Development of Visual Expertise for Reading: Rapid Emergence of Visual Familiarity for an Artificial Script

REFERENCES

• Allison , T. , McCarthy , G. , Nobre , A. , Puce , A. and Belger , A. 1994 . Human extrastriate visual cortex and the perception of faces, words, numbers, and colors. . Cerebral Cortex , 4 ( 5 ) : 544 – 554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker , D. J. 1990 . Neuropsychological treatment of dyslexia. New York : Oxford University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Bentin , S. , Allison , T. , Puce , A. and Perez , E. 1996 . Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans. . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 8 ( 6 ) : 551 – 565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentin , S. , Mouchetant-Rostaing , Y. , Giard , M. H. , Echallier , J. F. and Pernier , J. 1999 . ERP manifestations of processing printed words at different psycholinguistic levels: Time course and scalp distribution. . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 11 ( 3 ) : 235 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg , P. and Scherg , M. 1994 . A multiple source approach to the correction of eye artifacts. . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology , 90 ( 3 ) : 229 – 241 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blau , V. C. , Maurer , U. , Tottenham , N. and McCandliss , B. D. 2007 . The face-specific N170 component is modulated by emotional facial expression. . Behavioral Brain Functions , 3 : 7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandeis , D. and Lehmann , D. 1986 . Event-related potentials of the brain and cognitive processes: Approaches and applications. . Neuropsychologia , 24 ( 1 ) : 151 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandeis , D. , Vitacco , D. and Steinhausen , H. C. 1994 . Mapping brain electric micro-states in dyslexic children during reading. . Acta Paedopsychiatrica , 56 ( 3 ) : 239 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• Brem , S. , Bucher , K. , Halder , P. , Summers , P. , Dietrich , T. Martin , E. 2006 . Evidence for developmental changes in the visual word processing network beyond adolescence. . Neuroimage , 29 ( 3 ) : 822 – 837 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brem , S. , Lang-Dullenkopf , A. , Maurer , U. , Halder , P. , Bucher , K. and Brandeis , D. 2005 . Neurophysiological signs of rapidly emerging visual expertise for symbol strings. . Neuroreport , 16 ( 1 ) : 45 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , C. J. 2005 . N-watch: A program for deriving neighborhood size and other psycholinguistic statistics. . Behavior Research Methods , 37 ( 1 ) : 65 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehaene , S. , Cohen , L. , Sigman , M. and Vinckier , F. 2005 . The neural code for written words: a proposal. . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 9 ( 7 ) : 335 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eulitz , C. , Eulitz , H. , Maess , B. , Cohen , R. , Pantev , C. and Elbert , T. 2000 . Magnetic brain activity evoked and induced by visually presented words and nonverbal stimuli. . Psychophysiology , 37 ( 4 ) : 447 – 455 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferree , T. C. , Luu , P. , Russell , G. S. and Tucker , D. M. 2001 . Scalp electrode impedance, infection risk, and EEG data quality. . Clinical Neurophysiology , 112 ( 3 ) : 536 – 544 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier , I. , Curran , T. , Curby , K. M. and Collins , D. 2003 . Perceptual interference supports a non-modular account of face processing. . Nature Neuroscience , 6 ( 4 ) : 428 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes , A. P. , Blair , R. C. , Watson , J. D. and Ford , I. 1996 . Nonparametric analysis of statistic images from functional mapping experiments. . Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism , 16 ( 1 ) : 7 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann , D. and Skrandies , W. 1980 . Reference-free identification of components of checkerboard-evoked multichannel potential fields. . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology , 48 ( 6 ) : 609 – 621 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Licht , R. , Bakker , D. J. , Kok , A. and Bouma , A. 1992 . Grade-related changes in event-related potentials (ERPs) in primary school children: Differences between two reading tasks. . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 14 ( 2 ) : 193 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. , Brandeis , D. and McCandliss , B. 2005 . Fast, visual specialization for reading in English revealed by the topography of the N170 ERP response. . Behavioral Brain Functions , 1 ( 1 ) : 13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maurer , U. , Brem , S. , Bucher , K. and Brandeis , D. 2005 . Emerging neurophysiological specialization for letter strings. . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 17 ( 10 ) : 1532 – 1552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. , Brem , S. , Bucher , K. , Kranz , F. , Benz , R. Steinhausen , H.-C. 2007 . Impaired tuning of a fast occipito-temporal response for print in dyslexic children learning to read. . Brain , 130 : 3200 – 3210 .
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. , Brem , S. , Kranz , F. , Bucher , K. , Benz , R. Halder , P. 2006 . Coarse neural tuning for print peaks when children learn to read. . Neuroimage , 33 ( 2 ) : 749 – 758 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. and McCandliss , B. D. 2007 . “ The development of visual expertise for words: The contribution of electrophysiology. ” . In Single-word reading: Biological and behavioral perspectives Edited by: Grigorenko , E. L. and Naples , A. J. 43 – 64 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. .
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. , Bucher , K. , Brem , S. and Brandeis , D. 2003 . Development of the automatic mismatch response: From frontal positivity in kindergarten children to the mismatch negativity. . Clinical Neurophysiology , 114 ( 5 ) : 808 – 817 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. , Zevin , J. D. and McCandliss , B. D. 2008 . Left-lateralized N170 effects of visual expertise in reading: Evidence from Japanese syllabic and logographic scripts. . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 20 ( 10 ) : 1878 – 1891 .
   Google Scholar
• McCandliss , B. D. 2010 . Educational neuroscience: The early years. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 107 : 8049 – 8050 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCandliss , B. D. , Cohen , L. and Dehaene , S. 2003 . The visual word form area: Expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus. . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 7 ( 7 ) : 293 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCandliss , B. D. , Posner , M. I. and Givon , T. 1997 . Brain plasticity in learning visual words. . Cognitive Psychology , 33 ( 1 ) : 88 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• McClelland , J. L. , Fiez , J. A. and McCandliss , B. D. 2002 . Teaching the /r/ /l/ discrimination to Japanese adults: Behavioral and neural aspects. . Physiology & Behavior , 77 : 657 – 662 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel , C. M. , Thut , G. , Morand , S. , Khateb , A. , Pegna , A. J. , Grave de Peralta , R. , Gonzalez , S. , Seeck , M. and Landis , T. 2001 . Electric source imaging of human brain functions. . Brain Research: Brain Research Reviews , 36 ( 2–3 ) : 108 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , M. M. , Michel , C. M. , Grave de Peralta , R. , Ortigue , S. , Brunet , D. Gonzalez Andino , S. 2004 . Rapid discrimination of visual and multisensory memories revealed by electrical neuroimaging. . Neuroimage , 21 ( 1 ) : 125 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , J. R. , Liu , Y. , Fiez , J. and Perfetti , C. A. 2009 . Assimilation and accommodation patterns in ventral occipitotemporal cortex in learning a second writing system. . Human Brain Mapping , 30 ( 3 ) : 810 – 820 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble , K. G. , Wolmetz , M. E. , Ochs , L. G. , Farah , M. J. and McCandliss , B. D. 2006 . Brain-behavior relationships in reading acquisition are modulated by socioeconomic factors. . Developmental Science , 9 : 642 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orton , S. T. 1937 . Reading, writing and speech problems in children London, , UK : Chapman & Hall. .
   Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. and McCandilss , B. D. 1993 . Converging methods for investigating lexical access. . Psychological Science , 4 ( 5 ) : 305 – 309 .
   Google Scholar
• Posner , M. and McCandliss , B. D. 1999 . “ Brain circuitry during reading. ” . In Converging methods for understanding reading and dyslexia Edited by: Klein , R. and McMullen , P. 305 – 337 . Cambridge : MIT Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Rossion , B. , Gauthier , I. , Goffaux , V. , Tarr , M. J. and Crommelinck , M. 2002 . Expertise training with novel objects leads to left-lateralized facelike electrophysiological responses. . Psychological Science , 13 ( 3 ) : 250 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossion , B. , Joyce , C. A. , Cottrell , G. W. and Tarr , M. J. 2003 . Early lateralization and orientation tuning for face, word, and object processing in the visual cortex. . Neuroimage , 20 : 1609 – 1624 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz , E. , Maurer , U. , van der Mark , S. , Bucher , K. , Brem , S. Martin , E. 2008 . Impaired semantic processing during sentence reading in children with dyslexia: Combined fMRI and ERP evidence. . Neuroimage , 41 ( 1 ) : 153 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirahama , Y. , Ohta , K. , Takashima , A. , Matsushima , E. and Okubo , Y. 2004 . Magnetic brain activity elicited by visually presented symbols and Japanese characters. . Neuroreport , 15 ( 5 ) : 771 – 775 .
   Google Scholar
• Spironelli , C. and Angrilli , A. 2009 . Developmental aspects of automatic word processing: Language lateralization of early ERP components in children, young adults and middle-aged subjects. . Biological Psychology , 80 ( 1 ) : 35 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spironelli , C. , Penolazzi , B. and Angrilli , A. 2010 . Gender differences in reading in school-aged children: An early ERP study. . Developmental Neuropsychology , 35 ( 4 ) : 357 – 375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , M. , Dierks , T. , Brandeis , D. , Wirth , M. , Strik , W. and Koenig , T. 2006 . Plasticity in the adult language system: A longitudinal electrophysiological study on second language learning. . Neuroimage , 33 ( 2 ) : 774 – 783 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strik , W. K. , Fallgatter , A. J. , Brandeis , D. and Pascual-Marqui , R. D. 1998 . Three-dimensional tomography of event-related potentials during response inhibition: Evidence for phasic frontal lobe activation. . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology , 108 ( 4 ) : 406 – 413 .
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka , J. W. and Curran , T. 2001 . A neural basis for expert object recognition. . Psychological Science , 12 ( 1 ) : 43 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarkiainen , A. , Helenius , P. , Hansen , P. C. , Cornelissen , P. L. and Salmelin , R. 1999 . Dynamics of letter string perception in the human occipitotemporal cortex. . Brain , 122 ( Pt 11 ) : 2119 – 2132 .
   Google Scholar
• Torgesen , J. K. , Wagner , R. K. and Rashotte , C. A. 1999 . TOWRE—Test of word reading efficiency Austin, TX : PRO-ED. .
   Google Scholar
• Tucker , D. M. 1993 . Spatial sampling of head electrical fields: The geodesic sensor net. . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology , 87 ( 3 ) : 154 – 163 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turkeltaub , P. E. , Gareau , L. , Flowers , D. L. , Zeffiro , T. A. and Eden , G. F. 2003 . Development of neural mechanisms for reading. . Nature Neuroscience , 18 : 18
   Google Scholar
• Wong , A. C. , Gauthier , I. , Woroch , B. , DeBuse , C. and Curran , T. 2005 . An early electrophysiological response associated with expertise in letter perception. . Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience , 5 ( 3 ) : 306 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue , G. , Chen , C. , Jin , Z. and Dong , Q. 2006 . Language experience shapes fusiform activation when processing a logographic artificial language: An fMRI training study. . Neuroimage , 31 ( 3 ) : 1315 – 1326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue , G. and Poldrack , R. A. 2007 . The neural substrates of visual perceptual learning of words: Implications for the visual word form area hypothesis. . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 19 ( 10 ) : 1643 – 1655 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoncheva , Y. N. , Blau , V. C. , Maurer , U. and McCandliss , B. D. 2010/this issue . Attentional focus during learning impacts N170 ERP responses to an artificial script. . Developmental Neuropsychology , 35 ( 4 ) : 423 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , X. L. , Begleiter , H. , Porjesz , B. and Litke , A. 1997 . Visual object priming differs from visual word priming: An ERP study. . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology , 102 ( 3 ) : 200 – 215 .
   Google Scholar