61
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Protein inhibitors of hydrolases in plant foodstuffs

&
Pages 151-211 | Published online: 03 Nov 2009

References

  • Richardson , M. 1977 . The proteinase inhibitors of plants and micro‐organisms . Phytochemistry , 16 : 159 – 169 .
  • Salunkhe , D. K. and Wu , M. T. 1977 . Toxicants in plants and plant products . CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 9 : 265 – 324 .
  • Liener , I. E. 1979 . Significance for humans of biologically active factors in soybeans and other food legumes . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 56 : 121 – 129 .
  • Laskowski , M. Jr and Kato , I. 1980 . Protein inhibitors of proteinases . Annu. Rev. Biochem. , 49 : 593 – 626 .
  • Liener , I. E. and Kakade , M. L. 1980 . Protease inhibitors . : 7 – 71 . In Ref. 12
  • Whitaker , J. R. 1981 . “ Naturally occurring peptide and protein inhibitors of enzymes ” . In “Impact Toxicol. Food Process., [Symp] 1980 , Edited by: Ayres , J. C. and Kirschman , J. C. 57 – 104 . Westport, CN : Avi .
  • Warchalewski , J. R. 1983 . Present‐day studies on cereals protein nature alpha‐amylase inhibitors . Nahrung , 27 : 103 – 117 .
  • Gallaher , D. and Schneeman , B. O. 1984 . Nutritional and metabolic response to plant inhibitors of digestive enzymes . Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. , 177 : 299 – 320 .
  • Mossor , G. , Skupin , J. and Romanowska , B. 1984 . Plant inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes . Nahrung , 28 : 93 – 112 .
  • Sathe , S. K. and Salunkhe , D. K. 1984 . Technology of removal of unwanted components of dry beans . CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , 21 : 263 – 287 .
  • Weder , J. K. P. 1986 . Inhibition of human proteinases by grain legumes . : 239 – 279 . In Ref. 13
  • Liener , I. E. , ed. 1980 . “Toxic Constituents of Plant Foodstuffs” , 2nd ed. , New York : Academic Press .
  • Friedman , M. , ed. 1986 . “Nutritional and Toxicological Significance of Enzyme Inhibitors in Foods” , Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 199 New York : Plenum Press .
  • Laskowski , M. 1955 . Naturally occurring trypsin inhibitors . Methods Enzymol. , 2 : 36 – 54 .
  • Jirgensons , B. , Ikenaka , T. and Gorguraki , V. 1960 . A study of trypsin inhibitors . Makromol. Chem. , 39 : 149 – 165 .
  • Jones , G. , Moore , S. and Stein , W. H. 1963 . Properties of chromatographically purified trypsin inhibitors from lima beans . Biochemistry , 2 : 66 – 71 .
  • Pusztai , A. 1966 . The isolation of two proteins, glycoprotein I and a trypsin inhibitor, from the seeds of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) . Biochem. J. , 101 : 379 – 384 .
  • Mansfeld , V. , Rybák , M. , Horáková , Z. and Hladovec , J. 1960 . Die antitryptische, anti‐fibrinolytische und antiphlogistische Aktivitaet natuerlicher Proteasen‐Inhibitoren . Hoppe Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. , 318 : 6 – 11 .
  • Ryan , C. A. and Balls , A. K. 1962 . An inhibitor of chymotrypsin from Solarium tuberosum and its behavior toward trypsin . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 48 : 1839 – 1844 .
  • Ryan , C. A. 1966 . Chymotrypsin inhibitor I from potatoes: reactivity with mammalian, plant, bacterial, and fungal proteinases . Biochemistry , 5 : 1592 – 1596 .
  • Balls , A. K. and Ryan , C. A. 1963 . Concerning a crystalline chymotryptic inhibitor from potatoes, and its binding capacity for the enzyme . J. Biol. Chem. , 238 : 2976 – 2982 .
  • Sugiura , M. , Ogiso , T. , Takeuti , K. , Tamura , S. and Ito , A. 1973 . Studies on trypsin inhibitors in sweet potato I. Purification and some properties . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 328 : 407 – 417 .
  • Iwasaki , T. , Kiyohara , T. and Yoshikawa , M. 1971 . Purification and partial characterization of two different types of proteinase inhibitors (inhibitors II‐a and II‐b) from potatoes . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 70 : 817 – 826 .
  • Sakato , K. , Tanaka , H. and Misawa , M. 1975 . Broad‐specificity proteinase inhibitors in Scopolia japonica (Solanaceae) cultured cells . Eur. J. Biochem. , 55 : 211 – 219 .
  • Ryan , C. A. , Hass , G. M. and Kuhn , R. W. 1974 . Purification and properties of a carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes . J. Biol. Chem. , 249 : 5495 – 5499 .
  • Yoshida , C. and Yoshikawa , M. 1975 . Purification and characterization of proteinase inhibitors from adzuki beans (Phaseolus angularis) . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 78 : 935 – 945 .
  • Melville , J. C. and Ryan , C. A. 1972 . Chymotrypsin inhibitor I from potatoes . J. Biol. Chem. , 247 : 3445 – 3453 .
  • Kanamori , M. , Ibuki , F. , Tashiro , M. , Yamada , M. and Miyoshi , M. 1976 . Purification and partial characterization of a protein proteinase inhibitor isolated from eggplant exocarp . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 439 : 398 – 405 .
  • Weder , J. and Belitz , H‐D. 1969 . Trypsin‐ und Chymotrypsin‐Inhibitoren in Lebensmitteln . Dtsch. Lebensm. Rundsch. , 65 : 78 – 83 .
  • Weder , J. and Hory , H‐D. 1972 . Trypsin‐ und Chymotrypsin‐Inhibitoren in Leguminosen. I. Nachweis und Isolierung verschiedener Inhibitoren von Pisum sativum . Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. , 5 : 54 – 63 .
  • Belew , M. , Porath , J. and Sundberg , L. 1975 . The trypsin and chymotryptin inhibitors in chick peas (Cicer arietinum L) . Eur. J. Biochem. , 60 : 247 – 258 .
  • Pusztai , A. 1972 . Metabolism of trypsin‐inhibitory proteins in the germinating seeds of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) . Planta , 107 : 121 – 129 .
  • Royer , A. , Miège , M. N. , Grange , A. , Miège , J. and Mascherpa , J. M. 1974 . Inhibiteurs anti‐trypsine et activités protéolytiques des albumines de graine de Vigna unguiculata . Planta , 119 : 1 – 16 .
  • Mosolov , V. V. and Fedurkina , N. V. 1974 . Isolation of trypsin inhibitor from beans by means of specific binding on trypsin‐agarose . Biokhimiya (Moscow) , 39 : 624 – 629 .
  • Turková , J. , Hubálková , O. , Kriváková , M. and Čoupek , J. 1973 . Affinity chromatography on hydroxyalkyl methacrylate gels. I. Preparation of immobilized chymotrypsin and its use in the isolation of proteolytic inhibitors . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 322 : 1 – 9 .
  • Rouleau , M. and Lamy , F. 1975 . Purification and characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from Solarium tuberosum . Can. J. Biochem. , 53 : 958 – 974 .
  • Menegatti , E. , Palmieri , S. , Walde , P. and Luisi , P. L. 1985 . Isolation and characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from white mustard (Sinapis alba L) . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 33 : 784 – 789 .
  • Koeppe , S. J. , Rupnow , J. H. , Walker , C. E. and Davis , A. 1985 . Isolation and heat stability of trypsin inhibitors in amaranth (Amranthus hypochondriacus) . J. Food Sci. , 50 : 1519 – 1521 .
  • Hochstrasser , K. and Werle , E. 1969 . Ueber pflanzliche Proteaseinhibitoren, III. Reindarstellung der Trypsininhibitoren aus Keimen von Weizen‐ und Roggensamen, Lokalisierung der aktiven Zentren . Hoppe‐Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. , 350 : 249 – 254 .
  • Iwasaki , T. , Kiyohara , T. and Yoshikawa , M. 1974 . Preparation of an active fragment of potato proteinase inhibitor IIa and its properties . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 75 : 843 – 851 .
  • Feinstein , G. and Feeney , R. E. 1966 . Interaction of inactive derivatives of chymotrypsin and trypsin with protein inhibitors . J. Biol. Chem. , 241 : 5183 – 5189 .
  • Ako , H. , Ryan , C. A. and Foster , R. J. 1972 . The purification by affinity chromatography of a proteinase inhibitor binding species of anhydro‐chymotrypsin . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 46 : 1639 – 1645 .
  • Ako , H. , Foster , R. J. and Ryan , C. A. 1972 . The preparation of anhydro‐trypsin and its reactivity with naturally occurring proteinase inhibitors . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 47 : 1402 – 1407 .
  • Kaiser , K‐P. and Belitz , H‐D. 1971 . Proteinaseninhibitoren IV. Vorkommen und Isolierung von Trypsin‐ und Chymotrypsininhibitoren in Kartoffeln . Chem. Mikrobiol. Technol. Lebensm. , 1 : 1 – 7 .
  • Ortanderl , H. H. and Belitz , H‐D. 1971 . Proteinasen‐Inhibitoren in Lebensmitteln II. Elektrophoretische Untersuchung der Proteine verschiedener Erbsen und Bohnen . Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. , 4 : 85 – 88 .
  • Kaiser , K‐P. , Bruhn , L. C. and Belitz , H‐D. 1974 . Protease inhibitors in potatoes. Protein‐, trypsin‐ and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamidegel. A rapid method for identification of potato varieties . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 154 : 339 – 347 .
  • Weder , J. K. P. and Murray , D. R. 1981 . Distribution of proteinase inhibitors in seeds of Australian acacias . Z. Pflanzenphysiol. , 103 : 317 – 322 .
  • Satoh , S. , Satoh , E. , Watanabe , T. and Fujii , T. 1985 . Isolation and characterization of a protease inhibitor from spinach leaves . Phytochemistry , 24 : 419 – 423 .
  • Norioka , N. , Hara , S. , Ikenaka , T. and Abe , J. 1988 . Distribution of the Kunitz and the Bowman‐Birk family proteinase inhibitors in leguminous seeds . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 52 : 1245 – 1252 .
  • Odani , S. and Ikenaka , T. 1978 . Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors. XII. Linear sequences of two soybean double‐headed trypsin inhibitors, D‐II and E‐I . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 83 : 737 – 745 .
  • Odani , S. , Koide , T. and Ono , T. 1986 . Wheat germ trypsin inhibitors. Isolation and structural characterization of single‐headed and double‐headed inhibitors of the Bowman‐Birk type . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 100 : 975 – 983 .
  • Tashiro , M. , Hashino , K. , Shiozaki , M. , Ibuki , F. and Maki , Z. 1987 . The complete amino acid sequence of rice bran trypsin inhibitor . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 102 : 297 – 306 .
  • Morhy , L. and Ventura , M. M. 1987 . The complete amino acid sequence of the Vigna unguiculata (L)Walp. seed trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor . An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. , 59 : 71 – 81 .
  • Richardson , M. 1974 . Chymotryptic inhibitor I from potatoes. The amino acid sequence of subunit A . Biochem. J. , 137 : 101 – 112 .
  • Richardson , M. and Cossins , L. 1974 . Chymotryptic inhibitor I from potatoes: the amino acid sequences of subunits B, C and D . FEBS Lett. , 45 : 11 – 13 .
  • Richardson , M. and Cossins , L. 1975 . Corrigendum . FEBS Lett. , 52 : 161
  • Anonymous . 1984 . IUPAC‐IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN), nomenclature and symbolism for amino acids and peptides, recommendations 1983 . Eur. J. Biochem. , 138 : 9 – 37 .
  • Koide , T. and Ikenaka , T. 1973 . Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors. 3. Amino‐acid sequence of the carboxyl‐terminal region and the complete amino‐acid sequence of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) . Eur. J. Biochem. , 32 : 417 – 431 .
  • Odani , S. and Ikenaka , T. 1972 . Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors. IV. Complete amino acid sequence and the anti‐proteinase sites of Bowman‐Birk soybean proteinase inhibitor . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 71 : 839 – 848 .
  • Odani , S. and Ikenaka , T. 1973 . Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors. VIII. Disulfide bridges in soybean Bowman‐Birk proteinase inhibitors . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 74 : 697 – 715 .
  • Odani , S. and Ikenaka , T. 1977 . Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors. XI. Complete amino acid sequence of a soybean trypsin‐chymotrypsin‐elastase inhibitor, C‐II . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 82 : 1523 – 1531 .
  • Madden , M. A. , Tan‐Wilson , A. L. and Wilson , K. A. 1985 . Proteolysis of soybean Bowman‐Birk trypsin inhibitor during germination . Phytochemistry , 24 : 2811 – 2815 .
  • Stevens , F. C. , Wuerz , S. and Krahn , J. 1974 . Structure‐function relationships in lima bean protease inhibitor . : 344 – 354 . In Ref. 63
  • Fritz , H. , Tschesche , H. , Greene , L. J. and Truscheit , E. , eds. . “Proteinase Inhibitors. Proc. 2nd Int. Res. Conf” . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
  • Wilson , K. A. and Laskowski , M. Sr. 1975 . The partial amino acid sequence of trypsin inhibitor II from garden bean, Phaseolus vulgaris with location of the trypsin and elastasereactive sites . J. Biol. Chem. , 250 : 4261 – 4267 .
  • Ishikawa , C. , Nakamura , S. , Watanabe , K. and Takahashi , K. 1979 . The amino acid sequence of adzuki bean proteinase inhibitor I . FEBS Lett. , 99 : 97 – 100 .
  • Ishikawa , C. , Watanabe , K. , Sakata , N. , Nakagaki , C. , Nakamura , S. and Takahashi , K. 1985 . Azuki bean (Vigna angularis) protease inhibitors: isolation and amino acid sequences . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 97 : 55 – 70 .
  • Yoshikawa , M. , Kiyohara , T. , Iwasaki , T. , Ishii , Y. and Kimura , N. 1979 . Amino acid sequences of proteinase inhibitors II and II’ from adzuki beans . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 43 : 787 – 796 .
  • Kiyohara , T. , Yokota , K. , Maskai , Y. , Matsui , O. , Iwasaki , T. and Yoshikawa , M. 1981 . The amino acid sequences of proteinase inhibitors I‐A and I‐A’ from adzuki beans . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 90 : 721 – 728 .
  • Joubert , F. J. , Kruger , H. , Townshend , G. S. and Botes , D. P. 1979 . Purification, some properties and the complete primary structures of two protease inhibitors (DE‐3 and DE‐4) from Macrotyloma axillare seed . Eur. J. Biochem. , 97 : 85 – 91 .
  • Zhang , Y. , Luo , S. , Tan , F. , Qi , Z. , Xu , L. and Zhang , A. 1982 . Complete amino acid sequence of mung bean trypsin inhibitor . Sci. Sin., Ser. B (Engl. Ed) , 25 : 268 – 277 .
  • Wilson , K. A. and Chen , J. C. 1983 . Amino acid sequence of mung bean trypsin inhibitor and its modified forms appearing during germination . Plant Physiol. , 71 : 341 – 349 .
  • Joubert , F. J. 1982 . Purification and some properties of a proteinase inhibitor (DE‐1) from Pterocarpus angolensis (kiaat) seed . S. Afr. J. Chem. , 35 : 72 – 76 .
  • Shimokawa , Y. , Kuromizu , K. , Araki , T. , Ohata , J. and Abe , O. 1983 . The complete amino acid sequence of Vicia angustifolia proteinase inhibitor . Shizen to Bunka (Fukuoka) [Nature and Culture] , 10 : 69 – 73 .
  • Norioka , S. and Ikenaka , T. 1983 . Amino acid sequence of a trypsin‐chymotrypsin inhibitor, B‐III, of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 93 : 479 – 485 .
  • Norioka , S. and Ikenaka , T. 1983 . Amino acid sequences of trypsin‐chymotrypsin inhibitors (A‐I, A‐II, B‐I, and B‐II) from peanut (Arachis hypogaea): a discussion on the molecular evolution of legume Bowman‐Birk type inhibitors . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 94 : 589 – 599 .
  • Joubert , F. J. 1984 . Proteinase inhibitors from Lonchocarpus capassa (apple‐leaf) seed . Phytochemistry , 23 : 957 – 961 .
  • Brown , W. E. , Takio , K. , Titani , K. and Ryan , C. A. 1985 . Wound‐induced trypsin inhibitor in alfalfa leaves: identity as a member of the Bowman‐Birk inhibitor family . Biochemistry , 24 : 2105 – 2108 .
  • Weder , J. K. P. 1985 . Chemistry of legume protease inhibitors and their use in taxonomy . Qual. Plant. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. , 35 : 183 – 194 .
  • Ikenaka , T. and Norioka , S. 1986 . Bowman‐Birk family serine proteinase inhibitors . : 361 – 374 . In Ref. 80
  • Barrett , A. J. and Salvesen , G. , eds. 1986 . “Proteinase Inhibitors” , Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Schechter , I. and Berger , A. 1967 . On the size of the active site in proteases. I. Papain . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 27 : 157 – 162 .
  • Iwasaki , T. , Kiyohara , T. and Yoshikawa , M. 1973 . Identification of the reactive site of potato proteinase inhibitor II‐a . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 73 : 1039 – 1048 .
  • Iwasaki , T. , Kiyohara , T. and Yoshikawa , M. 1973 . Identification of the reactive site of potato proteinase inhibitor II‐b for bovine chymotrypsin and a bacterial proteinase . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 74 : 335 – 340 .
  • Norioka , S. and Ikenaka , T. 1984 . Inhibition mechanism of a peanut trypsin‐chymotrypsin inhibitor, B‐III: determination of the reactive sites for trypsin and chymotrypsin . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 96 : 1155 – 1164 .
  • Huber , R. , Kukla , D. , Bode , W. , Schwager , P. , Bartels , K. , Deisenhofer , F. and Steigen‐mann , W. 1974 . Structure of the complex formed by bovine trypsin and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. II. Crystallographic refinement at 1.9 Å resolution . J. Mol. Biol. , 89 : 73 – 101 .
  • Sweet , R. M. , Wright , H. T. , Janin , J. , Chothia , C. H. and Blow , D. M. 1974 . Crystal structure of the complex of porcine trypsin with soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) at 2.6 Absolution . Biochemistry , 13 : 4214 – 4228 .
  • Huber , R. and Bode , W. 1978 . Structural basis of the activation and action of trypsin . Acc. Chem. Res. , 11 : 114 – 122 .
  • Satow , Y. , Mitsui , Y. and Iitaka , Y. 1978 . Crystal structure of a protein proteinase inhibitor, SSI (Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor) . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 84 : 897 – 906 .
  • Mitsui , Y. , Satow , Y. , Watanabe , Y. , Hirono , S. and Iitaka , Y. 1979 . Crystal structures of Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor and its complex with subtilisin BPN’ . Nature (London) , 277 : 447 – 452 .
  • Yoshikawa , M. and Ogura , S. 1978 . Reactive sites of a trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor, proteinase inhibitor II, from adzuki beans (Phaseolus angularis) . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 42 : 1753 – 1759 .
  • Smirnoff , P. , Khalef , S. , Birk , Y. and Applebaum , S. 1976 . A trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor from chick peas (Cicer arietinum) . Biochem. J. , 157 : 745 – 751 .
  • Wilson , K. A. and Laskowski , M. Sr. 1973 . Isolation of three isoinhibitors of trypsin from garden bean, Phaseolus vulgaris having either lysine or arginine at the reactive site . J. Biol. Chem. , 248 : 756 – 762 .
  • Belitz , H‐D. and Fuchs , A. 1973 . Die reaktiven Zentren des Trypsin‐Chymotrypsin‐Inhibitors PVI 3 aus Phaseolus vulgaris var. nanus . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 152 : 129 – 133 .
  • Rigbi , M. and Greene , L. J. 1968 . Limited proteolysis of the bovine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor at acid pH . J. Biol. Chem. , 243 : 5457 – 5464 .
  • Greene , L. J. and Giordano , J. S. Jr . 1969 . The structure of the bovine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor‐Kazal's inhibitor. I. The isolation and amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides from reduced aminoethylated inhibitor . J. Biol. Chem. , 244 : 285 – 298 .
  • Greene , L. J. and Bartelt , D. C. 1969 . The structure of the bovine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor‐Kazal's inhibitor. II. The order of the tryptic peptides . J. Biol. Chem. , 244 : 2646 – 2657 .
  • Guy , O. , Shapanka , R. and Greene , L. J. 1971 . The structure of the bovine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor‐Kazal's inhibitor. III. Determination of the disulfide bonds and proteolysis by thermolysin . J. Biol. Chem. , 246 : 7740 – 7747 .
  • Kassell , B. , Radicevic , M. , Ansfield , M. J. and Laskowski , M. Sr. 1965 . The basic trypsin inhibitor of bovine pancreas. IV. The linear sequence of the 58 amino acids . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 18 : 255 – 258 .
  • Kassell , B. and Laskowski , M. Sr. 1965 . The basic trypsin inhibitor of bovine pancreas. V. The disulfide linkages . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 20 : 463 – 468 .
  • Acher , R. and Chauvet , J. 1967 . La structure covalente d'un polypeptide pancréatique inhibiteur de la trypsine (Inhibiteur de Kunitz et Northrup) . Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. , 10 : 3954 – 3956 .
  • Chauvet , J. and Acher , R. 1967 . The reactive site of the basic trypsin inhibitor of pancreas . J. Biol. Chem. , 242 : 4274 – 4275 .
  • Dlouhá , V. , Pospišilová , D. , Meloun , B. and Šorm , F. 1968 . On proteins. CXIV. Sequence of residues 18–20 in pancreatic trypsin inhibitor . Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. , 33 : 1363 – 1365 .
  • Kress , L. F. and Laskowski , M. Sr. 1968 . The basic trypsin inhibitor of bovine pancreas . J. Biol. Chem. , 243 : 3548 – 3550 .
  • Fritz , H. , Fink , E. , Gebhardt , K. , Hochstrasser , K. and Werle , E. 1969 . Identifizierung von Lysin‐ und Argininresten als Hemmzentren von Proteaseinhibitoren mit Hilfe von Maleinsaeureanhydrid und Butandion‐ (2.3) . Hoppe‐Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. , 350 : 933 – 944 .
  • Rigbi , M. 1970 . Studies on the reactive site towards chymotrypsin and trypsin of the basic trypsin inhibitor of bovine pancreas . : 74 – 88 . In Ref. 106
  • Tschesche , H. , Jering , H. , Schorp , G. and Dietl , T. 1974 . Reactive site cleavage, thermodynamic control resynthesis, and properties of chemically derivatized trypsin‐kallikrein‐inhibitors . : 362 – 377 . In Ref. 63
  • Fritz , H. and Tschesche , H. , eds. . “Proceedings of the International Research Conference on Proteinase Inhibitors . Nov. 4–6 1970 , Munich. Berlin : W. de Gruyter .
  • Ozawa , K. and Laskowski , M. Jr. 1966 . The reactive site of trypsin inhibitors . J. Biol. Chem. , 241 : 3955 – 3961 .
  • De Vonis Bidlingmeyer , U. , Leary , T. R. and Laskowski , M. Jr. 1972 . Identity of the tryptic and alpha‐chymotryptic reactive sites of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) . Biochemistry , 11 : 3303 – 3310 .
  • Koide , T. , Tsunasawa , S. and Ikenaka , T. 1972 . The amino acid sequence of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 71 : 165 – 167 .
  • Odani , S. , Koide , T. and Ikenaka , T. 1971 . The amino acid sequence of Bowman‐Birk soybean proteinase inhibitor . Proc. Jpn. Acad. , 47 : 621 – 624 .
  • Seidl , D. S. and Liener , I. E. 1971 . Indentification of the trypsin‐reactive site of the Bowman‐Birk soybean inhibitor . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 251 : 83 – 93 .
  • Seidl , D. S. and Liener , I. E. 1972 . Identification of the chymotrypsin‐reactive site of the Bowman‐Birk soybean inhibitor . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 258 : 303 – 309 .
  • Stevens , F. C. 1970 . Lima bean protease inhibitor: amino acid sequence and active sites against trypsin and chymotrypsin . : 149 – 155 . In Ref. 106
  • Tan , C. G. L. and Stevens , F. C. 1971 . Amino acid sequence of lima bean protease inhibitor component IV. 2. Isolation and sequence determination of the chymotryptic peptides and the complete amino acid sequence . Eur. J. Biochem. , 18 : 515 – 523 .
  • Krahn , J. and Stevens , F. C. 1972 . Antitrypsin site of lima bean protease inhibitor . Biochemistry , 11 : 1804 – 1808 .
  • Hochstrasser , K. , Illchmann , K. and Werle , E. 1970 . Ueber pflanzliche Proteasenin‐hibitoren, VII. Die Aminosaeuresequenz des spezifischen Trypsininhibitors aus Maissamen, Charakterisierung als Polymeres . Hoppe‐Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. , 351 : 721 – 728 .
  • Yoshikawa , M. , Ogura , S. and Tatsumi , M. 1977 . Some properties of proteinase inhibitors from adzuki beans (Phaseolus angularis) . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 41 : 2235 – 2239 .
  • Odani , S. and Ikenaka , T. 1978 . Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors. XIII. Preparation and characterization of active fragments from Bowman‐Birk proteinase inhibitor . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 83 : 747 – 753 .
  • Janin , J. , Sweet , R. M. and Blow , D. M. 1974 . The mode of action of soybean trypsin inhibitor as revealed by crystal structure analysis of the complex with porcine trypsin . : 513 – 520 . In Ref. 63
  • Ikenaka , T. , Odani , S. and Koide , S. 1974 . Chemical structure and inhibitory activities of soybean proteinase inhibitors . : 325 – 343 . In Ref. 63
  • Iwasaki , T. , Iguchi , I. , Kiyohara , T. and Yoshikawa , M. 1974 . Digestibility of the active fragment of potato proteinase inhibitor Ila by bovine chymotrypsin and a bacterial proteinase . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 75 : 1387 – 1390 .
  • Iwasaki , T. , Wada , J. , Kiyohara , T. and Yoshikawa , M. 1975 . Isolation of a low molecular weight active fragment of potato proteinase inhibitor IIb . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 78 : 1267 – 1274 .
  • Kowalski , D. , Leary , T. R. , McKee , R. E. , Sealock , R. W. , Wang , D. and Laskowski , M. Jr. 1974 . Replacements, insertions, and modifications of amino acid residues in the reactive site of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) . : 311 – 324 . In Ref. 63
  • Kowalski , D. and Laskowski , M. Jr. 1976 . Chemical‐enzymatic replacement of IIe64 in the reactive site of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) . Biochemistry , 15 : 1300 – 1309 .
  • Odani , S. and Ikenaka , T. 1978 . Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors. XIV. Change of the inhibitory activity of Bowman‐Birk inhibitor upon replacements of the alpha‐chymotrypsin reactive site serine residue by other amino acids . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 84 : 1 – 9 .
  • Kurokawa , T. , Hara , S. , Norioka , S. , Teshima , T. and Ikenaka , T. 1987 . Chemical replacement of P'1 arginine residue at the first reactive site of peanut protease inhibitor B‐III . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 101 : 723 – 728 .
  • Kowalski , D. and Laskowski , M. Jr. 1976 . Chemical‐enzymatic insertion of an amino acid residue in the reactive site of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) . Biochemistry , 15 : 1309 – 1315 .
  • Odani , S. and Ono , T. 1980 . Chemical substitutions of the reactive site leucine residue in soybean Bowman‐Birk proteinase inhibitor with other amino acids . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 88 : 1555 – 1558 .
  • Kurokawa , T. , Hara , S. , Takahara , H. , Sugawara , K. and Ikenaka , T. 1987 . Conversion of peanut trypsin‐chymotrypsin inhibitor B‐III to a chymotrypsin inhibitor by deimination of P1 arginine residues in two reactive sites . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 101 : 1361 – 1367 .
  • Read , R. J. and James , M. N. G. 1986 . Introduction to the protein inhibitors: X‐ray crystallography . : 301 – 336 . In Ref. 80
  • Blow , D. M. , Janin , J. and Sweet , R. M. 1974 . Mode of action of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) as a model for specific protein‐protein interactions . Nature (London) , 249 : 52 – 57 .
  • Lin , G. , Zhang , R. , Tang , W. , Wang , L. , Qi , Z. , Liang , D. and Cao , T. 1986 . Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic data of the mung bean inhibitor . Sci. Sin., Ser. B (Engl. Ed) , 29 : 718 – 722 .
  • Tsunogae , Y. , Tanaka , J. , Yamane , T. , Kikkawa , J. , Ashida , T. , Ishikawa , C. , Watanabe , K. , Nakamura , S. and Takahashi , K. 1986 . Structure of the trypsin‐binding domain of Bowman‐Birk type protease inhibitor and its interaction with trypsin . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 100 : 1637 – 1646 .
  • McPhalen , C. A. , Svendsen , I. , Jonassen , I. and James , M. N. G. 1985 . Crystal and molecular structure of chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 from barley seeds in complex with subtilisin Novo . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 82 : 7242 – 7246 .
  • Rees , D. C. and Lipscomb , W. N. 1982 . Refined crystal structure of the potato inhibitor complex of carboxypeptidase A at 2.5 Å resolution . J. Mol. Biol. , 160 : 475 – 498 .
  • McLachlan , A. D. 1979 . Three‐fold structural pattern in the soybean trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) . J. Mol. Biol. , 133 : 557 – 563 .
  • Kassell , B. and Williams , M. J. 1976 . “ Specificities and some properties of plant protease inhibitors ” . In Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Proteins‐Vol. II , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Fasman , G. D. Vol. II , 586 – 604 . Cleveland, Ohio : CRC Press .
  • Udupa , S. L. , Khanum , F. and Pattabiraman , T. N. 1984 . Comparative study of the action of cereal protease inhibitors on human, bovine and procine pancreatic enzymes . J. Indian Inst. Sci. , 65 (C) : 1 – 9 .
  • Bhat , A. V. and Pattabiraman , T. N. 1985 . Action of proteinase inhibitors in six under utilized seeds on human and bovine pancreatic proteinases . J. Food Sci. Technol. , 22 : 277 – 281 .
  • Rao , N. M. and Pattabiraman , T. N. 1985 . Natural plant enzyme inhibitors: comparison of the action of tuber protease inhibitors on animal pancreatic systems . Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. , 22 : 373 – 375 .
  • Rascon , A. , Seidl , D. S. , Jaffé , W. G. and Aizman , A. 1985 . Inhibition of trypsins and chymotrypsins from different animal species: a comparative study . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , 82B : 375 – 378 .
  • Pattabiraman , T. N. 1986 . Trypsin/chymotrypin inhibitors from millets . : 439 – 448 . In Ref. 13
  • Feeney , R. E. , Means , G. E. and Bigler , J. C. 1969 . Inhibition of human trypsin, plasmin and thrombin by naturally occurring inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes . J. Biol. Chem. , 244 : 1957 – 1960 .
  • Belitz , H‐D. , Lynen , F. and Weder , J. K. P. 1982 . Comparative studies on the inhibitory action of some legume seeds, potato tubers, and bran against human and bovine proteinases . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 174 : 442 – 446 .
  • Weder , J. K. P. , Hegarty , M. P. , Holzner , M. and Kern‐Dirndorfer , M‐L. 1983 . Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors in Leguminosae. VIII. Isolation and some properties of the principal inhibitor from lentils (Lens culinaris Medik) . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 177 : 109 – 113 .
  • Belitz , H‐D. , Fuchs , A. and Grimm , L. 1971 . Proteinasen‐Inhibitoren in Lebensmitteln. III. Trypsin‐Chymotrypsin‐Inhibitoren von Phaseolus coccineus: Isolierung und einige Eigenschaften . Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. , 4 : 89 – 92 .
  • Belitz , H‐D. , Fuchs , A. , Nitsche , G. and Al‐Sultan , T. 1972 . Proteinasen‐Inhibitoren aus Phaseolus vulgaris var. nanus: Isolierung und Vergleich mit Inhibitoren anderer Phaseolus‐ . Arten. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 150 : 215 – 220 .
  • Kamalakannan , V. , Sathyamoorthy , V. and Motlag , D. B. 1984 . Purification, characterization and kinetics of a trypsin inhibitor from black gram (Vigna mungo) . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 35 : 199 – 206 .
  • Belitz , H‐D. , Kaiser , K‐P. and Santarius , K. 1971 . Trypsin and alpha‐chymotrypsin inhibitors from potatoes: isolation and some properties . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 42 : 420 – 427 .
  • Birk , Y. 1961 . Purification and some properties of a highly active inhibitor of trypsin and alpha‐chymotrypsin from soybeans . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 54 : 378 – 381 .
  • Yavelow , J. , Finlay , T. H. , Kennedy , A. R. and Troll , W. 1983 . Bowman‐Birk soybean protease inhibitor as an anticarcinogen . Cancer Res. (Suppl) , 43 : 2454s – 2459s .
  • Krogdahl , A. and Holm , H. 1979 . Inhibition of human and rat pancreatic proteinases by crude and purified soybean proteinase inhibitors . J. Nutr. , 109 : 551 – 558 .
  • Doell , B. H. , Ebden , C. J. and Smith , C. A. 1981 . Trypsin inhibitor activity of conventional foods which are part of the British diet and some soya products . Qual. Plant. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. , 31 : 139 – 150 .
  • Liener , I. E. 1979 . Protease inhibitors and lectins . Int. Rev. Biochem. , 27
  • Neuberger , A. and Jukes , T. H. , eds. Biochemistry of Nutrition IA , 97 – 122 . Baltimore : Univ. Parth Press .
  • Rackis , J. J. 1965 . Physiological properties of soybean trypsin inhibitors and their relationship to pancreatic hypertrophy and growth inhibition of rats . Fed. Proc., Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. , 24 : 1488 – 1493 .
  • Rackis , J. J. , McGhee , J. E. and Booth , A. N. 1975 . Biological threshold levels of soybean inhibitors by rat bioassay . Cereal Chem. , 52 : 85 – 92 .
  • Cravioto , B. R. O. , Guzman , G., J. and Massieu H. , G. 1951 . Mejoramiento del valor nutritivo de la tortilla. III. Efecto del calentamiento con hidróxido de calcio sobre la actividad antitrípsica de la soja . Ciencia (Mexico City) , 11 : 81 – 82 .
  • Kakade , M. L. and Evans , R. J. 1965 . Nutritive value of navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) . Br. J. Nutr. , 19 : 269 – 276 .
  • Yadav , N. R. and Liener , I. E. 1977 . Optimizing the nutritive value of the protein of navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) by complementation with cereal proteins . Legume Res. , 1 : 17 – 26 .
  • Antunes , P. L. and Sgarbieri , V. C. 1980 . Effect of heat treatment on the toxicity and nutritive value of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. Rosinha G2) proteins . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 28 : 935 – 938 .
  • Iyer , V. , Salunkhe , D. K. , Sathe , S. K. and Rockland , L. B. 1980 . Quick‐cooking beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L): II. Phytates, oligosaccharides, and antienzymes . Qual. Plant. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. , 30 : 45 – 52 .
  • Ekpenyong , T. E. 1978 . “ Biochemical and nutritional evaluation of the winged bean (Psophocarpos tetragonolobus (L) DC) ” . 191 Lincoln : University of Nebraska . Ph.D. dissertation
  • Kao , C. and Robinson , R. J. 1978 . Nutritional aspects of fermented foods from chickpea, horsebean, and soybean . Cereal Chem. , 55 : 512 – 517 .
  • Marquardt , R. R. , Campbell , L. D. and Ward , T. 1976 . Studies with chicks on the growth depressing factor(s) in faba beans (Vicia faba L. var. minor) . J. Nutr. , 106 : 275 – 284 .
  • Padhye , V. W. and Salunkhe , D. K. 1980 . Studies on black gram (Phaseolus mungo L) trypsin inhibitor . J. Food Biochem. , 4 : 119 – 138 .
  • Elias , L. G. , Hernandez , M. and Bressani , R. 1976 . The nutritive value of precooked legume flours processed by different methods . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 14 : 385 – 403 .
  • Woodham , A. A. and Dawson , R. 1968 . The nutritive value of groundnut protein. 1. Some effects of heat upon nutritive value, protein composition and enzyme inhibitory activity . Br. J. Nutr. , 22 : 589 – 600 .
  • Kaiser , K‐P. and Belitz , H‐D. 1972 . Proteinaseninhibitoren. VI. Mitt. Einige Eigenschaften verschiedener Trypsin‐ und Chymotrypsininhibitoren der Kartoffel . Chem. Mikrobiol. Technol. Lebensm. , 1 : 191 – 194 .
  • Ryan , C. A. and Hass , G. M. 1981 . Structural, evolutionary and nutritional properties of proteinase inhibitors from potatoes . : 169 – 185 . In Ref. 170
  • Ory , R. L. , ed. 1981 . “Antinutrients and Natural Toxicants in Foods” , Westport, CN : Food and Nutrition Press . (Pap. Symp) 1979
  • Friedman , M. , Grosjean , O. K. and Zahnley , J. C. 1982 . Inactivation of soya bean trypsin inhibitors by thiols . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 33 : 165 – 172 .
  • Friedman , M. , Grosjean , O. K. and Zahnley , J. C. 1982 . “ Effect of disulfide bond modification on the structure and activities of enzyme inhibitors ” . In “Food Protein Deterioration: Mechanisms and Functionality” , ACS Symp. Ser. 206 Edited by: Cherry , J. P. 359 – 407 .
  • Friedman , M. , Grosjean , O. K. and Zahnley , J. C. 1982 . Cooperative effects of heat and thiols in inactivating trypsin inhibitors from legumes in solution and in the solid state . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 25 : 743 – 751 .
  • Friedman , M. , Gumbmann , M. R. and Grosjean , O. K. 1984 . Nutritional improvement of soy flour . J. Nutr. , 114 : 2241 – 2246 .
  • Dennis , M. S. , Estell , D. A. and Light , D. R. A method for overcoming trypsin inhibiton . Eur. Patent No. 0138544 A2 . 1984 .
  • Horiguchi , T. and Kitagishi , K. 1971 . Studies on rice seed protease V. Protease inhibitor in rice seed . Plant Cell Physiol. , 12 : 907 – 915 .
  • Ryan , C. A. 1973 . Proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors in plants . Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. , 24 : 173 – 196 .
  • Kirsi , M. 1974 . Proteinase inhibitors in germinating barley embryos . Physiol. Plant , 32 : 89 – 93 .
  • Udupa , S. L. and Pattabiraman , T. N. 1987 . Protease inhibitors in germinating echinocloa (Echinocloa fruneutacea) seeds: changes in protease inhibitory activities during germination . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 38 : 187 – 193 .
  • Birk , Y. , Gertler , A. and Khalef , S. 1963 . Separation of a Tribolium‐protease inhibitor from soybeans on a calcium phosphate column . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 67 : 326 – 328 .
  • Applebaum , S. W. , Birk , Y. , Harpaz , I. and Bondi , A. 1964 . Comparative studies on proteolytic enzymes of Tenebrio molitor L . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , 11 : 85 – 103 .
  • Green , T. R. and Ryan , C. A. 1972 . Wound‐induced proteinase inhibitor in plant leaves: a possible defense mechanism against insects . Science (NY) , 175 : 776 – 777 .
  • Senser , F. , Belitz , H‐D. , Kaiser , K‐P. and Santarius , K. 1974 . Suggestion of a protective function of proteinase inhibitors in potatoes: inhibition of proteolytic activity of microorganisms isolated from spoiled potato tubers . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 155 : 100 – 101 .
  • Mosolov , V. V. , Loginova , M. D. , Fedurkina , N. V. and Benken , I. I. 1976 . The biological significance of proteinase inhibitors in plants . Plant Sci. Lett. , 7 : 77 – 80 .
  • Rackis , J. J. and Anderson , R. L. 1964 . Isolation of four soybean trypsin inhibitors by DEAE‐cellulose chromatography . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 15 : 230 – 235 .
  • Chue , H‐M. and Chi , C‐W. 1965 . The isolation and crystallization of two trypsin inhibitors of low molecular weight from mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb) . Sci. Sin. (Engl. Ed) , 14 : 1441 – 1453 .
  • Mikola , J. and Kirsi , M. 1972 . Differences between endospermal and embryonal trypsin inhibitors in barley, wheat, and rye . Acta Chem. Scand. , 26 : 787 – 795 .
  • Belitz, H‐D. 1975 . Enzymhemmende Proteine in Kartoffeln . Umschau , 75 : 214
  • Liu , K. and Markakis , P. 1987 . Effect of maturity and processing on the trypsin inhibitor and oligosaccharides of soybeans . J. Food Sci. , 52 : 222 – 223 .
  • Abe , J. , Nakamura , H. , Shibata , H. , Norioka , S. , Hara , S. and Ikenaka , T. 1985 . Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors in winged bean . JARQ , 18 : 229 – 232 .
  • Bruhn , L. C. and Djurtoft , R. 1977 . Protease inhibitors in barley. Trypsin inhibitors, chymotrypsin inhibitors, and proteins analysed by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel—Localisation within the grain and the effects of germination . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 164 : 247 – 254 .
  • Haynes , R. and Feeney , R. E. 1967 . Fractionation and properties of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors from lima beans . J. Biol. Chem. , 242 : 5378 – 5385 .
  • Norioka , S. , Omichi , K. and Ikenaka , T. 1982 . Purification and characterization of protease inhibitors from peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 91 : 1427 – 1434 .
  • Odani , S. and Ikenaka , T. 1977 . Studies on soybean trypsin inhibitors. X. Isolation and partial characterization of four soybean double‐headed proteinase inhibitors . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 82 : 1513 – 1522 .
  • Weder , J. K. P. , Mueller , R. , Ildefonso Mato , C. and Hegarty , M. P. 1985 . Proteinase inhibitor activities and electrophoretic inhibitor patterns of lentils . Lens Newsletter , 12 (1) : 29 – 32 .
  • Tan‐Wilson , A. L. and Wilson , K. 1986 . Relevance of multiple soybean trypsin inhibitor forms to nutritional quality . : 391 – 411 . In Ref. 13
  • Liener , I. E. 1986 . Trypsin inhibitors: concern for human nutrition or not? . J. Nutr. , 116 : 920 – 923 .
  • Burns , R. A. 1986 . Protease inhibitors in processed plant foods . J. Food Prot. , 50 : 161 – 166 .
  • Carpentier , B. A. and Lemmel , D. E. 1984 . A rapid automated procedure for the determination of trypsin inhibitor activity in soy products and common foodstuffs . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 32 : 908 – 911 .
  • Lei , M‐G. , Bassette , R. and Reeck , G. R. 1981 . Effect of cysteine on heat inactivation of soybean trypsin inhibitors . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 29 : 1196 – 1199 .
  • Liener , I. E. 1977 . “ Protease inhibitors and hemagglutinins of legumes ” . In “Evaluation of Proteins for Humans” , Edited by: Bodwell , C. E. 284 – 303 . Westport, CN : Avi .
  • Van Buren , J. P. , Steinkraus , K. H. , Hackler , L. R. , El Rawi , I. and Hand , D. B. 1964 . Indices of protein quality in dried soymilks . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 12 : 524 – 528 .
  • Hackler , L. R. , Van Buren , J. P. , Steinkraus , K. H. , El Rawi , I. and Hand , D. B. 1965 . Effect of heat treatment on nutritive value of soymilk protein fed to weanling rats . J. Food Sci. , 30 : 723 – 728 .
  • Kadam , S. S. and Sunithard , R. R. 1987 . Effects of heat treatments on trypsin inhibitor and hemagglutinating activities in winged bean . Qual. Plant. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. , 37 : 151 – 159 .
  • Sathe , S. K. and Salunkhe , D. K. 1981 . Investigations on winged bean (Phosphocarpus tetragenolobus (L) DC) proteins and antinutritional factors . J. Food Sci. , 46 : 1389 – 1393 .
  • Baker , E. C. and Rackis , J. J. 1986 . Preparation of unheated soy protein isolates with low trypsin inhibitor content . : 349 – 355 . In Ref. 13
  • Kaul , M. and Bajwa , M. 1987 . Effect of heat and natural fermentation on trypsin inhibitor and hemagglutinins of black gram (Phaseolus mungo) . Indian J. Nutr. Diet. , 24 : 40 – 44 .
  • Liener , I. E. and Tomlinson , S. 1981 . Heat inactivation of protease inhibitors in a soybean line lacking the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor . J. Food Sci. , 46 : 1354 – 1356 .
  • Rackis , J. J. and Gumbmann , M. R. 1981 . Protease inhibitors: physiological properties and nutritional significance . : 203 – 237 . In Ref. 170
  • Liener , I. E. , Deuel , H. J. Jr. and Fevold , H. L. 1949 . The effect of supplemental methionine on the nutritive value of diets containing concentrates of the soybean trypsin inhibitor . J. Nutr. , 39 : 325 – 339 .
  • Liener , I. E. 1953 . Soyin, a toxic protein from the soybean . J. Nutr. , 49 : 527 – 539 .
  • Kakade , M. L. , Simons , N. R. , Liener , I. E. and Lambert , J. W. 1972 . Biochemical and nutritional assessment of different varieties of soybeans . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 20 : 87 – 90 .
  • Kakade , M. L. , Hoffa , D. E. and Liener , I. E. 1973 . Contribution of trypsin inhibitors to the deleterious effects of unheated soybeans fed to rats . J. Nutr. , 103 : 1772 – 1778 .
  • Gumbmann , M. R. , Spangler , W. L. , Dugan , G. M. and Rackis , J. J. 1986 . Safety of trypsin inhibitors in the diet: effects on the rat pancreas of long‐term feeding of soy flour and soy protein isolate . : 33 – 79 . In Ref. 13
  • McGuinness , E. E. , Morgan , R. G. H. , Levison , D. A. , Frape , D. L. , Hopwood , D. and Wormsley , K. G. 1980 . The effects of long‐term feeding of soya flour on the rat pancreas . Scand. J. Gastroenterol. , 15 : 497 – 502 .
  • Struthers , B. J. , MacDonald , J. R. , Dahlgren , R. R. and Hopkins , D. T. 1983 . Effects on the monkey, pig and rat pancreas of soy products with varying levels of trypsin inhibitor and comparison with the administration of cholecystokinin . J. Nutr. , 113 : 86 – 97 .
  • Harwood , J. P. , Ausman , L. M. , King , N. W. , Sehgal , P. K. , Nicolosi , R. J. , Liener , I. E. , Donatucci , D. and Tarcza , J. 1986 . Effect of long‐term feeding of soy‐based diets on the pancreas of Cebus monkeys . : 223 – 237 . In Ref. 13
  • Shoptaw , La Van . 1936 . Soybean flour as a substitute for cow's milk in feeding dairy calves . J. Dairy Sci. , 19 : 95 – 99 .
  • Kakade , M. L. , Thompson , R. D. , Engelstad , W. E. , Behrens , G. C. , Yoder , R. D. and Crane , F. M. 1976 . Failure of soybean trypsin inhibitor to exert deleterious effects in calves . J. Dairy Sci. , 59 : 1484 – 1489 .
  • Gorrill , A. D. L. and Thomas , J. W. 1967 . Body weight changes, pancreas size and enzyme activity, and proteolytic enzyme activity and protein digestion in intestinal contents from calves fed soybean and milk protein diets . J. Nutr. , 92 : 215 – 223 .
  • Loosli , J. K. , Warner , R. G. and Hintz , H. F. 1961 . Value of corn distillers dried grains, soybean oil meal, heated soybeans, and soybean oil meal plus starch for milk production . J. Dairy Sci. , 44 : 1910 – 1914 .
  • Robison , W. L. 1930 . Soybeans and soibean oil meal for pigs. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 452. Cited in Yen et al. (1974) . J. Anim. Sci. , 38 : 304 – 309 .
  • Hooks , R. D. , Hays , V. W. , Speer , V. C. and McCall , J. T. 1965 . Effect of raw soybeans on pancreatic enzyme concentrations and performance of pigs . J. Anim. Sci. , 24 : 894 (Abstr. 201)
  • Yen , J. T. , Jensen , A. H. and Simon , J. 1977 . Effect of dietary raw soybean and soybean trypsin inhibitor on trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and in small intestinal juice of growing swine . J. Nutr. , 107 : 156 – 165 .
  • Sale , J. K. , Goldberg , D. M. , Fawcett , A. N. and Wormsley , K. G. 1977 . Chronic and acute studies indicating absence of exocrine pancreatic feedback inhibition in dogs . Digestion , 15 : 540 – 555 .
  • Patten , J. R. , Richards , E. A. and Pope , H. II . 1971 . The effect of raw soybean on the pancreas of adult dogs . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 137 : 59 – 63 .
  • Jaffé , W. G. 1950 . La toxicidad de las caraotas crudas para conejos . Acta Cient. Venez. , 1 : 16 – 17 .
  • Westfall , R. J. and Hauge , S. M. 1948 . The nutritive quality and the trypsin inhibitor content of soybean flour heated at various temperatures . J. Nutr. , 35 : 379 – 389 .
  • Schingoethe , D. J. , Aust , S. D. and Thomas , J. W. 1970 . Separation of a mouse growth inhibitor in soybeans from trypsin inhibitors . J. Nutr. , 100 : 739 – 748 .
  • Osborne , T. B. and Mendel , L. B. 1917 . The use of soy bean as food . J. Biol. Chem. , 32 : 369 – 387 .
  • Klose , A. A. , Hill , B. and Fevold , H. L. 1946 . Presence of a growth inhibiting substance in raw soybeans . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 62 : 10 – 12 .
  • Booth , A. N. , Robbins , D. J. , Ribelin , W. E. and DeEds , F. 1960 . Effect of raw soybean meal and amino acids on pancreatic hypertrophy in rats . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 104 : 681 – 683 .
  • Haines , P. C. and Lyman , R. L. 1961 . Relationship of pancreatic enzyme secretion to growth inhibition in rats fed soybean trypsin inhibitor . J. Nutr. , 74 : 445 – 452 .
  • Klose , A. A. , Hill , B. , Greaves , J. D. and Fevold , H. L. 1949 . Growth‐depressing fractions in raw lima beans . Arch. Biochem. , 22 : 215 – 223 .
  • Konijn , A. M. , Birk , Y. and Guggenheim , K. 1970 . In vitro synthesis of pancreatic enzymes: effects of soybean trypsin inhibitor . Am. J. Physiol. , 218 : 1113 – 1117 .
  • Gertler , A. , Birk , Y. and Bondi , A. 1967 . A comparative study of the nutritional and physiological significance of pure soybean trypsin inhibitors and of ethanol‐extracted soybean meals in chicks and rats . J. Nutr. , 91 : 358 – 370 .
  • Konijn , A. M. and Guggenheim , K. 1967 . Effect of raw soybean flour on the composition of rat pancreas . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 126 : 65 – 67 .
  • Melmed , R. N. , El‐Aaser , A. A. A. and Holt , S. J. 1976 . Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the neonatal rat exocrine pancreas induced by orally administered soybean trypsin inhibitor . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 421 : 280 – 288 .
  • Bredenkamp , B. L. F. and Luck , D. N. 1969 . Effect of raw soybeans on levels of protein and nucleic acids in the rat pancreas . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 132 : 537 – 539 .
  • Yanatori , Y. and Fujita , T. 1976 . Hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the endocrine and exocrine pancreas of rats fed soybean trypsin inhibitor or repeatedly injected with pan‐creozymin . Arch. Histol. Jpn. , 39 : 67 – 78 .
  • Hasdai , A. and Liener , I. E. 1983 . Growth, digestibility and enzymatic activities in the pancreas and intestines of hamsters fed raw and heated soy flour . J. Nutr. , 113 : 662 – 668 .
  • Patten , J. R. , Patten , J. A. and Pope , H. II . 1973 . Sensitivity of the guinea‐pig to raw soya bean in the diet . Food Cosmet. Toxicol. , 11 : 577 – 583 .
  • Tomhave , A. E. and Mumford , C. W. 1933 . Ground soybeans as a protein supplement for growing chicks . Del. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. , 183
  • Hayward . 1937 . Poult. Sci. , 16 : 3 – 14 .
  • Ham , W. E. , Sandstedt , R. M. and Mussehl , F. E. 1945 . The proteolytic inhibiting substance in the extract from unheated soy bean meal and its effect upon growth in chicks . J. Biol. Chem. , 161 : 635 – 642 .
  • Chernick , S. S. , Lepkovsky , S. and Chaikoff , I. L. 1948 . A dietary factor regulating the enzyme content of the pancreas: changes induced in size and proteolytic activity of the chick pancreas by the ingestion of raw soybean meal . Am. J. Physiol. , 155 : 34 – 41 .
  • Garlich , J. D. and Nesheim , M. C. 1962 . Further studies on the effect of raw soybean oil meal on fat absorption in young chicks . Fed. Proc., Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. , 21 : 393 (Abstr)
  • Borchers , R. , Ackerson , C. W. and Mussehl , F. E. 1948 . Trypsin inhibitor. VIII. Growth inhibiting properties of a soybean trypsin inhibitor . Arch. Biochem. , 19 : 317 – 322 .
  • Saxena , H. C. , Jensen , L. S. and McGinnis , J. 1963 . Pancreatic hypertrophy and chick growth inhibition by soybean fractions devoid of trypsin inhibitor . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 112 : 101 – 105 .
  • Nesheim , M. C. , Garlich , J. D. and Hopkins , D. T. 1962 . Studies on the effect of raw soybean meal on fat absorption in young chicks . J. Nutr. , 78 : 89 – 94 .
  • Garlich , J. D. and Nesheim , M. C. 1966 . Relationship of fractions of soybeans and a crystalline soybean trypsin inhibitor to the effects of feeding unheated soybean meal to chicks . J. Nutr. , 88 : 100 – 110 .
  • Nitsan , Z. and Gertler , A. 1972 . Enzymatic activities in the intestinal tract of chicks receiving a diet supplemented with trypsin inhibitors from soybean and egg white . Nutr. Metab. , 14 : 371 – 376 .
  • Saxena , H. C. , Jensen , L. S. , McGinnis , J. and Lauber , J. K. 1963 . Histo‐physiological studies on chick pancreas as influenced by feeding raw soybean meal . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 112 : 390 – 393 .
  • Applegarth , A. , Furuta , F. and Lepkovsky , S. 1964 . Response of the chicken pancreas to raw soybeans. Morphologic responses, gross and microscopic, of the pancreases of chickens on raw and heated soybean diets . Poult. Sci. , 43 : 733 – 739 .
  • Nijveld , W. J. 1959 . Soyaschroot voor kuikenveoder . Institut Pluimveeteelt Beekbergen, Medeleling Nr. , 75 : 1 Cited in Ref. 255
  • Saxena , H. C. , Jensen , L. S. and McGinnis , J. 1963 . Influence of age on utilization of raw soybean meal by chickens . J. Nutr. , 80 : 391 – 396 .
  • Nitsan , Z. and Alumont , E. 1964 . Overcoming the inhibition of intestinal proteolytic activity caused by raw soybean in chicks of different ages . J. Nutr. , 84 : 179 – 184 .
  • Madar , Z. , Birk , Y. and Gertler , A. 1974 . Native and modified Bowman‐Birk trypsin inhibitor—Comparative effect on pancreatic enzymes upon ingestion by quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , 48B : 251 – 256 .
  • Fritz , J. C. , Kramke , E. H. and Reed , C. A. 1947 . Effect of heat treatment on the biological value of soybeans . Poult. Sci. , 26 : 657 – 661 .
  • Nitsan , Z. and Nir , I. 1977 . A comparative study of the nutritional and physiological significance of raw and heated soya beans in chicks and goslings . Br. J. Nutr. , 37 : 81 – 91 .
  • Nitsan , Z. and Nir , I. 1986 . Accentuated response to soybean inhibitors by meal‐feeding in various species . : 199 – 222 . In Ref. 13
  • Jaffé , W. G. 1980 . Hemagglutinins (lectins) . : 73 – 102 . In Ref. 12
  • Montgomery , R. D. 1980 . Cyanogens . : 143 – 160 . In Ref. 12
  • Padmanaban , G. 1980 . Lathyrogens . : 239 – 263 . In Ref. 12
  • Mager , J. , Chevion , M. and Glaser , G. 1980 . Favism . : 265 – 294 . In Ref. 12
  • Liener , I. E. 1980 . Miscellaneous toxic factors . : 429 – 467 . In Ref. 12
  • Delić , I. , Stojisavljević , T. and Stojanović , S. 1974 . Investigation of trypsin inhibitor inactivation in mice under in vivo conditions . Acta Vet. (Belgrade) , 24 : 1 – 5 .
  • Delić , I. 1972 . “ Prilog proučavanju hemijskih i bioloških karakteristika kao i načina delovanja inhibitornih materija iz lucerke ” . Univ. of Zagreb. . Ph. Thesis, Cited in Ref. 264
  • Apte , U. and Sohonie , K. 1957 . Trypsin inhibitors in Indian foodstuffs: part IV—Effect of double bean (Faba vulgaris Moench) trypsin inhibitor on the in vitro digestion of proteins by trypsin . J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 16C : 225 – 227 .
  • Abbey , B. W. , Norton , G. and Neale , R. J. 1979 . Effects of dietary proteinase inhibitors from field bean (Vicia faba L) and field‐bean meal on pancreatic function in the rat . Br. J. Nutr. , 41 : 39 – 45 .
  • Abbey , B. W. , Neale , R. J. and Norton , G. 1979 . Nutritional effects of field bean (Vicia faba L) proteinase inhibitors fed to rats . Br. J. Nutr. , 41 : 31 – 38 .
  • Wilson , B. J. , McNab , J. M. and Bentley , H. 1972 . The effect on chick growth of a trypsin inhibitor isolate from the field bean (Vicia faba L) . Br. Poult. Sci. , 13 : 521 – 523 .
  • Phadke , K. and Sohonie , K. 1962 . Nutritive value of field bean (Dolichos lablab): part V—Nature of possible antigrowth factor . J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 21C : 272 – 275 .
  • Roy , D. N. 1972 . Biological effects of the trypsin inhibitor isolated from Lathyrus sativus seeds . Curr. Sci. , 41 : 180 – 181 .
  • Tauber , H. , Kershaw , B. B. and Wright , R. D. 1949 . Studies on the growth inhibitor fraction of lima beans and isolation of a crystalline heat‐stable trypsin inhibitor . J. Biol. Chem. , 179 : 1155 – 1161 .
  • Klose , A. A. , Greaves , J. D. and Fevold , H. L. 1948 . Inadequacy of proteolytic enzyme inhibition as explanation for growth depression by lima bean protein fractions . Science (NY) , 108 : 88 – 89 .
  • Kakade , M. L. and Evans , R. J. 1965 . Growth inhibition of rats fed navy bean fractions . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 13 : 450 – 452 .
  • Kwaan , H. C. , Kok , P. and Astrup , T. 1968 . Impairment of growth and pancreatic hypertrophy in rats fed trypsin inhibitor from raw peanuts . Experientia , 24 : 1125 – 1126 .
  • Chan , J. and de Lumen , B. O. 1982 . Biological effects of isolated trypsin inhibitor from winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) on rats . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 30 : 46 – 50 .
  • Lewis , J. H. and Taylor , F. H. L. 1947 . Comparative utilization of raw and autoclaved soy bean protein by the human . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 64 : 85 – 87 .
  • Gunn , R. A. , Taylor , P. R. and Gangarosa , E. J. 1980 . Gastrointestinal illness associated with consumption of a soy protein extender . J. Food Prot. , 43 : 525 – 527 . 529
  • Linscheer , W. G. , Smith , N. and Mahany , D. 1980 . Physiologic effects of a trypsin inhibitor in soya protein on trypsin activity, and on digestion and absorption of protein in man . Gastroenterology , 78 : 1209 (Abstr)
  • Holm , H. , Hansen , L. and Krogdahl , A. 1985 . In vivo effects of soy bean proteinase inhibitors in humans . Fed. Proc., Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. , 44 : 1496 (Abstr. 6347)
  • Faschingbauer , H. and Kofler , L. 1929 . Ueber Giftwirkung von rohen Bohnen und Bohnenkeimlingen . Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. , 42 : 1069 – 1072 .
  • Griebel , C. 1950 . Erkrankungen durch Bohnenflocken (Phaseolus vulgaris L) und Platterbsen (Lathyrus tingitanus L) . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 90 : 191 – 197 .
  • Noah , N. D. , Bender , A. E. , Reaidi , G. B. and Gilbert , R. J. 1980 . Food poisoning from raw red kidney beans . Brit. Med. J. , 281 : 236 – 237 .
  • Armstrong , B. and Doll , R. 1975 . Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices . Int. J. Cancer , 15 : 617 – 631 .
  • Desikachar , H. S. R. and De , S. S. 1947 . Role of inhibitors in soybean . Science (NY) , 106 : 421 – 422 .
  • Westfall , R. J. , Bosshardt , D. K. and Barnes , R. H. 1948 . Influence of crude trypsin inhibitor on utilization of hydrolyzed protein . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 68 : 498 – 500 .
  • Lyman , R. L. 1957 . The effect of raw soybean meal and trypsin inhibitor diets on the intestinal and pancreatic nitrogen in the rat . J. Nutr. , 62 : 285 – 294 .
  • Green , G. M. and Lyman , R. L. 1972 . Feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion as a mechanism for trypsin inhibitor‐induced hypersecretion in rats . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 140 : 6 – 12 .
  • Green , G. M. , Olds , B. A. , Matthews , G. and Lyman , R. L. 1973 . Protein, as a regulator of pancreatic enzyme secretion in the rat . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 142 : 1162 – 1167 .
  • Lyman , R. L. , Olds , B. A. and Green , G. M. 1974 . Chymotrypsinogen in the intestine of rats fed soybean trypsin inhibitor and its inability to suppress pancreatic enzyme secretions . J. Nutr. , 104 : 105 – 110 .
  • Schneeman , B. O. and Lyman , R. L. 1975 . Factors involved in the intestinal feedback regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion in the rat . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 148 : 897 – 903 .
  • Liener , I. E. 1977 . “ Toxicological considerations in the utilization of new protein foods ” . In “Biochemical Aspects of New Protein Food” , Edited by: Adler‐Nissen , J. , Eggum , B. O. , Munck , L. and Olsen , H. S. 129 – 138 . Oxford : Pergamon Press .
  • Gallaher , D. and Schneeman , B. O. 1986 . Nutritional and metabolic response to plant inhibitors of digestive enzymes . : 167 – 184 . In Ref. 13
  • Toskes , P. P. 1986 . Negative feedback inhibition of pancreatic exocrine secretion in humans . : 143 – 152 . In Ref. 13
  • Rackis , J. J. , Wolf , W. J. and Baker , E. C. 1986 . Protease inhibitors in plant foods: content and inactivation . : 299 – 347 . In Ref. 13
  • Weder , J. K. P. 1986 . Inhibition of human proteinases by legumes: their evaluation and application to beans and their mode of action . Proc. 1st Latinamerican Seminar on Recent Advances in Bean Research—Chemistry, Nutrition and Technology . Nov. 24–28 1986 , Sao Paulo, Brazil. Edited by: Lajolo , F. M. In press
  • Bergmeyer , H. U. , ed. 1983 . “Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Vol. I, Fundamentals” , 3rd ed. , Vol. I , Weinheim, , FRG : Verlag Chemie .
  • Bergmeyer , H. U. , ed. 1983 . “Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Vol. II, Samples, Reagents, Assessment of Results” , 3rd ed. , Vol. II , Weinheim, , FRG : Verlag Chemie .
  • Bergmeyer , H. U. , ed. 1984 . “Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 3rd ed., Vol. IV, Enzymes 2: Esterases, Glycosidases, Lyases, Ligases” , 3rd ed. , Vol. IV , Weinheim, , FRG : Verlag Chemie .
  • Bergmeyer , H. U. , ed. 1984 . “Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Enzymes 3: Peptidases, Proteinases and Their Inhibitors” , 3rd ed. , Vol. V , Weinheim, , FRG : Verlag Chemie .
  • Colowick , S. P. and Kaplan , N. O. , eds. 1955–1986 . “Methods in Enzymology” , Vols. 1–134 , New York : Academic Press .
  • Boyer , P. D. , ed. 1970–1983 . “The Enzymes” , 3rd ed. , Vol. 1–16 , New York : Academic Press .
  • Fritz , H. , Seemueller , H. and Tschesche , H. 1984 . Proteinases and their inhibitors, general review . : 74 – 98 . In Ref. 300
  • Smith , C. , Van Megen , W. , Twaalfhoven , L. and Hitchcock , C. 1980 . The determination of trypsin inhibitor levels in foodstuffs . J. Sci. Food Agric , 31 : 341 – 350 .
  • Krogdahl , A. and Holm , H. 1983 . Pancreatic proteinases from man, trout, rat, pig, cow, chicken, mink and fox. Enzyme activities and inhibition by soybean and lima bean proteinase inhibitors . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , 74B : 403 – 409 .
  • Struthers , B. J. and MacDonald , J. R. 1983 . Comparative inhibition of trypsins from several species by soybean trypsin inhibitors . J. Nutr. , 113 : 800 – 804 .
  • Coan , M. H. , Roberts , R. C. and Travis , J. 1971 . Human pancreatic enzymes. Isolation and properties of a major form of chymotrypsin . Biochemistry , 10 : 2711 – 2717 .
  • Coan , M. H. and Travis , J. 1972 . Human pancreatic enzymes: properties of two minor forms of chymotrypsin . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 268 : 207 – 211 .
  • Feinstein , G. , Hofstein , R. , Koifmann , J. and Sokolovsky , M. 1974 . Human pancreatic proteolytic enzymes and protein inhibitors. Isolation and molecular properties . Eur. J. Biochem. , 43 : 569 – 581 .
  • Mallory , P. A. and Travis , J. 1975 . Inhibition spectra of the human pancreatic endo‐peptidases . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 28 : 823 – 830 .
  • Figarella , C. , Negri , G. A. and Guy , O. 1975 . The two human trypsinogens. Inhibition spectra of the two human trypsins derived from their purified zymogens . Eur. J. Biochem. , 53 : 457 – 463 .
  • Erlanger , B. F. , Kokowsky , N. and Cohen , W. 1961 . The preparation and properties of two new chromogenic substrates of trypsin . Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 95 : 271 – 278 .
  • Smith , R. E. , Bissell , E. R. , Mitchell , A. R. and Pearson , K. W. 1980 . Direct photometric or fluorometric assay of proteinases using substrates containing 7‐amino‐4‐trifluoromethylcoumarin . Thromb. Res. , 17 : 393 – 402 .
  • Hummel , B. C. W. 1959 . A modified spectrophotometric determination of chymotrypsin, trypsin, and thrombin . Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. , 37 : 1393 – 1399 .
  • Green , G. D. J. and Shaw , E. 1979 . Thiobenzyl benzyloxycarbonyl‐L‐lysinate, substrate for a sensitive colorimetric assay for trypsin‐like enzymes . Anal. Biochem. , 93 : 223 – 226 .
  • Niinobe , M. , Hitomi , Y. and Fujii , S. 1980 . A sensitive colorimetric assay for various proteases using naphthyl ester derivatives as substrates . J. Biochem. (Tokyo) , 87 : 779 – 783 .
  • Walsh , K. A. 1970 . Trypsinogens and trypsins of various species . : 41 – 63 . In Ref. 318
  • Colowick , S. P. and Kaplan , N. O. , eds. 1970 . “Methods in Enzymology, Vol. XIX, Proteolytic Enzymes” , Vol. XIX , New York : Academic Press .
  • Lehnhardt , W. L. and Dills , H. G. 1984 . Analysis of trypsin inhibitors in soy products: evaluation of methodology and improvements . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 61 : 691 (Abstr. 225)
  • Chase , T. Jr. and Shaw , E. 1970 . Titration of trypsin, plasmin, and thrombin with p‐nitrophenyl p'‐guanidinobenzoate HC1 . : 20 – 27 . In Ref. 318
  • Jameson , G. W. , Roberts , D. V. , Adams , R. W. , Kyle , W. S. A. and Elmore , D. T. 1973 . Determination of the operational molarity of solutions of bovine alpha‐chymotrypsin, trypsin, thrombin and factor Xa by spectrofluorimetric titration . Biochem. J. , 131 : 107 – 117 .
  • Gornall , A. G. , Bardawill , C. J. and David , M. M. 1949 . Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction . J. Biol. Chem. , 177 : 751 – 766 .
  • Smith , P. K. , Krohn , R. I. , Hermanson , G. T. , Mallia , A. K. , Gartner , F. H. , Provenzano , M. D. , Fujimoto , E. K. , Goeke , N. M. , Olson , B. J. and Klenk , D. C. 1985 . Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid . Anal. Biochem. , 150 : 76 – 85 .
  • Lowry , O. H. , Rosebrough , N. J. , Farr , A. L. and Randall , R. J. 1951 . Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent . J. Biol. Chem. , 193 : 265 – 275 .
  • Kunitz , M. 1947 . Crystalline soybean trypsin inhibitor. II. General properties . J. Gen. Physiol. , 30 : 291 – 310 .
  • Kakade , M. L. , Rackis , J. J. , McGhee , J. E. and Puski , G. 1974 . Determination of trypsin inhibitor activity of soy products: a collaborative analysis of an improved procedure . Cereal Chem. , 51 : 376 – 382 .
  • American Association of Cereal Chemists, Determination of trypsin inhibitor activity of soy products . 1976 . “Approved Methods of the AACC” , St. Paul, MN : The Association . AACC Method 71–10
  • Walker , R. C. , ed. 1983 . “ Trypsin inhibitor activity. in ” . In “Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society” , 34d ed. , Champaign, IL : AOCS . A.O.C.S. Official Method Ba 12–75
  • Moss , D. W. 1983 . Nomenclature and units in enzymology . : 7 – 14 . In Ref. 297
  • Kakade , M. L. , Simons , N. and Liener , I. E. 1969 . An evaluation of natural vs. synthetic substrates for measuring the antitryptic activity of soybean samples . Cereal Chem. , 46 : 518 – 526 .
  • Egberg , D. C. , Potter , R. H. and Honold , G. R. 1975 . The semiautomated determination of trypsin inhibitors in textured soy protein . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 23 : 603 – 605 .
  • Hamerstrand , G. E. , Black , L. T. and Glover , J. D. 1981 . Trypsin inhibitors in soy products: modification of the standard analytical procedure . Cereal Chem. , 58 : 42 – 45 .
  • Chang , C‐R. and Tsen , C. C. 1979 . Note on trypsin inhibitor activity in the acetate extract of cereal samples . Cereal Chem. , 56 : 493 – 494 .
  • Geiger , R. and Fritz , H. 1984 . Trypsin . : 119 – 129 . In Ref. 300
  • Fiedler , F. , Geiger , R. , Hirschauer , C. and Leysath , G. 1978 . Peptide esters and nitroanilides as substrates for the assay of human urinary kallikrein . Hoppe‐Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. , 359 : 1667 – 1673 .
  • Mueller , R. and Weder , J. K. P. 1988 . Isolation and characterization of two trypsinchymotrypsin inhibitors from lentil seeds (Lens culinaris Medik) . J. Food Biochem. , (submitted)
  • Wunderwald , P. 1984 . Proteinases (proteins as substrates), general . : 258 – 270 . In Ref. 300
  • Walter , H‐E. 1984 . Proteinases (proteins as substrates), method with haemoglobin, casein and azocoll as substrate . : 270 – 277 . In Ref. 300
  • Weder , J. K. P. and Mueller , R. 1988 . Reaction of lentil proteinase inhibitors with human and bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin . J. Food Biochem. , (submitted)
  • Kassell , B. 1970 . A trypsin inhibitor from barley . : 840 – 844 . In Ref. 318
  • Birk , Y. 1976 . A trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor from groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) . : 716 – 722 . In Ref. 342
  • Colowick , S. P. and Kaplan , N. O. , eds. 1976 . “Methods in Enzymology, Vol. XLV, Proteolytic Enzymes, Part B” , Vol. XLV , New York : Academic Press .
  • Burck , P. J. 1970 . Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitors . : 906 – 914 . In Ref. 318
  • Laskowski , M. and Laskowski , M. Jr. 1954 . Naturally occurring trypsin inhibitors . Adv. Protein Chem. , 9 : 203 – 242 .
  • Vogel , R. , Trautschold , I. and Werle , E. 1968 . “Natural Proteinase Inhibitors” , New York : Academic Press .
  • Laskowski , M. Jr. and Sealock , R. W. 1971 . Protein proteinase inhibitors—molecular aspects. In “The Enzymes, , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Boyer , P. D. Vol. 3 , 375 – 473 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Geiger , R. 1984 . Chymotrypsin . : 99 – 109 . In Ref. 300
  • Ryan , C. A. and Kassell , B. 1970 . Chymotrypsin inhibitor I from potatoes . : 883 – 889 . In Ref. 318
  • Birk , Y. 1976 . Trypsin isoinhibitors from garden beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) . : 710 – 716 . In Ref. 342
  • Birk , Y. 1976 . Proteinase inhibitors from potatoes . : 728 – 739 . In Ref. 342
  • Geiger , R. 1984 . Pancreatic elastase . : 170 – 176 . In Ref. 300
  • Tschesche , H. , Engelbrecht , S. and Wenzel , H. R. 1984 . Leukocyte elastase . : 176 – 184 . In Ref. 300
  • Kaiser , K‐P. and Belitz , H‐D. 1973 . Specifity of potato isoinhibitors towards various proteolytic enzymes . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 151 : 18 – 22 .
  • Gerstenberg , H. , Belitz , H. D. and Weder , J. K. P. 1980 . Isolation and characterization of some proteinase inhibitors from Phaseolus vulgaris var. nanus . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 171 : 28 – 34 .
  • Ryle , A. P. 1984 . Pepsins, gastricsins and their zymogens . : 223 – 238 . In Ref. 300
  • Hass , G. M. and Ryan , C. A. 1981 . “ Carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes ” . In “Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 80, Proteolytic Enzymes, Part C” , Edited by: Colowick , S. P. and Kaplan , N. O. Vol. 80 , 778 – 791 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Wuest , H. 1962 . “ Peptidasen ” . In “Methoden der enzymatischen Analyse” , Edited by: Bergmeyer , H‐U. 824 – 836 . Weinheim/Bergstr., , FRG : Verlag Chemie .
  • Riordan , J. F. and Holmquist , B. 1984 . Carboxypeptidase A . : 44 – 55 . In Ref. 300
  • Riordan , J. F. and Holmquist , B. 1984 . Carboxypeptidase B . : 55 – 60 . In Ref. 300
  • Folk , J. E. , Piez , K. A. , Carroll , W. R. and Gladner , J. A. 1960 . Carboxypeptidase B. IV. Purification and characterization of the porcine enzyme . J. Biol. Chem. , 235 : 2272 – 2277 .
  • Plummer , T. H. and Kimmel , M. T. 1980 . An improved spectrophotometric assay for human plasma carboxypeptidase . N. Anal. Biochem. , 108 : 348 – 353 .
  • Richardson , M. 1981 . Protein inhibitors of enzymes . Food Chem. , 6 : 235 – 253 .
  • Weder , J. K. P. 1981 . “ Protease inhibitors in the Leguminosae ” . In “Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 2 , Edited by: Polhill , R. M. and Raven , P. H. 533 – 560 . Kew, , England : Royal Botanic Gardens .
  • Polhill , R.M. and Raven , P.H. , eds. 1981 . “Advances in Legume Systematics” , Kew, , England : Royal Botanic Gardens .
  • Ouchterlony , O. 1949 . Antigen‐antibody reactions in gels . Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. , 26 : 507 – 515 .
  • Pearce , G. , McGinnis , J. and Ryan , C. A. 1979 . Utilization by chicks of half‐cystine from native and denatured proteinase inhibitor protein from potatoes . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 160 : 180 – 184 .
  • Brandon , D. L. , Haque , S. and Friedman , M. 1987 . Interaction of monoclonal antibodies with soybean trypsin inhibitors . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 35 : 195 – 200 .
  • Ryan , C. A. 1967 . Quantitative determination of soluble cellular proteins by radial diffusion in agar gels containing antibodies . Anal. Biochem. , 19 : 434 – 440 .
  • Trautmann , R. , Cowan , K. M. and Wagner , G. G. 1971 . Data processing for radial immunodiffusion . Immunochemistry , 8 : 901 – 916 .
  • Berne , B. H. 1974 . Differing methodology and equations used in quantitating immunoglobulins by radial immunodiffusion—a comparative evaluation of reported and commercial techniques . Clin. Chem. (Winston‐Salem, NC) , 20 : 61 – 69 .
  • Catsimpoolas , N. and Leuthner , E. 1969 . Immunochemical methods for detection and quantitation of Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor . Anal. Biochem. , 31 : 437 – 447 .
  • Freed , R. C. and Ryan , D. S. 1978 . Changes in Kunitz trypsin inhibitor during germination of soybeans: an immunoelectrophoresis assay system . J. Food Sci. , 43 : 1316 – 1319 .
  • Brown , W. E. and Ryan , C. A. 1984 . Isolation and characterization of a wound‐induced trypsin inhibitor from alfalfa leaves . Biochemistry , 23 : 3418 – 3422 .
  • Clausen , J. 1969 . “ Immunochemical techniques for the identification and estimation of macro‐molecules ” . In “Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” , Edited by: Work , T. S. and Work , E. Vol. 1 , 399 – 572 . Amsterdam : North‐Holland .
  • Morris , B. A. and Clifford , M. N. , eds. 1985 . “Immunoassays in Food Analysis” , London : Elsevier .
  • Ryan , C. A. and Pearce , G. 1978 . Proteinase inhibitor proteins as genetic markers for identifying high protein potato clones . Am. Potato J. , 55 : 351 – 358 .
  • Bryant , J. , Green , T. R. , Gurusaddaiah , T. and Ryan , C. A. 1976 . Proteinase inhibitor II from potatoes: isolation and characterization of its protomer components . Biochemistry , 15 : 3418 – 3424 .
  • Ryan , C. A. , Kuo , T. , Pearce , G. and Kunkel , R. 1976 . Variability in the concentration of three heat stable proteinase inhibitor proteins in potato tubers . Am. Potato J. , 53 : 443 – 455 .
  • Hollaender‐Czytko , H. , Andersen , J. K. and Ryan , C. A. 1985 . Vacuolar localization of wound‐induced carboxypeptidase inhibitor in potato leaves . Plant Physiol. , 78 : 76 – 79 .
  • Strumeyer , D. H. 1972 . Protein amylase inhibitors in the gliadin fraction of wheat and rye flour: possible factors in celiac disease . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 5 : 45 – 52 .
  • Belitz , H‐D. , Wassner , H. P. and Weder , J. 1968 . Proteinasen‐Inhibitoren in Lebensmitteln. I. Vorkommen und Thermostabilitaet von Trypsin‐ und Chymotrypsin‐Inhibitoren in verschiedenen Erbsen und Bohnen . Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. , 137 : 211 – 216 .
  • Buonocore , V. and Silano , V. 1986 . Biochemical, nutritional and toxicological aspects of alpha‐amylase inhibitors from plant foods . : 483 – 507 . In Ref. 13
  • Mundy , J. , Hejgaard , J. and Svendsen , I. 1984 . Characterization of a bifunctional wheat inhibitor of endogenous alpha‐amylase and subtilisin . FEBS Lett. , 167 : 210 – 214 .
  • Lang , J. A. , Chang‐Hum , L. E. , Reyes , P. S. and Briggs , G. M. 1974 . Interference of starch metabolism by alpha‐amylase inhibitors . Fed. Proc., Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. , 33 : 718 (Abstr. 2870)
  • Granum , P. E. and Eskeland , B. 1981 . Nutritional significance of alpha‐amylase inhibitors from wheat . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 23 : 155 – 162 .
  • Macri , A. , Parlamenti , R. , Silano , V. and Valfre , F. 1977 . Adaptation of the domestic chicken, Gallus domesticus to continuous feeding of albumin amylase inhibitors from wheat flour as gastro‐resistant microgranules . Poult. Sci. , 56 : 434 – 441 .
  • Savaiano , D. A. , Powers , J. R. , Costello , M. J. , Whitaker , J. R. and Clifford , A. J. 1977 . The effect of an alpha‐amylase inhibitor on the growth rate of weanling rats . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 15 : 443 – 449 .
  • Maranesi , M. , Carenini , G. and Gentili , P. 1984 . Nutritional studies on anti alpha‐amylase: I. Influence on the growth rate, blood picture and biochemistry and hystological parameters in rats. Acta Vitaminol . Enzymol. , 6 : 259 – 270 .
  • Puls , W. and Keup , W. 1973 . Influence of an alpha‐amylase inhibitor (Bay d 7791) on blood glucose, serum insulin, and NEFA in starch loading tests in rats, dogs and man . Diabetologia , 9 : 97 – 101 .
  • Bo‐Linn , G. W. , Santa Ana , C. A. , Morawski , S. G. and Fordtran , J. S. 1982 . Starch blockers—their effect on calorie absorption from a high‐starch meal . N. Engl. J. Med. , 307 : 1413 – 1416 .
  • Carlson , G. L. , Li , B. U. K. , Bass , P. and Olsen , W. A. 1983 . A bean alpha‐amylase inhibitor formulation (starch blocker) is ineffective in man . Science (NY) , 219 : 393 – 395 .
  • Garrow , J. S. , Scott , P. F. , Heels , S. , Nair , K. S. and Halliday , D. 1983 . A study of “starch blockers”: in man using “C‐enriched starch as a tracer . Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. , 37C : 301 – 305 .
  • Kilpatrick , D. C. , Green , C. and Yap , P. L. 1983 . Lectin content of slimming pills . Br. Med. J. , 286 : 305
  • Liener , I. E. , Donatucci , D. A. and Tarcza , J. C. 1984 . Starch blockers: a potential source of trypsin inhibitors and lectins . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 39 : 196 – 200 .
  • Krishna Sharma , K. and Pattabiraman , T. N. 1980 . Natural plant enzyme inhibitors. Isolation and characterisation of two alpha‐amylase inhibitors from Colocasia antiquorum tubers . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 31 : 981 – 991 .
  • Strumeyer , D. H. 1967 . A modified starch for use in amylase assays . Anal. Biochem. , 19 : 61 – 71 .
  • Wahlefeld , A. W. 1984 . Alpha‐Amylase, determination with coloured insoluble substrates . : 161 – 167 . In Ref. 299
  • Rinderknecht , H. and Marbach , E. P. 1970 . A new automated method for the determination of serum alpha‐amylase . Clin. Chim. Acta , 29 : 107 – 110 .
  • Pierre , K. J. and Tung , K‐K. 1984 . Alpha‐Amylase, UV‐method with maltotetraose . : 146 – 151 . In Ref. 299
  • Rauscher , E. 1984 . Alpha‐Amylase, UV‐method with maltoheptaose . : 152 – 157 . In Ref. 299
  • Rauscher , E. 1984 . Alpha‐Amylase, colorimetric method . : 157 – 161 . In Ref. 299
  • Henkel , E. , Morich , S. and Henkel , R. 1984 . 2‐Chloro‐4‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐maltoheptao‐side: a new substrate for the determination of alpha‐amylase in serum and urine . J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. , 22 : 489 – 495 .
  • Bernfeld , P. 1955 . “ Amylases, alpha and beta ” . In “Methods in Enzymology” , Edited by: Colowick , S. P. and Kaplan , N. O. Vol. I , 149 – 158 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Rick , W. and Stegbauer , H. P. 1970 . Alpha‐Amylase. Messung der reduzierenden Gruppen . : 848 – 853 . In Ref. 405
  • Bergmeyer , H. U. , ed. 1970 . “Methoden der enzymatischen Analyse” , Weinheim, , FRG : Verlag Chemie . 2. Aufl., Bd. I.
  • Bird , R. and Hopkins , R. H. 1954 . The action of some alpha‐amylases on amylose . Biochem. J. , 56 : 86 – 99 .
  • Street , H. V. 1970 . Messung des Jod‐Staerke‐Komplexes . : 853 – 858 . In Ref. 405
  • Waldron , J. M. 1951 . Photometric determination of amylase activity in pancreatic juice . J. Lab. Clin. Med. , 38 : 148 – 152 .
  • Carroll , B. and Van Dyk , J. W. 1952 . The activity of alpha‐amylase as determined by adsorption indicators . Science (NY) , 116 : 168 – 169 .
  • Powers , J. R. and Whitaker , J. R. 1977 . Purification and some physical and chemical properties of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) alpha‐amylase inhibitor . J. Food Biochem. , 1 : 217 – 238 .
  • Marshall , J. J. and Lauda , C. M. 1975 . Purification and properties of phaseolamin, an inhibitor of alpha‐amylase, from the kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris . J. Biol. Chem. , 250 : 8030 – 8037 .
  • Junge , W. 1984 . Pancreatic lipase, titrimetric method . : 15 – 25 . In Ref. 299
  • Neumann , U. , Kaspar , P. and Ziegenhorn , J. 1984 . Pancreatic lipase, turbidimetric method . : 26 – 34 . In Ref. 299
  • Mori , T. , Satouchi , K. and Matsushita , S. 1973 . A protein inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity in soybean seeds . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 37 : 1225 – 1226 .
  • Satouchi , K. and Matsushita , S. 1976 . Purification and properties of a lipase inhibiting protein from soybean cotyledons . Agric. Biol. Chem. , 40 : 889 – 897 .
  • Gargouri , Y. , Mien , R. , Pieroni , G. , Verger , R. and Sarda , L. 1984 . Studies on the inhibition of pancreatic and microbial lipases by soybean proteins . J. Lipid Res. , 25 : 1214 – 1221 .
  • Schneeman , B. O. 1978 . Effect of plant fiber on lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activity . J. Food Sci. , 43 : 634 – 635 .
  • Vogel , R. 1984 . “Natuerliche Enzym‐Inhibitoren” , Stuttgart, , FRG : Thieme .
  • Whitaker , J. R. and Feeney , R. E. 1973 . “ Enzyme inhibitors in foods ” . In “Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods” , Edited by: NAS . 276 – 298 . Washington, DC : NAS .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.