Retrieval Cues On Tests: A Strategy for Helping Students Overcome Retrieval Failure

References

• Allan, K., M. C., Doyle, & M. D., Rugg. 1996. “An Event-Related Potential Study of Word-Stem Cued Recall.” Cognitive Brain Research 4 (4): 251–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atkinson, R. C., & R. M., Shiffrin. 1968. “Human Memory: A Proposed System and Its Control Processes.” In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, edited by K.W. Spence, & J.T. Spence, 89–195. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett, F. C. 1932. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bregman, A. S. 1968. “Forgetting Curves with Semantic, Phonetic, Graphic, and Contiguity Cues.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 78 (4): 539–46.
   Google Scholar
• Craik, F.I., & R. S. Lockhart. 1972. “Levels of Processing: A framework for Memory Research.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 11: 671–84.
   Google Scholar
• Craik, F. I., & E. Tulving. 1975. “Depth of Processing and the Retention of Words in Episodic Memory.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 104: 268–94.
   Google Scholar
• Karpicke, J. D. 2012. “Retrieval-Based Learning: Active Retrieval Promotes Meaningful Learning.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 21 (3): 157–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenhard, W., & A. Lenhard. 2014. “Calculation of Effect Sizes.” http://www.psychometrica.de/effect_size.html.
   Google Scholar
• Light, L. L. 1972. “Homonyms and Synonyms as Retrieval Cues.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 96 (2): 255–62.
   Google Scholar
• Mäntylä, T. 1986. “Optimizing Cue Effectiveness: Recall of 500 and 600 Incidentally Learned Words.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 12: 66–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melton, A. W. 1963. “Implications of Short-Term Memory for a General Theory of Memory.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 2: 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, G. A. 1956. “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information.” Psychological Review 63 (2): 81–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlini, A. H., D. L., Lind, & B. D. Zumbo. 1998. “Context Effects on Examinations: The Effect of Time, Item Order, and Item Difficulty.” Canadian Psychology 39 (4): 299–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & R. M. Shiffrin. 1981. “Search of Associative Memory.” Psychological Review 88: 93–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger, H. L. 2000. “Why Retrieval is the Key Process in Understanding Human Memory.” In Memory, Consciousness, and the Brain: The Tallin Conference, edited by E. Tulving, 52–75. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roediger, H. L. 2013. “Applying Cognitive Psychology to Education: Translational Educational Science.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 14 (1): 1–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger, H. L., & J. D. Karpicke. 2006. “Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention.” Psychological Science 17: 249–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slamecka, N. J., & P. Graf. 1978. “The Generation Effect: Delineation of a Phenomenon.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 4: 592–604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tigner, R. B. 1999. “Putting Memory Research to Good Use: Hints from Cognitive Psychology.” College Teaching 47 (4): 149–52.
   Google Scholar
• Thomson, D. M., & E. Tulving. 1970. “Associative Encoding and Retrieval: Weak and Strong Cues.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 86 (2): 255–62.
   Google Scholar
• Tolman, E. C. 1948. “Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men.” Psychological Review 55: 189–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulving, E., & S. Osler. 1968. “Effectiveness of Retrieval Cues in Memory for Words.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 77 (4): 593–601.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tulving, E., & Z. Pearlstone. 1966. “Availability Versus Accessibility of Information in Memory for Words.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 5: 381–91.
   Google Scholar
• Tulving, E., & D. M. Thomson. 1971. “Retrieval Processes in Recognition Memory: Effects of Associative Context.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 87 (1): 116–24.
   Google Scholar
• Underwood, B. J. 1969. “Attributes of Memory.” Psychological Review 76: 559–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, M. J., & E. Tulving. 1975. “Episodic Memory: When Recognition Fails.” Journal of Experimental Psychology 104 (1): 5–29.
   Google Scholar