Gender Differences in Reading in School-Aged Children: An Early ERP Study

REFERENCES

• Andrews Espy , K. , Molfese , D. , Molfese , V. and Modglin , A. 2004 . Development of auditory event-related potentials in young children and relations to word-level reading abilities at age 8 years. . Annals of Dyslexia , 54 : 9 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Angrilli , A. , Dobel , C. , Rockstroh , B. , Stegagno , L. and Elbert , T. 2000 . EEG brain mapping of phonological and semantic tasks in Italian and German languages. . Clinical Neurophysiology , 111 : 706 – 716 .
   Google Scholar
• Angrilli , A. , Elbert , T. , Cusumano , S. , Stegagno , S. and Rockstroh , B. 2003 . Temporal dynamics of linguistic processes are reorganized in aphasics' cortex: An EEG mapping study. . Neuroimage , 20 : 657 – 666 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrilli , A. and Spironelli , C. 2005 . Cortical plasticity of language measured by EEG in a case of anomic aphasia. . Brain and Language , 95 : 32 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Bakker , D. J. 1979 . Hemispheric differences and reading strategies: Two dyslexia? . Bulletin of the Orton Society , 29 : 84 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Bakker , D. J. 2006 . Treatment of developmental dyslexia: A review. . Pediatric Rehabilitation , 9 : 3 – 13 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bentin , S. , Muochetant-Rostaing , Y. , Giard , M. H. , Echallier , J. F. and Pernier , J. 1999 . ERP manifestations of processing printed words at different psycholinguistic levels: Time course and scalp distribution. . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 11 : 235 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer , D. J. , Goldfield , B. A. and Reznick , J. S. 2002 . Alternative approaches to analyzing individual differences in the rate of early vocabulary development. . Applied Psycholinguisitcs , 23 : 313 – 335 .
   Google Scholar
• Berg , P. and Scherg , M. 1991 . Dipole models of eye movements and blinks. . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology , 79 : 36 – 44 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berg , P. and Scherg , M. 1994 . A multiple source approach to the correction of eye artifacts. . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology , 90 : 229 – 241 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bookheimer , S. 2002 . Functional MRI of language: New approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing. . Annual Review of Neuroscience , 25 : 151 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth , J. R. , Burman , D. D. , Van Santen , F. W. , Harasaki , Y. , Gitelman , D. R. Parrish , T. B. 2001 . The development of specialized brain systems in reading and oral-language. . Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition. Section C, Child Neuropsychology , 7 : 119 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bortolini , V. , Tagliavini , C. and Zampolli , A. 1972 . Lessico di frequenza della lingua italiana contemporanea Milano, , Italy : Aldo Garzanti Editore SpA. . [Lexical frequency in current Italian]
   Google Scholar
• Brunswick , N. , McCrory , E. , Price , C. J. , Frith , C. D. and Frith , U. 1999 . Explicit and implicit processing of words and pseudowords by adult developmental dyslexics: A search for Wernicke's Wortschatz? . Brain , 122 : 1901 – 1917 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burman , D. D. , Bitan , T. and Booth , J. R. 2008 . Sex differences in neural processing of language among children. . Neuropsychologia , 46 : 1349 – 1362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , C. , Xue , G. , Dong , Q. , Jin , Z. , Li , T. Xue , F. 2007 . Sex determines the neurofunctional predictors of visual word learning. . Neuropsychologia , 45 : 741 – 747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements , A. M. , Rimrodt , S. L. , Abel , J. R. , Blankner , J. G. , Mostofsky , S. H. Pekar , J. J. 2006 . Sex differences in cerebral lateralità of language and visuospatial processing . Brain and Language , 98 : 150 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collison , S. L. , Mackay , C. E. , James , A. C. , Quested , D. J. , Phillips , T. Roberts , N. 2003 . Brain volume, asymmetry and intellectual impairment in relation to sex in early-onset schizophrenia. . British Journal of Psychiatry , 183 : 114 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Cornoldi , C. and Colpo , M. 1998 . Prove di lettura MT per la scuola elementare–2 [Italian MT reading tests for primary school–2]. Firenze, , Italy : Organizzazioni speciali. .
   Google Scholar
• Crow , T. J. 2000 . Schizophrenia as the price that Homo sapiens pays for language: A resolution of the central paradox in the origin of the species. . Brain Research Review , 31 : 118 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehaene , S. 1995 . Electrophysiological evidence for category-specific word processing in the normal human brain. . Neuroreport , 6 : 2153 – 2157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehaene , S. , Le Clec'H , G. , Poline , J. B. , Le Bihan , D. and Cohen , L. 2002 . The visual word form area: A prelexical representation of visual words in the fusiform gyrus. . Neuroreport , 13 : 321 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehaene-Lambertz , G. 2000 . Cerebral specialization for speech and nonspeech stimuli in infants. . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 12 : 449 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Démonet , J. , Wise , R. and Franckowiak , R. 1994 . Language functions explored in normal subjects by positron emission tomography. . Human Brain Mapping , 1 : 39 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Deppe , M. , Ringelstein , E.-B. and Knecht , S. 2004 . The investigation of the functional brain lateralization by transcranial Doppler sonography. . NeuroImage , 21 : 1124 – 1146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmond , J. , Sum , J. , Wagner , A. , Demb , J. , Shear , P. Glover , G. 1995 . Functional MRI measurement of language lateralization in Wada-tested patients. . Brain , 118 : 1411 – 1419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong , Q. , Mei , L. , Xue , G. , Chen , C. , Li , T. Xue , F. 2008 . Sex-dependent neurofunctional predictors of long-term maintenance of visual word learning. . Neuroscience Letters , 430 : 87 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederikse , M. , Lu , A. , Ayward , E. , Barta , P. , Sharma , T. and Pearlson , G. 2000 . Sex differences in inferior parietal lobule volume in schizophrenia. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 : 422 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith , U. and Vargha-Khadem , F. 2001 . Are there sex differences in the brain basis of literacy related skills? Evidence from reading and spelling impairments after early unilateral brain damage. . Neuropsychologia , 39 : 1485 – 1488 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frost , J. A. , Binder , J. R. , Springer , J. A. , Hammeke , T. A. , Bellgowan , P. S. F. Rao , S. M. 1999 . Language processing is strongly left lateralized in both sexes. Evidence from functional MRI. . Brain , 122 : 199 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geschwind , N. and Galaburda , A. M. 1985 . Cerebral lateralization. Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: II. A hypothesis and a program for research. . Archives of Neurology , 42 : 521 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein , J. M. , Seidman , L. J. , Horton , N. J. , Makris , N. , Kennedy , D. N. Caviness , V. S. 2001 . Normal sexual dimorphism of the adult human brain assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging . Cerebral Cortex , 11 : 490 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossi , G. , Coch , D. , Coffey-Corina , S. , Holcomb , P. J. and Neville , H. J. 2001 . Phonological processing in visual rhyming: A developmental ERP study. . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 13 : 610 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagoort , P. 2005 . On Broca, brain, and binding: A new framework. . TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences , 9 : 416 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helenuis , P. , Tarkiainen , A. , Cornelissen , P. L. , Hansen , P. C. and Salmelin , R. 1999 . Dissociation of normal features analysis and deficient processing of letter-strings in dyslexic adults. . Cerebral Cortex , 9 : 476 – 483 .
   Google Scholar
• Highley , J. R. , Esiri , M. M. , McDonald , B. , Cortina-Borja , M. , Herron , B. M. and Crow , T. J. 1999 . The size and fibre composition of the corpus callosum with respect to gender and schizophrenia: A post-mortem study. . Brain , 122 : 99 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Highley , J. R. , Esiri , M. M. , McDonald , B. , Roberts , H. C. , Walker , M. A. and Crow , T. J. 1999 . The size and fiber composition of the anterior commissure with respect to gender and schizophrenia. . Biological Psychiatry , 45 : 1120 – 1127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillis , A. E. 2006 . The right place at the right time? . Brain , 129 : 1351 – 1353 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hiscock , M. 1998 . “ Brain lateralization across the life span. ” . In Handbook of neurolinguistics Edited by: Stemmer , B. and Whitaker , H. A. 357 – 368 . San Diego : Academic Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Jablensky , A. , Sartorius , N. , Ernberg , G. , Anker , M. , Korten , A. Cooper , J. E. 1992 . Schizophrenia: Manifestation, incidence and course in different cultures. A Word Health Organization ten-country study. . Psychological Medicine. Monograph Supplement , 20 : 1 – 97 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimura , D. 1999 . Sex and cognition London : MIT press. .
   Google Scholar
• Knecht , S. , Deppe , M. , Ebner , A. , Henningsen , H. , Huber , T. Jokeit , H. 1998 . Noninvasive determination of language lateralization by functional transcranial Doppler sonography. A comparison with Wada test. . Stroke , 29 : 82 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leppanen , P. H. T. , Richardson , U. , Pihko , E. , Eklund , K. M. , Guttorm , T. K. Aro , M. 2002 . Brain responses to changes in speech sound durations differ between infants with and without familial risk for dyslexia. . Developmental Neuropsychology , 22 : 407 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy , J. 1972 . “ Lateral specialization of the human brain: behavioral manifestations and possible evolutionary basis. ” . In The biology of behaviour Edited by: Kiger , J. 159 – 180 . Corvallis : Oregon State University. .
   Google Scholar
• Lynn , R. 1992 . Sex differences on the differential aptitude test in British and American adolescents. . Educational Psychology , 12 : 101 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Luria , A. R. 1973 . The working brain New York : Basic Books. .
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. , Brem , S. , Bucher , K. , Kranz , F. , Benz , R. Steinhausen , H.-C. 2007 . Impaired tuning of a fast occipito-temporal response for print in dyslexic children learning to read. . Brain , 130 : 3200 – 3210 .
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. , Brem , S. , Kranz , F. , Bucher , K. , Benz , R. Halder , P. 2006 . Coarse neural tuning for print peaks when children learn to read. . Neuroimage , 33 : 749 – 758 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlone , J. 1977 . Sex differences in the cerebral organization of verbal functions in patients with unilateral brain lesions. . Brain , 100 : 775 – 793 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlone , J. 1980 . Sex differences in human brain asymmetries: A critical survey. . Behavioural and Brain Sciences , 3 : 215 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath , J. , Saha , S. , Welham , J. , El Saadi , O. , MacCauley , C. and Chant , D. 2004 . A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: The distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology. . BMC Medicine , 28 : 2 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Mills , D. L. , Coffey-Corina , S. A. and Neville , H. J. 1993 . Language acquisition and cerebral specialization in 20-month-old infants. . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 5 : 317 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills , D. L. , Coffey-Corina , S. A. and Neville , H. J. 1997 . Language comprehension and cerebral specialization from 13 to 20 months . Developmental Neuropsychology , 13 : 397 – 445 . D. Thal & J. Reilly (Ed.), special issue on Origins of Language Disorders
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molfese , D. L. and Molfese , V. J. 1985 . Electrophysiological indices of auditory discrimination in newborn infants: The bases for predicting later development? . Infant Behavior and Development , 8 : 197 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , A. D. , Johnson , J. and Peters , J. 1990 . Fine-tuning of utterance length to preverbal infants: Effects on later language development. . Jounal of Child Language , 17 : 511 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narr , K. L. , Thompson , P. M. , Sharma , T. , Moussai , J. , Zoumalan , C. Rayman , J. 2001 . Three-dimensional mapping of gyral shape and cortical surface asymmetries in schizophrenia: Gender effects. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 : 244 – 255 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oldfield , R. C. 1971 . The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory. . Neuropsychologia , 9 : 97 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oostenveld , R. and Praamstra , P. 2001 . The five percent electrode system for high-resolution EEG and ERP measurements. . Clinical Neurophysiology , 112 : 713 – 719 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons , T. D. , Rizzo , A. R. , van der Zaag , C. , McGee , J. S. and Buckwalter , J. G. 2005 . Gender differences and cognition among older adults. . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 12 : 78 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parviainen , T. , Helenius , P. , Poskiparta , E. , Niemi , P. and Salmelin , R. 2006 . Cortical sequence of word perception in beginning readers. . The Journal of Neuroscience , 26 : 6052 – 6061 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulesu , E. , Démonet , J.-F. , Fazio , F. , McCrory , E. , Chanoine , V. Brunswick , N. 2001 . Dyslexia: Cultural diversity and biological unity. . Science , 291 : 2165 – 2167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plante , E. , Schmithorst , V. J. , Holland , S. K. and Byars , A. W. 2006 . Sex differences in the activation of language cortex during childhood. . Neuropsychologia , 44 : 1210 – 1221 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penolazzi , B. , Hauk , O. and Pulvermüller , F. 2007 . Early semantic context integration and lexical access as revealed by event-related potentials. . Biological Psychology , 74 : 374 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penolazzi , B. , Spironelli , C. , Vio , C. and Angrilli , A. 2006 . Altered hemispheric asymmetry during word processing in dyslexic children: An event-related potential study. . Neuroreport , 17 : 429 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penolazzi , B. , Spironelli , C. and Angrilli , A. 2008 . Delta EEG activity as a marker of dysfunctional linguistic processing in developmental dyslexia. . Psychophysiology , 45 : 1025 – 1033 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin , F. , Pernier , J. , Bertrand , O. and Echallier , J. F. 1989 . Spherical splines for scalp potential and current density mapping. . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology , 72 : 184 – 187 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Price , C. J. and Crinion , J. 2005 . The latest on functional imaging studies of aphasic stroke. . Current Opinion in Neurology , 18 : 429 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roland , P. E. , Lassen , N. A. and Friberg , L. 1985 . Regional cortical blood flow changes during fluent speech insubjects with verified hemispheric dominance. . Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism , 5 : 205 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Rossion , B. , Joyce , C. A. , Cottrell , G. W. and Tarr , M. J. 2003 . Early lateralization and orientation tuning for face, word, and object processing in the visual cortex. . Neuroimage , 20 : 1609 – 1624 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartori , G. , Job , R. and Tressoldi , P. E. 1995 . Batteria per la valutazione della Dislessia e della Disortografia Evolutiva Firenze, , Italy : Organizzazioni Speciali. . [Italian battery for the evaluation of Dyslexia and Dysorthographya]
   Google Scholar
• Saur , D. , Lange , R. , Baumgaertner , A. , Schraknepper , V. , Willmes , K. Rijntjies , M. 2006 . Dynamics of language reorganization after stroke. . Brain , 129 : 1371 – 1384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaywitz , B. A. , Shaywitz , S. E. , Pugh , K. R. , Constable , R. T. , Skudlarski , P. Fulbright , R. K. 1995 . Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language. . Nature , 373 : 605 – 609 .
   Google Scholar
• Sommer , I. E. C. , Aleman , A. , Bouma , A. and Kahn , R. S. 2004 . Do women really have more bilateral language respresentation than men? A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. . Brain , 127 : 1845 – 1852 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spironelli , C. and Angrilli , A. 2006 . Language lateralization in Phonological, Semantic and Orthographic tasks: A slow evoked potential study. . Behavioral Brain Research , 175 : 296 – 304 .
   Google Scholar
• Spironelli , C. and Angrilli , A. 2007 . Influence of Phonological, Semantic and Orthographic tasks on the early linguistic components N150 and N350. . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 64 : 190 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Spironelli , C. and Angrilli , A. 2009 . Developmental aspects of automatic word processing: Language lateralization of early ERP components in children, young adults and middle-aged subjects. . Biological Psychology , 80 : 35 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spironelli , C. and Angrilli , A. 2008 . Language plasticity in aphasics after recovery: Evidence from slow evoked potentials. . Neuroimage , 40 : 912 – 922 .
   Google Scholar
• Spironelli , C. , Penolazzi , B. and Angrilli , A. 2008 . Dysfunctional hemispheric asymmetry of theta and beta EEG activity during linguistic tasks in developmental dyslexia. . Biological Psychology , 77 : 123 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles , J. , Bates , E. A. , Thal , D. , Trauner , D. and Reilly , J. 2002 . “ Linguistic, cognitive and affective development in children with pre- and perinatal focal brain injury: A ten-year overview from the San Diego longitudinal project. ” . In Brain development and cognition: A reader, , 2nd edition Edited by: Johnson , M. H. , Munakata , Y. and Gilmore , R. O. 272 – 291 . London, , UK : Blackwell. .
   Google Scholar
• Tzourio-Mazoyer , N. , Josse , G. , Crivello , F. and Mazoyer , B. 2004 . Interindividual variability in the hemispheric organization for speech. . Neuroimage , 21 : 422 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada , J. and Rasmussen , T. 1960 . Intracarotid injection of sodium amytal for the lateralization of cerebral speech dominance. . Journal of Neurosurgery , 17 : 266 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walder , D. J. , Seidman , L. J. , Cullen , N. , Su , J. , Tsuang , M. T. and Goldstein , J. M. 2006 . Sex differences in language dysfunction in schizophrenia. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 : 470 – 477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1986 . Scala di intelligenza Wechsler per bambini-riveduta Firenze, , Italy : Organizzazioni Speciali. . [Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Revised (Italian version)]
   Google Scholar
• Winhuisen , L. , Thiel , A. , Schumacher , B. , Kessler , J. , Rudolf , J. Haupt , W. F. 2005 . Role of the contralateral inferior frontal gyrus in recovery of language function in poststroke aphasia. A combined repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and positron emission tomography study. . Stroke , 36 : 1759 – 1763 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatorre , R. J. , Evans , A. C. , Meyer , E. and Gjedde , A. 1992 . Lateralization of phonetic and pitch discrimination in speech processing. . Science , 256 : 846 – 849 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar