Assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism

References

• Biondi B, Klein I. Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Endocrine 2004; 24: 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Pucci E, Chiovato L, Pinchera A. Thyroid and lipid metabolism. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24 Su ppl 2: S109–112.
   Google Scholar
• Dimitriadis G, Mitrou P. Lambadiari V. Boutati E, Maratou E, Panagiotakos DB, Koukkou E, Tzanela M, Thalassinos N, Raptis SA. Insulin action in adipose tissue and muscle in hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2006; 91:4930–7.
   Google Scholar
• Cettour-Rose P. Theander-Carrillo C, Asensio C, Klein M, Visser TJ, Burger AG, Meier CA, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F. Hypothyroidism in rats decreases peripheral glucose utilisation, a defect partially corrected by central leptin infusion. Diabetologia 2005; 48:624–33.
   Google Scholar
• Tseng FY, Lin WY, Lin CC, Lee LT, Li TC, Sung PK, Huang KC. Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with increased risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in adults. JACC 2012; 60:730–7.
   Google Scholar
• Chidakel A, Mentuccia D, Celi FS. Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormone and glucose homeostasis. Thyroid 2005; 15:899–903.
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein SP, O’Boyle E, Fisher M, Haber RS. Regulation of GLUT2 glucose transporter expression in liver by thyroid hormone: evidence for hormonal regulation of the hepatic glucose transport system. Endocrinology 1994; 135:649–54.
   Google Scholar
• Erem C. Blood coagulation, fibrinolytic activity and lipid profile in subclinical thyroid disease: subclinical hyperthyroidism increases plasma factor X activity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006; 64: 323–9.
   Google Scholar
• Cebeci E, Oner FA, Usta M, Yurdakul 5, Erguney M. Evaluation of oxidative stress, the activities of paraoxonase and arylesterasein patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Investig Med 2012; 60:23–8.
   Google Scholar
• Tuzcu A, Bahceci M, Gokalp D, Tuzun Y, Gunes K. Subclinical hypothyroidism may be associated with elevated high-sensitive c-reactive protein (low grade inflammation) and fasting hyperinsulinemia. Endocr J 2005; 52:89–94.
   Google Scholar
• Dessein PH, Joffe BI, Stanwix AE. Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with insulin resistance in rheumatoid arthritis. Thyroid 2004; 14: 443–6.
   Google Scholar
• Torun AN, Kulaksizoglu 5, Kulaksizoglu M, Pamuk BO, Isbilen E, Tutuncu NB. Serum total antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde levels in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 70: 469–74.
   Google Scholar
• Rifai N, lannotti E, DeAngelis K, Law T. Analytical and clinical performance of a homogeneous enzymatic LDL-cholesterol assay compared with the ultracentrifugation-dextran sulfate-Mg 2 + method. Clin Chem 1998; 44: 1242–50.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985; 28:412–9.
   Google Scholar
• Hak AE, Pols HA, Visser TJ, Drexhage HA, Hofman A, Witteman JC. Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: the Rotterdam Study. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 270–8.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh JP, Bremner AP, Bulsara MK, O’Leary P. Leedman PJ, Feddema P. Michelangeli V. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:2467–72.
   Google Scholar
• Völzke H, Schwahn C, Wallaschofski H, D8rr MR. Review: the association of thyroid dysfunction with all-cause and circulatory mortality: is there a causal relationship? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:2421–9.
   Google Scholar
• Caraccio N, Ferrannini E, Monzani F. Lipoprotein profile in subclinical hypothyroidism: response to levothyroxine replacement, a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 1533–8.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh JP, Bremner AP, Bulsara MK, O’leary P. Leedman PJ, Feddema P. Michelangeli V. Thyroid dysfunction and serum lipids: a community-based study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63: 670–5.
   Google Scholar
• Parle JV, Franklyn JA, Cross KW, Jones SR, Sheppard MC. Circulating lipids and minor abnormalities of thyroid function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992; 37:411–4.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, GR, Soutar, AK, Spengel FA, Jadhav A, Gavigan SJ, Myant NB. Defects of receptor mediated low density lipoprotein catabolism in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and hypothyroidism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:2591–5.
   Google Scholar
• Erdem TY, Ercan M, Ugurlu 5, Balci H, Acbay O, Gundogdu S. Plasma viscosity, an early cardiovascular risk factor in women with subclinical hypothyroidism. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2008; 38: 219–25.
   Google Scholar
• Toruner F, Altinova AE, Karakoc A, Yetkin I, Ayvaz G, Cakir N, Arslan M. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Adv Ther 2008; 25:430–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lam KS, Chan MK, Yeung RT. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase activities in thyroid dysfunction--effects of treatment. QJMed 1986; 59:513–21.
   Google Scholar
• Asvold BO, Vatten U, Nilsen TI, Bjoro T.The association between TSH within the reference range and serum lipid concentrations in a population-based study. The HUNT Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2007; 156: 181–6.
   Google Scholar
• Brenta G, Berg G, Arias P. Zago V. Schnitman M, Muzzio ML, Sinay I, Schreier L. Lipoprotein alterations, hepatic lipase activity, and insulin sensitivity in subclinical hypothyroidism: response to L-T4 treatment. Thyroid 2007; 17:453–60.
   Google Scholar
• Rochon C, Tauveron I, Dejax C, Benoit P. Capitan P. Fabricio A, Berry C, Champredon C, Thieblot P. Grizard J. Response of glucose disposal to hyperinsulinaemia in human hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003; 104: 7–15.
   Google Scholar
• Knudsen N, Laurberg P. Rasmussen LB, 136low I, Perrild H, Ovesen L, Jorgensen T. Small differences in thyroid function may be important for body mass index and the occurrence of obesity in the population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:4019–24.
   Google Scholar
• Garduno-Garcia JdeJ, Alvirde-Garcia U, Lopez-Carrasco G, Padilla Mendoza ME, Mehta R, Arellano-Campos O, Choza R, Sauque L, Garay-Sevilla ME, Malacara JM, Gomez-Perez FJ, Aguilar-Salinas CA.TSH and free thyroxine concentrations are associated with differing metabolic markers in euthyroid subjects. EurJ Endocrinol 2010; 163:273–8.
   Google Scholar
• Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595–607.
   Google Scholar
• Bakker SJL, Ter Maaten JC, Popp-Snijders C, Slaets JPJ, Heine RI, Gans ROB. The relationship between thyrotropin and low density lipoprotein cholesterol is modified by insulin sensitivity in healthy euthyroid subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1206–11.
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein SP, Boyle EO, Haber RS. Thyroid hormone increases basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle. The role of GLUT4 glucose transporter expression. Diabetes 1994; 43: 1185–9.
   Google Scholar
• Haribabu A, Reddy VS, Pallavi Ch, Bitla AR, Sachan A, Pullaiah P. Suresh V. Rao PV, Suchitra MM. Evaluation of protein oxidation and its association with lipid peroxidation and thyrotropin levels in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. Endocrine 2013; 44: 152–7.
   Google Scholar
• Coria MJ, Pastran Al, Gimeneze MS. Serum oxidative stress parameters of women with hypothyroidism. Acta Biomed 2009; 80: 135–9.
   Google Scholar
• Santi A, Duarte M, de Menezes C, Loro VL. Association of lipids with oxidative stress biomarkers in subclinical hypothyroidism. Intl Endocrino12012;2012:856359. doi: 10.1155/2012/856359.
   Google Scholar
• Wu TW, Fung KP, Wu J, Yang CC, Weisel RD. Antioxidation of human low density lipoprotein by unconjugated and conjugated bilirubins. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 51: 859–62.
   Google Scholar
• Boon AC, Hawkins CL, Bisht K, Coombes JS, Bakrania B, Wagner KH, Bulmer AC. Reduced circulating oxidized LDL is associated with hypocholesterolemia and enhanced thiol status in Gilbert syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52: 2120–7.
   Google Scholar
• Novotny L, Vitek L. Inverse relationship between serum bilirubin and atherosclerosis in men: a meta-analysis of published studies. Exp Biol Med 2003; 228: 568–71.
   Google Scholar
• Franchini M, Targher G, Lippi G. Serum bilirubin levels and cardiovascular disease risk: a Janus Bifrons? Adv Clin Chem 2010; 50: 47–63.
   Google Scholar
• Xu J, Lee ES, Baek SH, Ahn SY, Kim 5, Na KY, Chae DW, Chin HJ. Effect of bilirubin on trig lyceride synthesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29: 155–63.
   Google Scholar