Saccharide Effects on Cognition and Well-Being in Middle-Aged Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

REFERENCES

• Backstrom , J. R. , Westphal , R. S. , Canton , H. and Sanders-Bush , E. 1995 . Identification of rat serotonin 5-HT2C receptors as glycoproteins containing N-Linked oligosaccharides . Molecular Brain Research , 33 ( 2 ) : 311 – 318 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baddeley , A. E. , Emslie , H. and Nimmo Smith , I. 1992 . The Speed and Capacity of Language-Processing Test Bury St Edmunds : Thames Valley Test Company. .
   Google Scholar
• Bandtlow , C. E. and Zimmermann , D. R. 2000 . Proteoglycans in the developing brain: New conceptual insights for old proteins . Psychological Reviews , 80 : 1267 – 1290 .
   Google Scholar
• Benton , D. , Owens , D. S. and Parker , P. Y. 1994 . Blood glucose influences memory and attention in young adults . Neuropsychologia , 32 ( 5 ) : 595 – 607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , E. W. 1997 . Case report: Observed improvements in Developmental Dyslexia accompanied by supplementation with Glyconutrients and Phytonutrients . Journal of American Nutraceutical Association, supp , 1 : 13 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Best , T. , Bryan , J. and Burns , N. 2008 . An investigation of the effects of saccharides on the memory performance of middle-aged adults . Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging , 12 ( 9 ) : 657 – 662 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best , T. , Kemps , E. and Bryan , J. 2005 . Effects of saccharides on brain function and cognitive performance . Nutrition Reviews , 63 ( 12 ) : 409 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best , T. , Kemps , E. and Bryan , J. 2007 . A role for dietary saccharide intake in cognitive performance . Nutritional Neuroscience , 10 ( 3–4 ) : 113 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best , T. , Kemps , E. and Bryan , J. 2009 . Association between dietary saccharide intake and self-reported cognition in middle-aged adults . British Journal of Nutrition , 101 : 93 – 99 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bryan , J. and Calvaresi , E. 2004 . Associations between dietary intake of folate and vitamins B-12 and B-6 and self-reported cognitive function and psychological well-being in Australian men and women in midlife . Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging , 8 ( 4 ) : 226 – 232 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bryan , J. , Calvaresi , E. and Hughes , D. 2002 . Short-term folate, vitamin B-12 or vitamin B-6 supplementation slightly affect memory performance but not mood in women of various ages . Journal of Nutrition , 132 : 1345 – 1356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrero , J. J. , Fonollá , J. , Marti , J. L. and Jiménez , J. 2007 . Intake of fish oil, oleic acid, folic acid, and vitamins B-6 and E for 1 year decreases plasma C-reactive protein and reduces coronary heart disease risk factors in male patients in a cardiac rehabilitation program1 . The Journal of Nutrition , 137 ( 2 ) : 384 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers , B. K. and Camire , M. E. 2003 . Can cranberry supplementation benefit adults with type 2 diabetes? . Diabetes , 26 ( 9 ) : 2695
   Google Scholar
• Chamelian , L. and Feinstein , A. 2006 . The effect of major depression on subjective and objective cognitive deficits in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury . Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences , 18 ( 1 ) : 33 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. , Kamarck , T. and Mermelstein , R. 1983 . A global measure of perceived stress . Journal of Health and Social Behaviour , 24 ( 4 ) : 385 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craft , S. , Murphy , C. and Wemstrom , J. 1994 . Glucose effects on complex memory and nonmemory tasks: The influence of age, sex and glucoregulatory response . Psychobiology , 22 ( 2 ) : 95 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Daneman , M. and Carpenter , P. A. 1980 . Individual differences in working memory and reading . Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior , 19 ( 4 ) : 450 – 466 .
   Google Scholar
• Della Sala , S. , Gray , C. , Fbaddeley , A. , Allamano , N. and Wilson , L. 1999 . Pattern span: A tool for unwelding visuo-spatial memory . Neuropsychologia , 37 : 1189 – 1199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donahoe , R. T. and Benton , D. 2000 . Glucose tolerance predicts performance on tests of memory and cognition . Physiology and Behaviour , 71 : 395 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunbar , G. L. , Lescaudron , L. L. and Stein , D. G. 1993 . Comparison of GM1 ganglioside, AGF2, and D-amphetamine as treatments for spatial reversal and place learning deficits following lesions of the neostriatum . Behavioural Brain Research , 54 ( 1 ) : 67 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , A. J. and Hogan , E. L. 1975 . Brain gangliosides: Increased incorporation of (1 - 3H) glucosamine during training . Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour , 3 ( 4 ) : 605 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dye , L. , Lluch , A. and Blundell , J. E. 2000 . Macronutrients and mental performance . Nutrition , 16 : 1021 – 1034 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dykman , K. D. and Briggs , J. 1997 . The effects of nutritional supplementation on alcoholics: Mood states and craving for alcohol . Journal of American Nutraceutical Association, supp. , 1 : 8 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Dykman , K. D. and Dykman , R. A. 1998 . Effect of nutritional supplements on attentional-deficit disorder . Integrative Physiological and Behavioural Science , 33 : 49 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dykman , K. D. , Tone , C. , Ford , C. and Dykman , R. A. 1998 . The effects of nutritional supplements on the symptoms of fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome . Integrative Physiological and Behavioural Science , 33 ( 1 ) : 61 – 71 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Earles , J. L. and Salthouse , T. A. 1995 . Interrelations of age, health and speed . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 50B : 33 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Fearon , K. C. H. , Meyenfeldt , M. F. V. , Moses , A. G. W. , Geenen , R. V. , Roy , A. Gouma , D. J. 2003 . Effect of a protein and energy dense n-3 fatty acid enriched supplement on loss of weight and lean tissue in cancer cachexia: A randomised double blind trial . Gut , 52 ( 3 ) : 1479 – 1486 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fillit , H. M. , Butler , R. N. , O'Connell , A. W. , Albert , M. S. , Birren , J. E. Cotman , C. W. 2002 . Achieving and maintaining cognitive vitality with aging. [Review] . Mayo Clinic Proceedings , 77 ( 7 ) : 681 – 696 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher , R. H. and Fairfield , K. M. 2002 . Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults clinical applications . Journal of the American Medical Association , 287 ( 23 ) : 3127 – 3129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham , J. 2009 . Missing data analysis: Making it work in the real world . Annual Review of Psychology , 60 : 549 – 576 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , J. L. , Gonder-Frederick , L. A. , Chewning , W. W. , Silveria , J. and Gold , P. E. 1989 . Glucose enhancement of performance on memory tests in young and aged adults . Neuropsychologia , 27 ( 9 ) : 1129 – 1138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hokkanen , L. S. K. , Kauranen , V. , Roine , R. O. , Salonen , O. and Kotila , M. 2006 . Subtle cognitive deficits after cerebellar infarct . European Journal of Neurology , 13 ( 2 ) : 161 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleene , R. and Schachner , M. 2004 . Glycans and neural cell interactions . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 5 ( 3 ) : 195 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumari , M. and Marmot , M. 2005 . Diabetes and cognitive function in a middle-aged cohort: Findings from the Whitehall II study . Neurology , 65 ( 10 ) : 1597 – 1603 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. 1995 . Neuropsychological assessment, , 3rd ed. New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lovibond , S. H. and Lovibond , P. F. 1995 . Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, , 2nd ed. Sydney : Psychology Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Marquardt , T. , Luehn , K. , Srikrishna , G. , Freeze , H. H. , Harms , E. and Vestweber , D. 1999 . Correction of leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II with oral fucose . Blood , 94 ( 12 ) : 3976 – 3985 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , P. T. 2002 . Glycobiology of the synapse . Glycobiology , 12 ( 1 ) : R – 7R .
   Google Scholar
• Martinowich , K. and Lu , B. 2008 . Interaction between BDNF and serotonin: Role in mood disorders . Neuropsychopharmacology , 33 ( 1 ) : 73 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthies , H. , Staak , S. and Krug , M. 1996 . Fucose and fucosyllactose enhance in-vitro hippocampal long-term potentiation . Brain Research , 725 : 276 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthies , H. J. , Kretlow , J. , Matthies , H. , Smalla , K. H. , Staak , S. and Krug , M. 1999 . Glycosylation of proteins during a critical time window is necessary for the maintenance of long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 region . Neuroscience , 91 ( 1 ) : 175 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel , M. A. , Maier , S. F. and Einstein , G. O. 2002 . “Brain specific” nutrients: A memory cure? . Psychological Science in the Public Interest , 3 ( 1 ) : 12 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair , D. M. , Lorr , M. and Droppleman , L. F. 1992 . Profile of mood states San Diego, CA : EdITS/Educational and Industrial Testing Service .
   Google Scholar
• Mei , Z. T. and Zheng , J. Z. 1993 . Effects of exogenous gangliosides on learning and memory in rats . Japanese Journal of Physiology , 43 ( Suppl 1 ) : S295 – 299 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morris , M. C. , Evans , D. A. , Bienias , J. L. , Scherr , P. A. , Tangney , C. C. Hebert , L. E. 2004 . Dietary niacin and the risk of incident Alzheimer's disease and of cognitive decline . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 75 ( 8 ) : 1093 – 1099 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , M. C. , Evans , D. A. , Tangney , C. C. , Bienias , J. L. and Wilson , R. S. 2006 . Association of vegetable and fruit consumption with age-related cognitive change . Neurology , 67 : 1370 – 1376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , R. K. , Granner , D. K. , Mayes , P. A. and Rodwell , V. W. 1996 . Harper's biochemistry Stanford, CT : Appleton & Lang .
   Google Scholar
• National Health and Medical Research Council . 2005 . Dietary guidelines for Australians: A guide to healthy eating Canberra : Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing .
   Google Scholar
• National Health and Medical Research Council . 2003 . Dietary guidelines for Australian adults Canberra : NHMRC .
   Google Scholar
• Nicolas , A.-S. , Nourhashemi , L. F. , Lanzmann-Petithory , D. and Vellas , B. 2001 . Nutrition and cognitive function . Nutrition in Clinical Care , 4 ( 3 ) : 156 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Rey , A. 1964 . L'examen clinique en psychologie Paris : Presses Universitaires de France .
   Google Scholar
• Riby , L. M. 2004 . The impact of age and task domain on cognitive performance: A meta-analytic review of the glucose facilitation effect . Brain Impairment , 5 ( 2 ) : 145 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Rose , P. R. 1989 . Glycoprotein synthesis and postsynaptic remodelling in long-term memory formation . Neurochemistry International , 14 : 299 – 307 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salim , A. , Mackinnon , A. , Christensen , C. and Griffiths , K. 2008 . Comparison of data analysis strategies for intent-to-treat analysis in pre-test-post-test designs with substantial dropout rates . Psychiatry Research , 160 : 335 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. and Babnock , R. L. 1991 . Decomposing adults age differences in working memory . Developmental Psychology , 27 ( 5 ) : 763 – 776 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasisekharan , R. and Myette , J. R. 2003 . The sweet science of glycobiology: Complex carbohydrates, molecules that are particularly important for communication among cells, are coming under systematic study . American Scientist , 95 ( 5 ) : 432 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Sunram-Lea , S. L. , Foster , J. K. , Durlach , P. and Perez , C. 2001 . Glucose facilitation of cognitive performance in healthy young adults: Examination of the influence of fast-duration, time of day and pre-consumption plasma glucose levels . Psychopharmacology , 157 : 46 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate , C. G. and Blakely , R. D. 1994 . The effect of N-linked glycosylation on activity of the Na(+)- and Cl(−)-dependent serotonin transporter expressed using recombinant baculovirus in insect cells . Journal Biological Chemistry , 269 ( 42 ) : 26303 – 26310 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ten Have , T. , Normand , S.-L. T. , Marcus , S. M. , Hendricks Brown , C. , Lavori , P. and Duan , N. 2008 . Intent-to-treat vs. Non-intent-to-treat analyses under treatment non-adherence in mental health randomized trials . Psychiatric Annals , 38 ( 12 ) : 772 – 783 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trenerry , M. R. , Crosson , B. , DeBoe , J. and Leber , W. R. 1989 . STROOP Neuropsychological Screening Test Manual Oklahoma City : Psychological Assessment Resourcse, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , C. , Szabo , J. S. and Dykman , R. A. 2004 . Effects of a carbohydrate supplement upon resting brain activity . Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science , 39 ( 2 ) : 126 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1997 . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Third Edition New York : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. T. L. , Scott , J. H. and Power , K. G. 1987 . Developmental difference in the span of visual memory for pattern . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 5 : 249 – 255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuravin , I. A. , Nalivaeva , N. N. , Plesneva , S. A. and Dubrovskaya , N. M. 1999 . Effect of gangliosides on motor activity, learning, and mechanisms of regulation of signal transduction in the rat brain . Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology , 35 ( 3 ) : 298 – 308 .
   Google Scholar