Dietary determinants of obesity

References

• WHO. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health-Obesity and Overweight Geneva, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Swinbum BA, Sacks G, Lo SK, Westerterp KR, Rush EC, Rosenbaum M, Luke A, Schoeller DA, Delany JP, Butte NF, Ravussin E. Estimating the changes in energy flux that char-acterize the rise in obesity prevalence. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1723–8.
   Google Scholar
• Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Cota D. Regulation of food intake through hypothalamic signaling networks involving mTOR. Annu Rev Nutr 2008; 28: 295–311.
   Google Scholar
• de Graaf C, Blom WA, Smeets PA, Stafleu A, Hendriks HF. Biomarkers of satiation and satiety. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 946–61.
   Google Scholar
• McMinn JE, Sindelar DK, Havel PJ, Schwartz MW. Leptin deficiency induced by fasting impairs the satiety response to cholecystokinin. Endocrinology 2000; 141: /11142-8.
   Google Scholar
• Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scien-tific review. Obes Res 2001; 9 (Suppl 1): 1S-40S.
   Google Scholar
• van Dam RM, Seidell JC. Carbohydrate intake and obesity. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61 (Suppl 1): S75–99.
   Google Scholar
• Hill JO, Drougas H, Peters JC. Obesity treatment: can diet composition play a role? Ann Intern Med 1993; 119 (7 Pt 2): 694-7.
   Google Scholar
• Romon M, Lebel P, Velly C, Marecaux N, Fruchart JC, Dallongeville J. Leptin response to carbohydrate or fat meal and association with subsequent satiety and energy intake. Am J Physiol 1999; 277 (5 Pt 1): E855-61.
   Google Scholar
• McKeown NM, Meigs JB, Liu S, Rogers G, Yoshida M, Saltzman E, Jacques PF. Dietary carbohydrates and cardio-vascular disease risk factors in the Framingham offspring cohort. J Am Coll Nutr 2009; 28: 150–8.
   Google Scholar
• Rolls BJ. The relationship between dietary energy density and energy intake. Physiol Behav 2009; 97: 609–15.
   Google Scholar
• Ello-Martin JA, Roe LS, Ledikwe JH, Beach AM, Rolls BJ. Dietary energy density in the treatment of obesity: a year-long trial comparing 2 weight-loss diets. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 1465–77.
   Google Scholar
• Ledikwe JH, Rolls BJ, Smiciklas-Wright H, Mitchell DC, Ard JD, Champagne C, Karanja N, Lin P-H, Stevens VJ, Appel U. Reductions in dietary energy density are associated with weight loss in overweight and obese participants in the PREMIER trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 1212–21.
   Google Scholar
• Savage JS, Marini M, Birch LL. Dietary energy density predicts women’s weight change over 6 y. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 677–84.
   Google Scholar
• Bes-Rastrollo M, van Dam RM, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Li TY, Sampson LL, Hu FB. Prospective study of dietary energy density and weight gain in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 769–77.
   Google Scholar
• Iqbal SI, Helge JW, Heitmann BL. Do energy density and dietary fiber influence subsequent 5-year weight changes in adult men and women? Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14: 106–14.
   Google Scholar
• Du H, van der A DL, Ginder V, Jebb SA, Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ, Halkjaer J, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Jakobsen MU, Buijsse B, Steffen A, Palli D, Masala G, Saris WH, Sorensen TI, Feskens EJ. Dietary energy density in relation to subsequent changes of weight and waist cir-cumference in European men and women. Plos ONE 2009; 4: e5339.
   Google Scholar
• He K, Hu FB, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Willett WC, Liu S. Changes in intake of fruits and vegetables in relation to risk of obesity and weight gain among middle-aged women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 1569–74.
   Google Scholar
• Vioque J, Weinbrenner T, Castello A, Asensio L, Garcia de la Hera M. Intake of fruits and vegetables in relation to 10-year weight gain among Spanish adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 664–70.
   Google Scholar
• Buijsse B, Feskens EJ, Schulze MB, Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ, Sharp S, Palli D, Tognon G, Halkjaer J, Tjonneland A, Jakobsen MU, Overvad K, van der A DL, Du H, Sorensen TI, Boeing H. Fruit and vegetable intakes and subsequent changes in body weight in European populations: results from the project on Diet, Obesity, and Genes (Di0Genes). Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 202–9.
   Google Scholar
• Rolls BJ. The Supersizing of America: Portion Size and the Obesity Epidemic. Nutr Today 2003; 38: 42–53.
   Google Scholar
• Diliberti N, Bordi PL, Conklin MT, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Increased portion size leads to increased energy intake in a restaurant meal. Obes Res 2004; 12: 562–8.
   Google Scholar
• Rolls BJ, Engell D, Birch LL. Serving portion size influences 5-year-old but not 3-year-old children’s food intakes. J Am Diet Assoc 2000; 100: 232–4.
   Google Scholar
• Zoumas-Morse C, Rock CL, Sobo EJ, Neuhouser ML. Children’s patterns of macronutrient intake and associations with restaurant and home eating. J Am Diet Assoc 2001; 101: 923–5.
   Google Scholar
• Bowman SA, Vinyard BT. Fast food consumption of U.S. adults: impact on energy and nutrient intakes and overweight status. J Am Coll Nutr 2004; 23: 163–8.
   Google Scholar
• Hill JO, Melanson EL, Wyatt HT. Dietary fat intake and regulation of energy balance: implications for obesity. J Nutr 2000; 130 (2S Suppl): 284S-288S.
   Google Scholar
• Maffeis C, Schutz Y, Grezzani A, Provera S, Piacentini G, Tato L. Meal-induced thermogenesis and obesity: is a fat meal a risk factor for fat gain in children? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 214–9.
   Google Scholar
• Astrup A, Grunwald GK, Melanson EL, Saris WH, Hill JO. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 1545–52.
   Google Scholar
• Field AE, Willett WC, Lissner L, Colditz GA. Dietary fat and weight gain among women in the Nurses’ Health Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 967–76.
   Google Scholar
• Howard BY, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Beresford SA, Frank G, Jones B, Rodabough RJ, Snetselaar L, ThomsonC, Tinker L, Vitolins M, Prentice R. Low-fat dietary pat-tern and weight change over 7 years: the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 2006; 295: 39–49.
   Google Scholar
• Forouhi NG, Sharp SJ, Du H, van der A DL, Halkjaer J, Schulze MB, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Jakobsen MU, Boeing H, Buijsse B, Palli D, Masala G, Feskens EJ, Sorensen TI, Wareham NJ. Dietary fat intake and subse-quent weight change in adults: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 1632–41.
   Google Scholar
• Hu FB, Manson JE, Willett WC. Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr 2001; 20: 5–19.
   Google Scholar
• Bray GA, Lovejoy JC, Smith SR, DeLany JP, Lefevre M, Hwang D, Ryan DH, York DA. The influence of different fats and fatty acids on obesity, insulin resistance and inflam-mation. J Nutr 2002; 132: 2488–91.
   Google Scholar
• Ma Y, Olendzki B, Chiriboga D, Hebert JR, Li Y, Li W, Campbell M, Gendreau K, Ockene IS. Association between dietary carbohydrates and body weight. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161: 359–67.
   Google Scholar
• Pereira MA, Ludwig DS. Dietary fiber and body-weight reg-ulation. Observations and mechanisms. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001; 48: 969–80.
   Google Scholar
• Liu S, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB, Rosner B, Colditz G. Relation between changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 920–7.
   Google Scholar
• Du H, van der A DL, Boshuizen HC, Forouhi NG, Ware-ham NJ, Halkjaer J, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Jakobsen MU, Boeing H, Buijsse B, Masala G, Palli D, Sorensen TI, Saris WH, Feskens EJ. Dietary fiber and subsequent changes in body weight and waist circumference in European men and women. Am J Clin Nutr; 91: 329-36.
   Google Scholar
• Mann J. Free sugars and human health: sufficient evidence for action? Lancet 2004; 363: 1068–70.
   Google Scholar
• Baker CW. Free sugars and human health. Lancet 2004; 364: 662; author reply 662-3.
   Google Scholar
• Wylie-Rosett J, Segal-Isaacson CJ, Segal-Isaacson A. Carbo-hydrates and increases in obesity: does the type of carbo-hydrate make a difference? Obes Res 2004; 12 (Suppl 2): 124S-9S.
   Google Scholar
• Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM, Keim NL, Griffen SC, Bremer AA, Graham JL, Hatcher B, Cox CL, Dyachenko A, Zhang W, McGahan JP, Seibert A, Krauss RM, Chiu S, Schaefer EJ, Ai M, Otokozawa S, Nakajima K, Nakano T, Beysen C, Hellerstein MK, Berglund L, Havel PJ. Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases vis-ceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans. J Clin Invest 2009; 119: 1322–34.
   Google Scholar
• Mattes RD. Dietary compensation by humans for supple-mental energy provided as ethanol or carbohydrate in fluids. Physiol Behav 1996; 59: 179–87.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz JM, Linfoot P, Dare D, Aghajanian K. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis in normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic subjects consuming high-fat, low-carbohydrate and low-fat, high-carbohydrate isoenergetic diets. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 43–50.
   Google Scholar
• Hill JO, Prentice AM. Sugar and body weight regulation. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62 (Suppl 1): 264S-273S; discussion 273S-274S.
   Google Scholar
• Gill TP, Rangan AM, Webb KL. The weight of evidence suggests that soft drinks are a major issue in childhood and adolescent obesity. Med J Aust 2006; 184: 263–4.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson S. Sugar-sweetened soft drinks and obesity: a sys-tematic review of the evidence from observational studies and interventions. Nutr Res Rev 2008; 21: 134–47.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, Barker H, Fielden H, Baldwin JM, Bowling AC, Newman HC, Jenkins AL, Goff DV. Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for car-bohydrate exchange. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34: 362–6.
   Google Scholar
• Salmeron J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Wing AL, Willett WC. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA 1997; 277: 472-7.
   Google Scholar
• Ludwig DS. Dietary glycemic index and the regulation of body weight. Lipids 2003; 38: 117–21.
   Google Scholar
• Ball SD, Keller KR, Moyer-Mileur LJ, Ding YW, Donald-son D, Jackson WD. Prolongation of satiety after low ver-sus moderately high glycemic index meals in obese adoles-cents. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 488–94.
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson EJ, Williams C, Mash LE, Phillips B, Nute ML. Influence of high-carbohydrate mixed meals with different glycemic indexes on substrate utilization during subsequent exercise in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 354–60.
   Google Scholar
• Pereira MA, Swain J, Goldfine AB, Rifai N, Ludwig DS. Effects of a low-glycemic load diet on resting energy expen-diture and heart disease risk factors during weight loss. JAMA 2004; 292: 2482–90.
   Google Scholar
• Du H, van der A DL, Feskens EJ. Dietary glycaemic index: a review of the physiological mechanisms and observed health impacts. Acta Cardiol 2006; 61: 383–97.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas DE, Elliott E, Baur L. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 3: CD005105.
   Google Scholar
• de Rougemont A, Normand S, Nazare JA, Skilton MR, Sothier M, Vinoy S, Laville M. Beneficial effects of a 5-week low-glycaemic index regimen on weight control and cardio-vascular risk factors in overweight non-diabetic subjects. Br J Nutr 2007; 98: 1288–98.
   Google Scholar
• Das SK, Gilhooly CH, Golden JK, Pittas AG, Fuss PJ, Cheatham RA, Tyler S, Tsay M, McCrory MA, Lichten-stein AH, Dallal GE, Dutta C, Bhapkar MV, Delany JP, Saltzman E, Roberts SB. Long-term effects of 2 energy-restricted diets differing in glycemic load on dietary adher-ence, body composition, and metabolism in CALERIE: a 1-y randomized controlled trial. Am J Gun Nutr 2007; 85: 1023–30.
   Google Scholar
• Sichieri R, Moura AS, Genelhu V, Hu F, Willett WC. An 18-mo randomized trial of a low-glycemic-index diet and weight change in Brazilian women. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86: 707–13.
   Google Scholar
• Du H, van der A DL, van Bakel MM, Slimani N, Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ, Halkjaer J, Tjonneland A, Jakobsen MU, Overvad K, Schulze MB, Buijsse B, Boeing H, Palli D, Masala G, Sorensen TI, Saris WH, Feskens EJ. Dietary glycaemic index, glycaemic load and subsequent changes of weight and waist circumference in European men and women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33: 1280–8.
   Google Scholar
• Hare-Bruun H, Flint A, Heitmann BL. Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to changes in body weight, body fat distribution, and body composition in adult Danes. Am J Gun Nutr 2006; 84: 871-9; quiz 952-3.
   Google Scholar
• St Jeor ST, Howard BY, Prewitt TE, Boyce V, Bazzarre T, Eckel RH. Dietary protein and weight reduction: a state-ment for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Com-mittee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001; 104: 1869–74.
   Google Scholar
• Mikkelsen PB, Toubro S, Astrup A. Effect of fat-reduced diets on 24-h energy expenditure: comparisons between ani-mal protein, vegetable protein, and carbohydrate. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 1135–41.
   Google Scholar
• Norris J, Harnack L, Carmichael S, Pouane T, Wakimoto P, Block G. US trends in nutrient intake: the 1987 and 1992 National Health Interview Surveys. Am J Public Health 1997;87: 740–6.
   Google Scholar
• Cavadini C, Siega-Riz AM, Popkin BM. US adolescent food intake trends from 1965 to 1996. Arch Dis Child 2000; 83: 18–24.
   Google Scholar
• Due A, Toubro S, Skov AR, Astrup A. Effect of normal-fat diets, either medium or high in protein, on body weight in overweight subjects: a randomised 1-year trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 1283–90.
   Google Scholar
• Halkjaer J, Tjonneland A, Thomsen BL, Overvad K, Sorensen TI. Intake of macronutrients as predictors of 5-y changes in waist circumference. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 789–97.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson SJ, Raubenheimer D. Obesity: the protein leverage hypothesis. Obes Rev 2005; 6: 133–42.
   Google Scholar
• Crowe TC. Safety of low-carbohydrate diets. Obes Rev 2005; 6: 235–45.
   Google Scholar
• Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 293: 43–53.
   Google Scholar
• Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed BS, Szapary PO, Rader DJ, Edman JS, Klein S. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2082–90.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner CD, Kiazand A, Alhassan S, Kim S, Stafford RS, Balise RR, Kraemer HC, King AC. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausalwomen: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial. JAMA 2007; 297: 969–77.
   Google Scholar
• Bravata DM, Sanders L, Huang J, Krumholz HM, Olkin I, Gardner CD. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review. JAMA 2003; 289: 1837–50.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy ET, Bowman SA, Spence JT, Freedman M, King J. Popular diets: correlation to health, nutrition, and obesity. J Am Diet Assoc 2001; 101: 411–20.
   Google Scholar
• Ma Y, Pagoto SL, Griffith JA, Merriam PA, Ockene IS, Hafner AR, Olendzki BC. A dietary quality comparison of popular weight-loss plans. J Am Diet Assoc 2007; 107: 1786–91.
   Google Scholar
• Heshka S, Anderson JW, Atkinson RL, Greenway FL, Hill JO, Phinney SD, Kolotkin RL, Miller-Kovach K, Pi-Sunyer FX. Weight loss with self-help compared with a structured commercial program: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 1792–8.
   Google Scholar
• Ornish D. Was Dr Atkins right? J Am Diet Assoc 2004; 104: 537–42.
   Google Scholar
• Willett WC. Dietary fat plays a major role in obesity: no. Obes Rev 2002; 3: 59–68.
   Google Scholar
• Toubro S, Astrup A. Randomised comparison of diets for maintaining obese subjects’ weight after major weight loss: ad lib, low fat, high carbohydrate diet v fixed energy intake. BMJ 1997; 314: 29–34.
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Agriculture. Nutrition and your health: dietary guidelines for Americans, Washington DC, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Cheuvront SN. The Zone Diet phenomenon: a closer look at the science behind the claims. J Am Coll Nutr 2003; 22: 9–17.
   Google Scholar
• Lejeune MP, Kovacs EM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Addi-tional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans. Br J Nutr 2005; 93: 281–9.
   Google Scholar
• Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MP, Nijs I, van OoijenM, Kovacs EM. High protein intake sustains weight main-tenance after body weight loss in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 57–64.
   Google Scholar
• Clifton PM, Keogh JB, Noakes M. Long-term effects of a high-protein weight-loss diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 23–9.
   Google Scholar
• Appel IA Sacks FM, Carey VJ, Obarzanek E, Swain JF, Miller ER, 3rd, Conlin PR, Erlinger TP, Rosner BA, Laranjo NM, Charleston J, McCarron P, Bishop LM. Effects of pro-tein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart ran-domized trial. JAMA 2005; 294: 2455–64.
   Google Scholar
• Luyckx VA, Mardigan TA. High protein diets may be haz-ardous for the kidneys. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 2678–9.
   Google Scholar
• Wing RR, Goldstein MG, Acton KJ, Birch LL, Jakicic JM, Sallis JF, Jr., Smith-West D, Jeffery RW, Surwit RS. Behav-ioral science research in diabetes: lifestyle changes related to obesity, eating behavior, and physical activity. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 117–23.
   Google Scholar
• Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, Anton SD, McManus K, Champagne CM, Bishop LM, LaranjoN, Leboff MS, Rood JC, de Jonge L, Greenway FL, Loria CM, Obarzanek E, Williamson DA. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 859–73.
   Google Scholar
• Katan MB. Weight-loss diets for the prevention and treat-ment of obesity. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 923–5.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Temme EH, Sasaki S, Kesteloot H. Under- and overreporting of energy intake using urinary cations asbiomarkers: relation to body mass index. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 453–62.
   Google Scholar
• Due A, Larsen TM, Mu H, Hermansen K, Stender S, Astrup A. Comparison of 3 ad libitum diets for weight-loss maintenance, risk of cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a 6-mo randomized, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88: 1232–41.
   Google Scholar
• Bos MB, de Vries JH, Feskens EJ, van Dijk SJ, Hoelen DW, Siebelink E, Heijligenberg R, de Groot LC. Effect of a highmonounsaturated fatty acids diet and a Mediterranean diet on serum lipids and insulin sensitivity in adults with mild abdominal obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009 Aug 17. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Faye G, Beckmann ME, Draper JH, Mathers JC. Measure-ment of dietary exposure: a challenging problem which may be overcome thanks to metabolomics? Genes Nutr 2009; 4: 135–41.
   Google Scholar