussan, G.; Al-Ruqaie, I. M. Occurrence in Chemical Composition, and Nutritional Value of Truffles: Overview. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 1999, 2(2), 510–514. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.1999.510.514.
   Google Scholar
• Fratianni, F.; Di Luccia, A.; Coppola, R.; Nazzaro, F. Mutagenic and Antimutagenic Properties of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from Fresh and Irradiated Tuber aestivum Black Truffle: A Preliminary Study. Food Chem. 2007, 102, 471–474. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.04.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murcia, M. A.; Martinez-Tome, M.; Jimenez, A. M.; Vera, A. M.; Honrubia, M.; Parras, P. et al. Antioxidant Activity of Edible Fungi (Truffles and Mushrooms): Losses during Industrial Processing. J. Food Prot. 2002, 65, 1614–1622. DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-65.10.1614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janakat, S.; Nassar, M. Hepatoprotective Activity of Desert Truffle (Terfezia claveryi) in Comparison with the Effect of Nigella sativa in the Rat. Pakistan J. Nutr. 2010, 9, 52–56.
   Google Scholar
• Donnell, K. O.; Cigelnik, E.; Weber, N. S.; Trappe, J. M. Phylogenetic Relationships among Ascomycetons Truffles and the True and False Morels Inferred from 18S and 28S Ribosomal DNA Sequence Analysis. Mycologia. 1997, 89, 48–65. DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1997.12026754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagan-Zur, V.; Roth-Bejerano, N. (2008) Desert Truffles.
   Google Scholar
• Moubasher, A. H.;. Soil Fungi in Qatar and Other Arab Countries; University of Qatar Press: Doha, Qatar, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Laith, A.;. Antioxidant Components and Antioxidant/antiradical Activities of Desert Truffle (Tirmania nivea) from Various Middle Eastern Origins. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2010, 23, 15–22. vol., no. 1, pp. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2009.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Sheik, A. M.; Trappe, J. M. Desert Truffles: The Genus Tirmania. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 1983, 81, 83–90. DOI: 10.1016/S0007-1536(83)80207-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, S.; Marcone, M. F. The Biochemistry and Biological Properties of the World’s Most Expensive Underground Edible Mushroom: Truffles. Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 2567–2581. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltarelli, R.; Ceccaroli, C.; Barbieri, P.; Stocchi, E.; Stocchi, V. Effect of Storage on Biochemical and Microbiological Parameters of Edible Truffle Species. Food Chem. 2008, 109, 8–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawaya, W. N.; Al-Shalhat, A.; Al-Sogair, A.; Mohammad, M. Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Truffles of Saudi Arabia. J. Food Sci. 1985, 50, 450–453. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb13425.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, R.;. Mushrooms and Truffles; Leonard Hill Ltd: Aberdeen, London, 1961.
   Google Scholar
• Dabbour, I. R.; Takruri, H. R. Protein Digestibility Using Corrected Amino Acid Score Method (PDCAAS) of Four Types of Mushrooms Grown in Jordan. Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 2002, 57, 13–24. DOI: 10.1023/A:1013110707567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzotti, V.; Iorzzi, M. Chemical Constituents of Tubers. The Case of Tuber borchii Vitt. Flavour Fragr. J. 2000, 46, 37–43.
   Google Scholar
• Hamza, A.; Zouari, N.; Zouari, S.; Jdir, H.; Zaidi, S.; Gtari, M.; Neffati, M. Nutraceutical Potential, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Terfezia boudieri Chatin, a Wild Edible Desert Truffle from Tunisia Arid Zone. Arab. J. Chem. 2016, 9, 383–389. DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.06.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogan, H.; Aydin, S. Determination of Antimicrobial Effect, Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Contents of Desert Truffle in Turkey. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2013, 10, 52–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omew, E. A.; Smith, D. L.; Wood, K. V.; El-Menshawi, B. S. The Volatiles of Desert Truffle: Tirmania nivea. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 1994, 45, 247–249. DOI: 10.1007/BF01094093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, D. R.; Beevor, P. S.; Cork, A.; Nesbitt, B. F.; Vale, G. A. 1-Octen-3-ol. A Potent Olfactory Stimulant and Attractant for Tsetse Isolated from Cattle Odours. Int. J. TropInsect. Sci. 1984, 5, 335–339.
   Google Scholar
• Gonda, I.; Bar, E.; Portnoy, V.; Lev, S.; Burger, J.; Schaffer, A. A.; Tadmor, Y.; Gepstein, S.; Giovannoni, J. J.; Katzir, N.; et al. Branched-Chain and Aromatic Amino Acid Catabolism into Aroma Volatiles in Cucumis melo L. Fruit. J. Exp. Bot. 2010, 61, 1111–1123. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab, W.; Davidovich-Rikanati, R.; Lewinsohn, E. Biosynthesis of Plant Derived Flavor Compounds. Plant J. 2008, 54, 712–732. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03446.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamle, M.; Bar, E.; Lewinsohn, D.; Shavit, E.; Roth-Bejerano, N.; Kagan-Zur, V.; Barak, Z.; Guy, O.; Zaady, E.; Lewinsohn, E.; et al. Characterization of Morphology, Volatile Profiles, and Molecular Markers in Edible Desert Truffles from the Negev Desert. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2017, 65, 2977–2983. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kıvrak, I. Analytical Methods Applied to Assess Chemical Composition, Nutritional Value and in Vitro Bioactivities of Terfezia olbiensis and Terfezia claveryi from Turkey. Food Anal. Methods. 2014, 1, 15.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. F.; Jiang, W. W.; Zhang, S. Q.; Kan, J. Q.; Liang, Y. Antioxidant Activity and Characterization of One New Polysaccharide Obtained from Perigord Truffle (Tuber huidongense). Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2016, 2016, 1–7. DOI: 10.1155/2016/3537193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Enshasy, H.; Elsayed, E. A.; Aziz, R.; Wadaan, M. A. Mushrooms and Truffles: Historical Biofactories for Complementary Medicine in Africa and in the Middle East. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2013, 2013, 620451. DOI: 10.1155/2013/620451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sies, H.; Stahl, W. Vitamins E and C, Beta-carotene, and Other Carotenoids as Antioxidants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 62, 1315S–1321S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsimogiannis, O.; Oreopolou, V. Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Activity of 5,7,3′,4′-Hydroxy-Substituted Flavonoids. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2004, 5, 523–528. DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2004.05.006.
   Google Scholar
• Khlebnikova, A. I.; Schepetkin, I. A.; Domina, N. G.; Liliya, N.; Kirpotina, N.; Quinn, M. T. Improved Quantitative Structure-activity Relationship Models to Predict Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids in Chemical, Enzymatic, and Cellular Systems. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2007, 15, 1749–1770. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.11.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Acker, S. A. B. E.; Tromp, M. N. J. L.; Haenen, G. R. M. M.; Van Der Vijgh, W. J. F.; Bast, A. Flavonoids as Scavengers of Nitric Oxide Radical. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1995, 214, 755–759. DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.2350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klotz L-O, S. H.; Sies, H. Defenses against Peroxynitrite: Selenocompounds and Flavonoids. Toxicol. Lett. 2003, 140-141, 125–132. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00511-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemila, H.; Louhiala, P. Vitamin C for Preventing and Treating Pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2013, 8, 45–47.
   Google Scholar
• Majhenic, L.; Skerget, M.; Knez, Z. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Guarana Seed Extracts. Food Chem. 2007, 104, 1258–1268. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, Y. C.; Chang, C. T.; Chao, W. W.; Lin, C. F.; Chou, S. T. Antioxidative Activity and Safety of the 50 Ethanolic Extract from Red Bean Fermented by Bacillus subtilis IMR-NK1. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 2454–2458. DOI: 10.1021/jf011369q.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen, C. E.; Yen, C. H.; Huang, M. C.; Cheng, C. H.; Huang, Y. C. Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of Vegetarian and Omnivorous Preschool Children and Their Parents in Taiwan. Nutr. Res. 2008, 28, 430–436. DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.03.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahiba, B.; Wafaà, T.; Asmaà, K.; Bouziane, A.; Mohammed, B. Nutritional and Antioxidant Profile of Red Truffles (Terfezia claveryi) and White Truffle (Tirmania nivea) from Southwestern of Algeria. Der Pharmacia Lettre. 2016, 8, 134–141.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, F. B.;. Dietary Pattern Analysis: A New Direction in Nutritional Epidemiology. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2002, 13, 3–9. DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200202000-00002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo, K.; Kurihara, M.; Fukuhara, K.; Tanaka, T.; Suzuki, T.; Miyata, N.; Toyoda, M. Conversion of Procyanidin B-type (Catechin Dimer) to A-type: Evidence for Abstraction of C-2 Hydrogen in Catechin during Radical Oxidation. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 485–488. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(99)02097-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kampa, M.; Alexaki, V. I.; Notas, G.; Nifli, A. P.; Nistikaki, A.; Hatzoglou, A.; Bakogeorgou, E.; Kouimtzoglou, E.; Blekas, G.; Boskou, D.; et al. Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Selective Phenolic Acids on T47D Human Breast Cancer Cells: Potential Mechanisms of Action. Breast Cancer Res. 2004, 6, 63–74. DOI: 10.1186/bcr752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akyuz, M.;. Nutritive Value, Flavonoid Content and Radical Scavenging Activity of the Truffle (Terfezia boudieri Chatin). J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2013. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-95162013005000013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen, G. C.; Duh, P. D.; Tsai, H. L. Antioxidant and Pro-oxidant Properties of Ascorbic Acid and Gallic Acid. Food Chem. 2002, 79, 307–313. DOI: 10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00145-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locatelli, C.; Filippin-Monteiro, F. B.; Centa, A.; Creczinsky-Pasa, T. B. Antioxidant, Antitumoral and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Gallic Acid”, Handbook on Gallic Acid: Natural Occurrences, Antioxidant Properties and Health Implications; New York: Nova Publishers; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Rocha, L.; Melo, A.; Paula, S.; Nobre, S.; Abreu, I. Gallic Acid as the Major Antioxidant in Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.). Fruit Peel. Rev. Bras. Plantas. Med. 2015, 17, 592–598. DOI: 10.1590/1983-084X/14_062.
   Google Scholar
• Cikman, O.; Soylemez, O.; Ozkan, O. F.; Kiraz, H. A.; Sayar, I.; Ademoglu, S.; Taysi, S.; Karaayvaz, M. Antioxidant Activity of Syringic Acid Prevents Oxidative Stress in L-Arginine-Induced Acute Pancreatitis: An Experimental Study on Rats. Int. Surg. 2015, 100, 891–896. DOI: 10.9738/INTSURG-D-14-00170.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhoosh, R.; Johnny, S.; Asnaashari, M.; Molaahmadibahraseman, N.; Sharif, A. Structure-antioxidant Activity Relationships of o-Hydroxyl, o-Methoxy, and Alkyl Ester Derivatives of p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid. Food Chem. 2016, 194, 128–134. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abourashed, E. A.; Fu, H. W. ‘Hydroxybenzoic Acids are Significant Contributors to the Antioxidant Effect of Borututu Bark, Cochlospermum angolensis Welw. Ex Oliv. Antioxidants. 2017, 6, 9. DOI: 10.3390/antiox6010009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevindik, M.; Pehlivan, M.; Dogan, M.; Selamoglu, Z. Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Potential of Terfezia boudieri. GU. J. Sci. 2018, 31, 707–711.
   Google Scholar
• Buharalioglu, C. K.; Song, C. Y.; Yaghini, F. A.; Ghafoor, H. U.; Motiwala, M.; Adris, T.; Malik, K. U.; Malik, K. U. Angiotensin IIinduced Process of Angiogenesis Is Mediated by Spleen Tyrosine Kinase via VEGF Receptor-1 Phosphorylation. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 2011, 301, 1043–1055. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01018.2010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahham, S. S.; Al-Rawia, S. S.; Ibrahim, A. H.; Majid, A. S. A.; Abdul Majid, A. M. S. Antioxidant, Anticancer, Apoptosis Properties and Chemical Composition of Black Truffle Terfezia claveryi. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2018, 25, 1524–1534. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.01.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldebasi, Y. H.; Aly, S. M.; Qureshi, M. A.; Khadri, H. Novel Antibacterial Activity of Terfezia claveryi Aqueous Extract against Clinical Isolates of Corneal Ulcer. African Journal of Biotechnology 12, 6340–6346. .
   Google Scholar
• Moellering, J. R. R. C.;. Why Has Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Become Such a Successful Pathogen in Adults? Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract. 2010, 18, 286–291. DOI: 10.1097/IPC.0b013e3181efebca.
   Google Scholar
• Malik, H. M.; Gull, M.; Omar, U.; Kumosani, T. A.; Al-Hejin, A. M.; Marzouki, H. Z.; Lyer, A. P. Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Desert Truffles (Terfezia spp) Extracts against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). J. Experi. Biol. Agric. Sci. 2018, 6, 652–660.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, M. J.; Mabey, D. C. The Global Burden of Trachoma: A Review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2009, 3, 1371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhussaini, M. S.; Saadabi, A. M.; Hashim, K.; Al-Ghanayem, A. A. Efficacy of the Desert Truffle Terfezia claveryi to Cure Trachoma Disease with Special Emphasis on Its Antibacterial Bioactivity. Trends Med. Res. 2016, 11, 28–34. DOI: 10.3923/tmr.2016.28.34.
   Google Scholar
• Baltch, A. L.; Smith, R. P. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections and Treatment: Marcel Dekker; New York, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Phansri, K.; Sarnthima, R.; Thammasirirak, S.; Boonchalee, P.; Khammuang, S. Antibacterial Activity of Bauhinia acuminata L. Seed Protein Extract with Low Hemolytic Activity against Human Erythrocytes. Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2011, 38, 242–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suntres, Z. E.; Omri, A.; Shek, P. N. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced Lung Injury: Role of Oxidative Stress. Microb. Pathog. 2002, 32, 27–34. DOI: 10.1006/mpat.2001.0475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazlett, L. D.;. Corneal Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2004, 23, 30. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2003.10.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feghali, C. A.; Wright, T. M. Cytokines in Acute and Chronic Inflammation. Front. Biosci. 1997, 2, 12–26. DOI: 10.2741/A171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng, K. C.; Cahill, D. S.; Kasai, H.; Nishimura, S.; Loeb, L. A. 8-Hydroxyguanine, an Abundant Form of Oxidative DNA Damage, Causes G-T and A-C Substitutions. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267, 166–172. DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)48474-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saddiq, A. A.; Yousef, J. M.; Mohamed, A. M. The Potential Antibacterial Role of Terfezia claveryi Extract against Immune-Inflammatory Disorder and Oxidative Damage Induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Rat Corneas. Rom. Biotechnol. Lett. 2016, 21, 11781.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogan, H. H.; Duman, R.; Ozkalp, R.; Aydin, S. Antimicrobial Activities of Some Mushrooms in Turkey. Pharm. Biol. 2013, 51, 707–711. DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.764327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attia, W. Y.; El-Naggar, R. E.; Bawadekji, A.; Al Ali, M. Evaluation of Some in Vitro Anti-carcinogenic Activities of Polysaccharides Extracted from Ascomata of the Desert Truffle Terfezia claveryi Chatin. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci. 2018, 8, 152–159.
   Google Scholar
• Khadri, H.; Aldebasi, Y. H.; Riazunnisa, K. Truffle Mediated (Terfezia claveryi) Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Potential Cytotoxicity in Human Breast Cancer Cells (MCF-7). Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2017, 16, 1278–1284.
   Google Scholar
• Mekawey, A. A. I. Terfezia boudieri as Sources of Antitumor and Antiviral Agent. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2015, 4, 294–315.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, L. C.; Pinilla, L.; Tena-Sempere, M.; Bellido, C.; Aguilar, E. Effect of Systemic Blockade of Nitric Oxide Synthases on Pulsatile LH, Prolactin, and GH Secretion in Adult Male Rats. Horm. Res. 2001, 55, 229–235. DOI: 10.1159/000050001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies, M. G.; Fulton, G.; Hagen, P. O. Clinical Biology of Nitric Oxide. Br. J. Surg. 1995, 82, 1598–1610. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800821206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khojasteh, S. M. B.; Amiri, L.; Sheikhzadeh, F. Effect of the Alcoholic Extract of Terfezia boudieri on Reproductive Hormones in Male Rats. IJPBS. 2013, 3, 517–522.
   Google Scholar
• Zabihi, E.; Motavalli Bashi, S. E.; Pourmohammad, P.; Abedi, A. The Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Terfezia boudieri on Sperm Parameters and Testosterone Levels in Rats. J. Ardabil. Univ. Med. Sci. 2017, 17, 211–220.
   Google Scholar
• AL-Damegh, M. A.;. Tirmania (Zubaidi) and Terfezia (Khallasi) Fungi Preparation Method Modulates Body and Testicular Weights and Blood and Testicular Testosterone Concentration in Albino Rats. J. Am. Sci. 2014, 10, 6.
   Google Scholar
• AlAhmed, A.; Khalil, H. E. Antidiabetic‎ Activity of Terfezia claveryi; an In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Biomed. Pharmacol. J. 2019, 12, 603–608.
   Google Scholar
• Shakshak, K. A.; Afan, A. M.; Auzi, A. A.; Hamrouni, A. M. The Hypoglycemic Effect of Libyan Truffle “Terfezia boudieri” in Experimentally Induced Diabetic Rats. Tripolitana Med. J. 2014, 3, 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Nouiri, E.; Ben Ali, R.; Ghali, R.; Araoud, M.; Véronique El May, M.; Hedhili, A. Protective and Curative Effects of Aqueous Extract of Terfezia boudieri (Edible Desert Truffle Specie) against Paracetamol Acute Toxicity in the Rat. Nutr. Cancer. 2020, 19, 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th, Horwitz, W., Eds. Maryland: AOAC international.
   Google Scholar