MR Spectroscopic Evidence of Brain Injury in the Non-Diagnosed Collision Sport Athlete

REFERENCES

• Ashwal, S., Holshouser, B., Tong, K., Serna, T., Osterdock, R., Gross, M., & Kido, D. (2004a). Proton MR spectroscopy detected glutamate/glutamine is increased in children with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 21(11), 1539–1552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashwal, S., Holshouser, B., Tong, K., Serna, T., Osterdock, R., Gross, M., & Kido, D. (2004b). Proton spectroscopy detected myoinositol in children with traumatic brain injury. Pediatric Research, 56(4), 630–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Associations, N. F. o. S. H. S. 2009–2010. High school athletics participation survey. Retrieved from http://www.nfhs.org/content.aspx?id=3282&linkidentifier=id&itemid=3282
   Google Scholar
• Babb, S. M., Ke, Y., Lange, N., Kaufman, M. J., Renshaw, P. F., & Cohen, B. M. (2004). Oral choline increases choline metabolites in human brain. Psychiatry Research, 130(1), 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailes, J. E., Petraglia, A. L., Omalu, B. I., Nauman, E., & Talavage, T. (2013). Role of subconcussion in repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery, 119(5), 1235–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baugh, C. M., Stamm, J. M., Riley, D. O., Gavett, B. E., Shenton, M. E., Lin, A., … Stern, R. A. (2012). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Neurodegeneration following repetitive concussive and subconcussive brain trauma. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 6(2), 244–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, A., Richter-Landsberg, C., & Leibfritz, D. (1993). Multinuclear NMR studies on the energy metabolism of glial and neuronal cells. Developmental Neuroscience, 15(3–5), 289–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breedlove, E. L., Robinson, M., Talavage, T. M., Morigaki, K. E., Yoruk, U., O’Keefe, K., … Nauman, E. A. (2012). Biomechanical correlates of symptomatic and asymptomatic neurophysiological impairment in high school football. Journal of Biomechanics, 45(7), 1265–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breedlove, K. M., Breedlove, E. L., Robinson, M., Poole, V. N., King, J. R., Rosenberger, P., … Nauman, E. A. (2014). Detecting neurocognitive & neurophysiological changes as a result of subconcussive blows in high school football athletes. Athletic Training & Sports Health Care, 6(3), 119–127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Broglio, S. P., Sosnoff, J. J., Shin, S., He, X., Alcaraz, C., & Zimmerman, J. (2009). Head impacts during high school football: A biomechanical assessment. Journal of Athletic Training, 44(4), 342–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, W. M., Friedman, S. D., & Gasparovic, C. (2001). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 16(2), 149–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, W. M., Stidley, C. A., Petropoulos, H., Jung, R. E., Weers, D. C., Friedman, S. D., … Yeo, R. A. (2000). Metabolic and cognitive response to human traumatic brain injury: A quantitative proton magnetic resonance study. Journal of Neurotrauma, 17(8), 629–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck, P. W. (2011). Mild traumatic brain injury: A silent epidemic in our practices. Health & Social Work, 36(4), 299–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantu, R. C. (1998). Second-impact syndrome. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 17(1), 37–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castile, L., Collins, C. L., McIlvain, N. M., & Comstock, R. D. (2011). The epidemiology of new versus recurrent sports concussions among high school athletes, 2005–2010. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(8), 603–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, M. W., Grindel, S. H., Lovell, M. R., Dede, D. E., Moser, D. J., Phalin, B. R., … McKeag, D. B. (1999). Relationship between concussion and neuropsychological performance in college football players. JAMA, 282(10), 964–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, R. W. (1996). AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Computers and Biomedical Research, 29(3), 162–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Beaumont, L., Tremblay, S., Poirier, J., Lassonde, M., & Théoret, H. (2012). Altered bidirectional plasticity and reduced implicit motor learning in concussed athletes. Cerebral Cortex, 22(1), 112–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dechent, P., Pouwels, P. J., Wilken, B., Hanefeld, F., & Frahm, J. (1999). Increase of total creatine in human brain after oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate. American Journal of Physiology, 277(3 Pt 2), R698–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, K. I., Weinstein, A. M., Sutton, B. P., Prakash, R. S., Voss, M. W., Chaddock, L., … Wojcicki, T. R. (2012). Beyond vascularization: Aerobic fitness is associated with N‐acetylaspartate and working memory. Brain and Behavior, 2(1), 32–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlanger, D. M., Kutner, K. C., Barth, J. T., & Barnes, R. (1999). Neuropsychology of sports-related head injury: Dementia Pugilistica to Post Concussion Syndrome. Clinical Neuropsychology, 13(2), 193–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, M., Xu, L., Wald, M., & Coronado, V. (2010). Traumatic brain injury in the United States: Emergency department visits, hospitalizations and deaths 2002–2006. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2–70.
   Google Scholar
• Field, M., Collins, M. W., Lovell, M. R., & Maroon, J. (2003). Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes. Journal of Pediatrics, 142(5), 546–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, S. K., Novak, J. E., & Agranoff, B. W. (2002). Inositol and higher inositol phosphates in neural tissues: Homeostasis, metabolism and functional significance. Journal of Neurochemistry, 82(4), 736–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasparovic, C., Yeo, R., Mannell, M., Ling, J., Elgie, R., Phillips, J., … Mayer, A. R. (2009). Neurometabolite concentrations in gray and white matter in mild traumatic brain injury: An 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Journal of Neurotrauma, 26(10), 1635–1643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavett, B. E., Stern, R. A., & McKee, A. C. (2011). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A potential late effect of sport-related concussive and subconcussive head trauma. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 30(1), 179–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales, M. M., Tarumi, T., Kaur, S., Nualnim, N., Fallow, B. A., Pyron, M., … Haley, A. P. (2013). Aerobic fitness and the brain: Increased N-acetyl-aspartate and choline concentrations in endurance-trained middle-aged adults. Brain Topography, 26(1), 126–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, L. C., Tremblay, S., Boulanger, Y., Ellemberg, D., & Lassonde, M. (2010). Neurometabolic changes in the acute phase after sports concussions correlate with symptom severity. Journal of Neurotrauma, 27(1), 65–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, L. C., Tremblay, S., Leclerc, S., Khiat, A., Boulanger, Y., Ellemberg, D., & Lassonde, M. (2011). Metabolic changes in concussed American football players during the acute and chronic post-injury phases. BMC Neurology, 11, 105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B., Gay, M., Zhang, K., Neuberger, T., Horovitz, S. G., Hallett, M., … Slobounov, S. (2012). The use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the subacute evaluation of athletes recovering from single and multiple mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 29(13), 2297–2304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, A., Ross, B. D., Harris, K., & Wong, W. (2005). Efficacy of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in neurological diagnosis and neurotherapeutic decision making. NeuroRx, 2(2), 197–214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lovell, M. R., & Collins, M. W. (1998). Neuropsychological assessment of the college football player. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 13(2), 9–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddock, R. J., Casazza, G. A., Buonocore, M. H., & Tanase, C. (2011). Vigorous exercise increases brain lactate and Glx (glutamate+glutamine): A dynamic 1H-MRS study. Neuroimage, 57(4), 1324–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee, A. C., Cantu, R. C., Nowinski, C. J., Hedley-Whyte, E. T., Gavett, B. E., Budson, A. E., … Stern, R. A. (2009). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: Progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, 68(7), 709–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mountford, C., Lean, C., Malycha, P., & Russell, P. (2006). Proton spectroscopy provides accurate pathology on biopsy and in vivo. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 24(3), 459–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsholme, P., Procopio, J., Lima, M. M., Pithon-Curi, T. C., & Curi, R. (2003). Glutamine and glutamate—Their central role in cell metabolism and function. Cell Biochemistry and Function, 21(1), 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posse, S., Otazo, R., Caprihan, A., Bustillo, J., Chen, H., Henry, P. G., … Alger, J. R. (2007). Proton echo-planar spectroscopic imaging of J-coupled resonances in human brain at 3 and 4 Tesla. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 58(2), 236–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provencher, S. W. (1993). Estimation of metabolite concentrations from localized in vivo proton NMR spectra. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 30(6), 672–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuhmann, M. U., Stiller, D., Skardelly, M., Bernarding, J., Klinge, P. M., Samii, A., … Brinker, T. (2003). Metabolic changes in the vicinity of brain contusions: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and histology study. Journal of Neurotrauma, 20(8), 725–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signoretti, S., Di Pietro, V., Vagnozzi, R., Lazzarino, G., Amorini, A. M., Belli, A., … Tavazzi, B. (2010). Transient alterations of creatine, creatine phosphate, N-acetylaspartate and high-energy phosphates after mild traumatic brain injury in the rat. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 333(1–2), 269–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofroniew, M. V. (2009). Molecular dissection of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation. Trends in Neuroscience, 32(12), 638–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talavage, T. M., Nauman, E. A., Breedlove, E. L., Yoruk, U., Dye, A. E., Morigaki, K. E., … Leverenz, L. J. (2014). Functionally-detected cognitive impairment in high school football players without clinically-diagnosed concussion. Journal of Neurotrauma, 31(4), 327–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, J., Bluml, S., Hoang, T., Dubowitz, D., Mevenkamp, G., & Ross, B. (1998). Lack of effect of oral choline supplement on the concentrations of choline metabolites in human brain. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 39(6), 1005–1010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vagnozzi, R., Signoretti, S., Tavazzi, B., Floris, R., Ludovici, A., Marziali, S., … Lazzarino, G. (2008). Temporal window of metabolic brain vulnerability to concussion: A pilot 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed athletes—Part III. Neurosurgery, 62(6), 1286–1295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Graaf, M. (2010). In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Basic methodology and clinical applications. European Biophysics Journal, 39(4), 527–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, S., Zhuo, J., Racz, J., Shi, D., Roys, S., Fiskum, G., & Gullapalli, R. (2011). Early microstructural and metabolic changes following controlled cortical impact injury in rat: A magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. Journal of Neurotrauma, 28(10), 2091–2102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo, R. A., Gasparovic, C., Merideth, F., Ruhl, D., Doezema, D., & Mayer, A. R. (2011). A longitudinal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 28(1), 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, K., Johnson, B., Pennell, D., Ray, W., Sebastianelli, W., & Slobounov, S. (2010). Are functional deficits in concussed individuals consistent with white matter structural alterations: Combined FMRI & DTI study. Experimental Brain Research, 204(1), 57–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., Ahram, A., Berman, R. F., Muizelaar, J. P., & Lyeth, B. G. (2003). Early loss of astrocytes after experimental traumatic brain injury. Glia, 44(2), 140–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar