Genuine memory deficits in age‐associated memory impairment

References

• American Psychiatric Association . 1980 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , (3rd ed.) , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Arenberg , D. 1980 . “ Comments on the processes that account for memory declines with age ” . In New directions in memory and aging , Edited by: Poon , L. W. , Fozard , J. L. , Cermak , L. S. , Arenberg , D. and Thompson , L. W. 67 – 71 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Arenberg , D. and Robertson‐Tchabo , E. A. 1977 . “ Learning and aging ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schaie , K. W. 421 – 449 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1978 . The trouble with levels: A reexamination of Craik and Lockhart's framework for memory research . Psychological Review , 85 : 139 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battig , W. F. and Montague , W. E. 1969 . Category norms of verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms . Journal of Experimental Psychology Monograph , 80 ( 3 ) Pt. 2)
   Google Scholar
• Birren , J. E. and Cunningham , W. R. 1985 . “ Research on the psychology of aging ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schaie , K. W. 3 – 34 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Blessed , G. , Tomlinson , B. E. and Roth , M. 1968 . The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral gray matter of elderly subjects . British Journal of Psychiatry , 114 : 797 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botwinick , J. 1984 . Aging and behavior , (3rd ed.) , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Botwinick , J. and Storandt , M. 1974 . Memory, related functions and age , Springfield, IL : Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Bowles , N. L. and Poon , L. W. 1982 . An analysis of the effect of aging in recognition memory . Journal of Gerontology , 37 : 212 – 219 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Branconnier , R. J. , Cole , J. O. , Spera , K. F. and DeVitt , D. R. 1982 . Recall and recognition as diagnostic indices of malignant memory loss in senile dementia: A Baysian analysis . Experimental Aging Research , 8 : 189 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschke , H. 1984a . “ Control of cognitive processing ” . In Neuropsychology of memory , Edited by: Squire , L. R. and Butters , N. 33 – 40 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Buschke , H. 1984b . Cued recall in amnesia . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 6 : 433 – 440 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschke , H. “ Criteria for identification of memory deficits: Implications for the design of memory tests ” . In Learning and memory: The Ebbinghaus Centennial Conference , Edited by: Gorfein , D. and Hoffman , R. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. . (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. 1977 . “ Age differences in human memory ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Schaie , K. W. 384 – 420 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. 1983 . On the transfer of information from temporary to permanent memory . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 302 (Serial B) : 341 – 359 .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. 1984 . “ Age differences in remembering ” . In Neuropsychology of memory , Edited by: Squire , L. R. and Butters , N. 3 – 12 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. and Byrd , M. 1982 . “ Aging and cognitive deficits: The role of attentional resources ” . In Aging and cognitive processes: Vol. 8. Advances in the study of communication and affect , Edited by: Craik , F. I. M. and Trehub , S. Vol. 8 , 191 – 211 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. and Lockhart , R. S. 1972 . Levels of processing: A framework for memory research . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 11 : 671 – 684 .
   Google Scholar
• Craik , F. I. M. and Rabinowitz , J. C. 1984 . “ Age differences in the acquisition and use of verbal information—A tutorial review ” . In Attention and performance X , Edited by: Bouma , H. and Bowhuis , D. G. 471 – 499 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Dorfman , D. , Glanzer , M. and Kaufman , J. 1986 . Aging effects on recognition memory when encoding and strategy are controlled . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society , 24 : 172 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Erber , J. I. 1974 . Age differences in recognition memory . Journal of Gerontology , 29 : 177 – 181 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eysenck , M. W. 1974 . Age differences in incidental learning . Developmental Psychology , 10 : 936 – 941 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck , M. W. 1978 . Levels of processing: A critique . British Journal of Psychology , 68 : 157 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , M. W. 1979 . “ Depth, elaboration, and distinctiveness ” . In Levels of processing in human memory , Edited by: Cermak , L. S. and Craik , F. I. M. 89 – 118 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , R. P. and Craik , F. I. M. 1977 . The interaction between encoding and retrieval operations in cued recall . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory , 3 : 701 – 711 .
   Google Scholar
• Flexser , A. J. and Tulving , E. 1978 . Retrieval independence in recognition and recall . Psychological Review , 85 : 153 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , S. K. and Clark , W. C. 1974 . Adult age differences in word and nonsense syllable recognition memory and response criterion . Journal of Gerontology , 29 : 659 – 665 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grober , E. and Buschke , H. in press . Genuine memory deficits in dementia . Developmental Neuropsychology ,
   Google Scholar
• Harkins , S. W. , Chapman , C. R. and Eisdorfer , C. 1979 . Memory loss and response bias in senescence . Journal of Gerontology , 34 : 66 – 72 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hultsch , D. F. 1971 . Adult age differences in free classification and free recall . Developmental Psychology , 4 : 338 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby , L. and Craik , F. I. M. 1979 . “ Effects of elaboration of processing at encoding and retrieval: Trace distinctiveness and recovery of initial context ” . In Levels of processing in human memory , Edited by: Cermak , L. S. and Craik , F. I. M. 1 – 21 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Katzman , R. 1986 . Alzheimer's disease . New England Journal of Medicine , 314 : 964 – 973 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kausler , D. 1982 . Experimental psychology and human aging , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Khachaturian , Z. S. 1985 . Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease . Archives of Neurology , 42 : 1097 – 1105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kral , V. A. 1962 . Senescent forgetfulness: Benign and maligant . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 86 : 257 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kral , V. A. 1978 . “ Benign senescent forgetfulness ” . In Alzheimer's disease: Senile dementia and related disorders: Vol. 7. Aging , Edited by: Katzman , R. , Terry , R. D. and Bick , K. L. Vol. 7 , 47 – 51 . New York : Raven .
   Google Scholar
• Landauer , T. K. and Bjork , R. A. 1978 . “ Optimum rehearsal patterns and name learning ” . In Practical aspects of memory , Edited by: Gruneberg , M. M. , Morris , P. E. and Sykes , R. N. 265 – 632 . New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• La Rue , A. 1982 . “ Memory loss and aging ” . In The psychiatric clinics of North America: Vol. 5. Aging , Edited by: Jarvik , L. F. and Small , G. W. Vol. 5 , 89 – 103 . Philadelphia : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Leber , P. 1983 . “ Establishing the efficacy of drugs with psychogeriatric indications ” . In Assessment in geriatric psychopharmacology , Edited by: Crook , T. , Ferris , S. H. and Bartus , R. 1 – 12 . New Canaan, CT : Mark Powley Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Lockhart , R. S. , Craik , F. I. M. and Jacoby , L. 1976 . “ Depth of processing, recognition, and recall ” . In Recall and recognition , Edited by: Brown , J. 74 – 102 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Macht , M. L. and Buschke , H. 1984 . Speed of recall in aging . Journal of Gerontology , 39 : 439 – 443 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mantyla , T. 1986 . Optimizing cue effectiveness: Recall of 500 and 600 incidentally learned words . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 12 : 66 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantyla , T. and Nilsson , L. G. 1983 . Are my cues better than your cues? Uniqueness and reconstruction as prerequisites for optimal recall of verbal materials . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 24 : 303 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattis , S. 1976 . “ Mental status examination for organic mental syndrome in the elderly patient ” . In Geriatric psychiatry , Edited by: Bellak , R. and Karasu , T. B. 72 – 121 . New York : Grune & Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• McKhann , G. , Drachman , D. , Folstein , M. , Katzman , R. , Price , D. and Stadlan , E. M. 1984 . Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS‐ADRD A work group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease . Neurology , 34 : 939 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , T. O. 1977 . Repetition and depth of processing . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 16 : 151 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Perlmutter , M. 1978 . What is memory aging the aging of? . Developmental Psychology , 14 : 330 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlmutter , M. 1979 . Age differences in adults’ free recall, cued recall, and recognition . Journal of Gerontology , 34 : 533 – 539 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perlmutter , M. and Mitchell , D. B. 1982 . “ The appearance and disappearance of age differences in adult memory ” . In Aging and cognitive processes: Vol. 8. Advances in the study of communication and affect , Edited by: Craik , F. I. M. and Trehub , S. Vol. 8 , 127 – 144 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Poon , W. 1985 . “ Differences in human memory with aging: Nature, causes, and clinical implication ” . In Handbook of the psychology of aging , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Birren , J. E. and Shaire , K. W. 427 – 462 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Poon , L. W. and Fozard , J. L. 1980 . Age and word frequency effects in continuous recognition memory . Journal of Gerontology , 35 : 77 – 86 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poon , L. W. , Fozard , J. L. , Cermak , L. S. , Arenberg , D. and Thompson , L. W. , eds. 1980 . New directions in memory and aging , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz , J. C. and Ackerman , B. P. 1982 . “ General encoding of episodic events by elderly adults ” . In Aging and cognitive processes: Vol. 8. Advances in the study of communication and affect , Edited by: Craik , F. I. M. and Trehub , S. Vol. 8 , 145 – 154 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz , J. C. and Craik , F. I. M. 1986 . Prior retrieval effects in young and old adults . Journal of Gerontology , 41 : 368 – 375 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabinowitz , J. C. , Craik , F. I. M. and Ackerman , B. P. 1982 . A processing resource account of age differences in recall . Canadian Journal of Psychology , 36 : 325 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rankin , J. L. and Kausler , D. H. 1979 . Adult age differences in false recognitions . Journal of Gerontology , 34 : 58 – 65 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reisberg , B. , Ferris , S. H. , De Leon , M. J. and Crook , T. 1985 . “ Age associated cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease: Implications for assessment and treatment ” . In Thresholds in aging: The 1984 Sandoz Lectures in Gerontology , Edited by: Bergener , M. , Ermini , M. and Stahelin , H. B. 255 – 292 . London : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Rocca , W. A. , Amaducci , L. A. and Schoenberg , B. S. 1986 . Epidemiology of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease . Annals of Neurology , 19 : 415 – 424 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger , H. L. and Adelson , B. 1980 . Semantic specificity in cued recall . Memory and Cognition , 8 : 65 – 74 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Satz , P. and Mogel , S. 1962 . An abbreviation of the WAIS for clinical use . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 18 : 77 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacter , D. L. and Tulving , E. 1982 . “ Amnesia and memory research ” . In Human memory and amnesia , Edited by: Cermak , L. S. 1 – 32 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Schonfield , D. and Robertson , B. 1966 . Memory storage and aging . Canadian Journal of Psychology , 20 : 228 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepard , R.N. 1967 . Recognition memory of words, sentences and pictures . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 6 : 156 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Shepard , R. N. and Chang , J. J. 1963 . Forced‐choice tests of recognition memory under steady‐state conditions . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 2 : 93 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. D. 1975 . Partial learning and recognition memory in the aged . International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 6 : 359 – 365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A. D. 1977 . Adult age differences in cued recall . Developmental Psychology , 13 : 326 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A. D. 1980 . “ Age differences in encoding, storage, and retrieval ” . In New directions in memory and aging , Edited by: Poon , L. W. , Fozard , J. L. , Cermak , L. S. , Arenberg , D. and Thompson , L. W. 23 – 45 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , D. M. and Tulving , E. 1970 . Associative encoding and retrieval: Weak and strong cues . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 86 : 255 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Till , R. E. and Walsh , D. A. 1980 . Encoding and retrieval factors in adult memory for implicational sentences . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 19 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Treat , N. J. and Reese , H. W. 1976 . Age, pacing, and imagery in paired‐associate learning . Developmental Psychology , 12 : 119 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. 1974 . Cue‐dependent forgetting . American Scientist , 62 : 74 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. 1979 . “ Relation between encoding specificity and levels of processing ” . In Levels of processing in human memory , Edited by: Cermak , L. S. and Craik , F. I. M. 405 – 428 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. and Osier , S. 1968 . Effectiveness of retrieval cues in memory for words . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 77 : 593 – 601 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tulving , E. and Pearlstone , Z. 1966 . Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 5 : 381 – 391 .
   Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. and Thomson , D. M. 1973 . Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory . Psychological Review , 80 : 352 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulving , E. and Watkins , M. J. 1975 . Structure of memory traces . Psychological Review , 82 : 261 – 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitaliano , P.P. , Breen , A. R. , Russo , J. , Albert , M. , Vitiello , M. V. and Prinz , P. N. 1984 . The clinical utility of the Dementia Rating Scale for assessing Alzheimer patients . Journal of Chronic Disease , 37 : 743 – 753 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watkins , M. J. 1979 . “ Engrams as cue‐grams and forgetting as cue overload: A cueing approach to the structure of memory ” . In Memory organization and structure , Edited by: Puff , C. R. 347 – 372 . New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1958 . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale , New York : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Whitten , W. B. 1978 . Initial‐retrieval “depth”; and the negative recency effect . Memory and Cognition , 6 : 590 – 598 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yesavage , J. A. 1985 . Nonpharmacologic treatment for memory losses with normal aging . American Journal of Psychiatry , 142 : 600 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar