Evaluation of the eff ect of L-thyroxin therapy on cardiac functions by using novel tissue Doppler-derived indices in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism

References

• Chu JW, Crapo LM. The treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism is seldom necessary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 4591–45.
   Google Scholar
• Tunbridge WM, Evered DC, Hall R, Appleton D, Brewis M, Clark F, Evans JG, Young E, Bird T, Smith PA. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community. The Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol 1977; 7: 481–93.
   Google Scholar
• Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor GM, Ridgvay EC. Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 526–34.
   Google Scholar
• Vanderpump MP, Tunbridge WM, French JM, Appleton D, Bates D, Clark F, Grimley Evans J, Hasan DM, Rodgers H, Tunbridge F, Young ET. The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (OA 1995; 43: 55–68.
   Google Scholar
• Owen PJ, Lazarus JH. Subclinical hypothyroidism: the case for treatment. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2003; 14:257–61.
   Google Scholar
• Vanderpump M. Subclinical hypothyroidism: the case against treatment. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2003; 14:262–26.
   Google Scholar
• Monzani F, Pruneti CA, De Negri F, SimonciniM, Neri 5, Di Bello V, Baracchini Muratorio G, Baschieri L. Preclinic hypothyroidism: early involvement of memory function, behavioural responsiveness and myocardial contractility. Minerva Endocrinol 1991; 16:113-8 fin Italian].
   Google Scholar
• Cooper DS, Halpern R, Wood LC, Levin AA, Ridgway EC. L-thyroxine therapy insubclinical hypothyroidism. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 18–24.
   Google Scholar
• Staub JJ, Althaus BU, Engler H, Ryff AS, Trabucco P. Marquardt K, Burckhardt D, Girard J, Weintraub BD. Spectrum of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism: effect on thyrotropin, prolactin, and thyroid reserve, and metabolic impacton peripheral target tissues. Am J Med 1992; 92:631–42.
   Google Scholar
• Kahaly GJ, Dillmann WH. Thyroid hormone action in the heart. Endocrine Reviews 2005; 26: 704–28.
   Google Scholar
• Fazio 5, Palmieri EA, Lombardi G, Biondi B. Effects of thyroid hormone on the cardiovascular system. Recent Prog Horm Res 2004; 59:31–50.
   Google Scholar
• Hak AE, Pols HA, Visser TJ, Drexhage HA, Hofman A, Witteman JC. Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: the Rotterdam Study. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 270–8.
   Google Scholar
• Perk M, O’Neill BJ. The effect of thyroid hormone therapy on angiographic coronary artery disease progression. Can J Cardiol 1997; 13: 273–6.
   Google Scholar
• Monzani F, Di Bello V. Caraccio N, Bertini A, Giorgi D, Giusti C, Ferrannini E. Effect of levothyroxine on cardiac function and structure in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1110–5.
   Google Scholar
• Brenta G, Mutti LA, Schnitman M, Fretes 0, Perrone A, Matute ML. Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function by radionuclide ventriculography at rest and exercise in subclinical hypothyroidism, its response to l-thyroxine therapy. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 1327–30.
   Google Scholar
• Turhan 5, Tulunay C, Ozduman Cin M, Gursoy A, Kilickap M, Dincer I, Candemir B, Gullu 5, Erol C. Effects of thyroxine therapy on right ventricular systolic and diastolic function in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a study by pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 3490–3.
   Google Scholar
• Arinc H, Gunduz H, Tamer A, Seyfeli E, Kanat M, Ozhan H, Akdemir R, Uyan C. Tissue Doppler echocardiography in evaluation of cardiac effects of subclinical hypothyroidism. Int.’ Cardiovasc Imaging 2006; 22: 177–86.
   Google Scholar
• Kukulski T, Hiibbert L, Arnold M, Wranne B, Hatle L, Sutherland GR. Normal regional right ventricular function and its change with age: a Doppler myocardial imaging study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000; 13: 194–204.
   Google Scholar
• Meluzin J, Spinarova L, Bakala J, Toman J, Krejci J, Hude P. Kara T, Soucek M. Pulsed Doppler tissue imaging velocity of tricuspid annular systolic motion; a new rapid and non-invasive method of evaluating right ventricular systolic function. Eur Heart J2001; 4: 280-2.
   Google Scholar
• Schiller NB. Two-dimensional echocardio-graphic determination of left ventricular volume, systolic function and mass. Summary and discussion of the 1989 recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography. Circulation 1991; 84: 1280–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, Picard MH, Roman MJ, Seward J, ShanewiseJS, Solomon SD, Spencer KT, Sutton MS, Stewart WJ; Chamber Quantification Writing Group; American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee; European Association of Echocardiography. Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005:18: 1440–63.
   Google Scholar
• Currie PJ, Seward JB, Chan KL, Fyfe DA, Hagler DJ, Mair DD, Reeder GS, Nishimura RA, Tajik AJ. Continuous wave Doppler determination of right ventricular pressure: a smultaneous Doppler-catheterization study in 127 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 6:750–6.
   Google Scholar
• Kaul 5, Tei C, Hopkins JM, Shah PM. Assessment of right ventricular function using two dimensional echocardiography. Am Heart J 1984; 53:526–31.
   Google Scholar
• Klein I, Ojamaa K. Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:501–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kiss E, Brittsan AG, Edes I, Grupp IL, Grupp G, Kranias EG. Thyroid hormone-induced alterations in phospholamban-deficient mouse hearts. Circ Res 1998;83: 608–13.
   Google Scholar
• Osman F, Gammage MD, Franklyn JA. Thyroid disease and its treatment: short-term and long-term cardiovascular consequences. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2001; 1: 626–31.
   Google Scholar
• Biondi B, Fazio 5, Palmieri EA, CareIla C, Panza N, Cittadini A, Bone F, Lombardi G, Sacch L. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 2064–7.
   Google Scholar
• Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Lombardi G, Fazio S. Effects of subclinical thyroid dysfunction on the heart. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137:904–14.
   Google Scholar
• Akcakoyun M, Kaya H, Kargin R, Pala S. Emiroglu Y, Esen 0, Karapinar H, Kaya Z, Esen AM. Abnormal left ventricular longitudinal functional reserve assessed by exercise pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 2979–83.
   Google Scholar
• Zoncu 5, Pigliaru F, Putzu C, Pisano L, Vargiu 5, Deidda M, Mariotti 5, Mercuro G. Cardiac function in borderline hypothyroidism: a study by pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 152:527–33.
   Google Scholar
• Yazia M, Gorgulu M, Sertbag Y, Erbilen E, Albayrak 5, Yildiz 0, Uyan C. Effects of thyroxintherapy on cardiac function in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: index of myocardial performance in the evaluation of left ventricular function. Cardiol 2004; 95: 135–43.
   Google Scholar
• Mariotti 5, Zoncu 5, Pigliaru F, Putzu C, Cambuli VM, Vargiu 5, Deidda M, Mercuro G. Cardiac effects of L-thyroxine administration in borderline hypothyroidism. Cardiol 2008; 126: 190–5.
   Google Scholar
• Mishra TK, Routray SN, Das 5, Behera M. Left ventricular dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and its reversibility after hormone therapy. JAssoc Physicians India 2005; 53:943–6.
   Google Scholar
• Vogel M, Schmidt MR, Kristiansen SB, Cheurg M, Whie PA, Sorensen K, Redington AN. Validation of myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction as a novel noninvasive index of right ventricular contractility. Comparison with ventricular pressure-volume relations in an animal model. Circulation 2002; 105:1693–9.
   Google Scholar
• Toyono M, Harada K, Tamura M, Yamamato F, Takada G. Myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction as a new index of right ventricular contractile function and its relation to pulmonary regurgitation inpatients after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17: 332–7.
   Google Scholar
• Vitale G, Galderisi M, Lupoli GA, Celentano A, Pietropaolo I, De Divitis 0, Lupgoli G. Left ventricular myocardial impairment in subclinical hypothyroidism assessed by a new ultrasound tool: pulsed tissue Doppler. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:4350–5.
   Google Scholar
• Kosar F, Sahin I, Turan N, Topal E, Aksoy Y, Taskapan C. Evaluation of right and left ventricular function using pulsed-wave tissue Doppler echocardiography in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28:704–10.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper DS. Subclinical hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:260–5.
   Google Scholar
• Rumberger JA, Behrebeck T, Bell MR, Breen JF, Johnston DL, Holmes DR Jr, Enriquez Saran° M. Determination of ventricular ejection fraction: a comparison of available imaging methods.The Cardiovascular Imaging Working Group. Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 72: 860–70.
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland G, Di Salvo G, Claus P. D'hoogeJ, Bijnens B. Strain and strain rate imaging: a new clinical approach to quantifying regional myocardial function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17: 788–802.
   Google Scholar