545
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Methods of Detecting Fouling Caused by Heating of Milk

, &
Pages 267-293 | Published online: 06 Feb 2007

References

  • Becker , B. R. and Fricke , B. A. 1996 . A case study of a proposed monitor for industrial process fouling . Trans. , J. Press. Vess-TASME 118 : 308 – 314 .
  • Bell , R. W. and Sanders , C. F. 1944 . Prevention of milkstone formation in a high temperature short time heater by preheating milk, skim milk and whey . J. Dairy Sci. , 27 : 499 – 504 .
  • Belmar-Beiny , M. T. and Fryer , P. J. 1993 . Preliminary studies of fouling from whey protein solutions . J. Dairy Res. , 60 : 467 – 483 .
  • Belmar-Beiny , M. T. , Gotham , S. M. , Paterson , W. R. and Fryer , P. J. 1993 . The effect of Reynolds number and fluid temperature in whey protein fouling . J. Food Eng. , 19 : 119 – 139 . [CROSSREF]
  • Bott , T. R. 1990 . “ Introduction to the problem of fouling ” . In Fouling Notebook , Edited by: Ichem , E. 1 – 4 . Rugby, , United Kingdom : EUR 16894: Luxembourg .
  • Britten , M. , Green , M. L. , Boulet , M. and Paquin , P. 1988 . Deposit formation on heated surfaces: Effect of interface energetics . J. Dairy Res. , 55 : 551 – 562 .
  • Burton , H. 1961 . A laboratory method for the investigation of milk deposits on heat exchange surfaces . J. Dairy Res. , 28 : 255 – 263 .
  • Burton , H. 1965 . A method for studying the factors in milk which influence the deposition of milk solids on a heated surface . J. Dairy Res. , 32 : 65 – 78 .
  • Burton , H. 1966 . A comparison between a hot wire laboratory apparatus and a plate heat exchanger for determining the sensitivity of milk to deposit formation . J. Dairy Res. , 33 : 317 – 324 .
  • Burton , H. 1967 . Seasonal variation in deposit formation from whole milk on a heated surface . J. Dairy Res. , 34 : 137 – 143 .
  • Burton , H. 1968 . Deposits from whole milk in heat treatment plant—A review and discussion . J. Dairy Res. , 35 : 317 – 330 .
  • Burton , H. 1988 . “ Fouling of heat exchangers ” . In UHT Processing of Milk and Milk Products , 292 – 309 . London : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd. .
  • Chen , X. D. , Li , D. X. Y. , Lin , S. X. Q. and Ozkan , N. 2003 . On-line fouling/cleaning detection by measuring electric resistance—Equipment development and application to milk fouling detection and chemical cleaning monitoring . J. Food Eng. , 61 ( 2 ) : 181 – 189 . [CROSSREF]
  • Corrieu , G. , Lalande , M. and Ferret , R. 1979 . “ New monitoring equipment for the control and automation of milk pasteurization plants ” . In Food Process Engineering , 165 – 171 . London : Elsevier Applied Science .
  • Davies , T. J. and Henstridge , S. C., Gillham, C. R., Wilson, D. I. 1997 . Investigation of whey protein deposit properties using heat flux sensors . Food Bioprod. Process. , 75 ( C ) : 106 – 110 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • de Jong , P. Modelling and optimization of thermal processes in the dairy industry . 1996 . Ph.D. thesis, Technical University, Delft, The Netherlands
  • Delplace , F. , Leuliet , J. C. and Tissier , J. P. 1994 . Fouling experiments of a plate heat exchanger by whey proteins solutions . Food Bioprod. Process. , 72 ( C ) : 163 – 169 . [CSA]
  • Foster , C. L. , Britten , M. and Green , M. L. 1989 . A model heat exchange apparatus for the investigation of fouling of stainless steel surfaces by milk I. Deposit formation at 100°C . J. Dairy Res. , 56 : 201 – 209 .
  • Foster , C. L. and Green , M. L. 1990 . A model heat exchange apparatus for the investigation of fouling of stainless steel surfaces by milk II. Deposition of fouling material at 140°C, its adhesion and depth profiling . J. Dairy Res. , 57 : 339 – 348 .
  • Fryer , P. J. , Pritchard , A. M. , Slater , N. K. H. and Laws , J. F. 1985 . “ An on-line fouling sensor for the food processing industry ” . In Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing , Edited by: Lund , D.B. , Plett , E. A. and Sandu , C. 203 – 216 . Madison, , WI : The University of Wisconsin Press .
  • Fryer , P. J. and Pritchard , A. M. 1987 . “ A comparison of two possible fouling monitors for the food processing industry ” . In Engineering Innovation in the Food Industry , 207 – 213 . Institution of Chemical Engineers .
  • Fryer , P. J. , Robbins , P. T. , Green , C. , Schreier , P. J. R. , Pritchard , A. M. , Hasting , A. P. M. , Royston , D. G. and Richardson , J. F. 1996 . A statistical model for fouling of a plate heat exchanger by whey protein solution at UHT conditions . Food Bioprod. Process. , 74 ( C ) : 189 – 199 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Gotham , S. M. , Fryer , P. J. and Pritchard , A. M. 1992 . Beta-lactoglobulin denaturation and aggregation reactions and fouling deposit formation: A DSC study . Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. , 27 : 313 – 327 . [CSA]
  • Grandison , A. S. 1988 . UHT processing of milk: Seasonal variation in deposit formation in heat exchangers . J. Soc. Dairy Technol. , 41 ( 2 ) : 43 – 49 . [CSA]
  • Gynning , K. , Thome , K. E. and Samuelsson , E. G. 1958 . The burning of milk in plate pasteurizers . Milchwiss. , 13 : 62 – 70 .
  • Hiddink , J. , Lalande , M. , Maas , A. J. R. and Streuper , A. 1986 . Heat treatment of whipping cream. I. Fouling of the pasteurization equipment . Milchwiss. , 41 : 542 – 546 .
  • Hill , J. P. , Boland , M. J. and Smith , A. F. 1997 . “ The effects of beta-lactoglobulin variants on milk powder manufacture and properties ” . In Milk Protein Polymorphism. Proceedings of the IDF Seminar February Vol. 9702 , 372 – 394 . Palmerston North, , New Zealand
  • Jones , A. D. , Ward , N. J. and Fryer , P. J. 1996 . “ The use of a heat flux sensor in monitoring fouling ” . Edited by: Fryer , P. J. , Hasting , A. P. M. and Jeurnink , Th. J. M. 199 – 205 . EUR 16894: Luxembourg
  • Kastanas , P. Studies on the fouling of heat exchangers during the sterilization of cow’s and goat’s milk . 1996 . Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture and Food, University of Reading, Reading, UK. pp. 296
  • Kastanas , P. , Lewis , M. J. and Grandison , A. S. 1994 . “ Fouling and UHT processing ” . In Biochemistry of Milk Products, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Dec 14 1993 , Edited by: Andrews , A. T. and Varley , J. 162 – 168 . Cambridge : Royal Society of Chemistry .
  • Kastanas , P. , Lewis , M. J. and Grandison , A. S. 1995 . Design and development of a miniature UHT plant for fouling studies and its evaluation using milk adjusted to different pH values, goat’s milk and milk permeate . Food Bioprod. Process. , 73 ( C2 ) : 83 – 91 . [CSA]
  • Kastanas , P. , Ravanis , S. , Lewis , M. J. and Grandison , A. S. 1995 . Effects of raw milk quality on fouling at UHT conditions . J. Soc. Dairy Technol. , 48 ( 3 ) : 97 – 99 . [CSA]
  • Lalande , M. and Corrieu , G. 1981 . “ Fouling of plate heat exchanger by milk ” . In Fundamentals and Application of Surface Phenomena Associated with Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing Edited by: Hallstorm , B. , Lund , D. B. and Tragardh , C. 279 – 288 . Tlosand, Sweden Proceedings of Fundamentals and Applications of Surface Phenomenon Associated with Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing, April 6–9
  • Lalande , M. , Tissier , J. P. and Corrieu , G. 1984 . Fouling of a plate heat exchanger used in ultra-high-temperature sterilization of milk . J. Dairy Res. , 51 : 557 – 568 .
  • Lewis , M. and Heppell , N. 2000 . “ Fouling, Cleaning and Disinfecting ” . In Continuous Thermal Processing of Foods Pasteurization and UHT Sterilization , 57 – 132 . Gaithersburg, MD : Aspen Publishers, Inc. .
  • Ling , A. C. and Lund , D. B. 1978 . Apparatus for studying fouling of heated surfaces by biological fluids . J. Food Sci. , 43 : 390 – 393, 403 .
  • Lund , D. B. and Bixby , D. 1975 . Fouling of heat exchange surfaces by milk . Process Biochem. , 10 : 52 – 55 .
  • Lyster , R. L. J. 1965 . The composition of milk deposits in an ultra-high-temperature plant . J. Dairy Res. , 32 : 203 – 210 .
  • Morr , C. V. 1985 . Functionality of heated milk proteins in dairy and related foods . J. Food Sci. , 68 : 2773 – 2781 .
  • Mulet , A. , Benedito , J. , Bon , J. and Sanjuan , N. 1999 . Low intensity ultrasonics in food technology . Food Sci. Technol. Int. , 5 ( 4 ) : 285 – 297 .
  • Patil , G. R. and Reuter , H. 1986 . Deposit formation in UHT plants. I. Effect of forewarming in indirectly heated plants . Milchwiss. , 41 : 337 – 339 .
  • Petermeier , H. , Benning , R. , Delgado , A. , Kulozik , U. , Hinrichs , J. and Becker , T. 2002 . Hybrid model of the fouling process in tubular heat exchangers for the dairy industry . J. Food Eng. , 55 : 9 – 17 . [CROSSREF]
  • Rene , G. and Lalande , H. 1990 . Description and measurement of the fouling of heat exchangers in the thermal treatment of milk . Int. Chem. Eng. , 30 ( 4 ) : 643 – 653 .
  • Robbins , P. T. , Elliott , B. L. , Fryer , P. J. , Belmar , M. T. and Hasting , A. P. M. 1999 . A comparison of milk and whey fouling in a pilot scale plate heat exchanger: Implications for modeling and mechanistic studies . Food Bioprod. Process. , 77 ( C ) : 97 – 106 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Schreier , P. J. R. , Green , C. H. , Pritchard , A. M. and Fryer , P. J. 1994 . “ Heat exchanger fouling by whey protein solutions ” . In Proceedings of conference Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing, April 1994: Jesus College, Cambridge, UK Edited by: Fryer , P. J. , Hasting , A. P. M. and Jeurnink , Th. J. M. 9 – 16 .
  • Shilton , N. C. , Johnson , A. and Lewis , M. J. 1992 . An investigation of a possible relationship between the ethanol stability of milk and the fouling of milk in an ultra high temperature process . J. Soc. Dairy Technol. , 45 ( 1 ) : 9 – 10 . [CSA]
  • Sigfusson , H. , Ziegler , G. R. and Coupland , J. N. 2001 . Ultrasonic monitoring of unsteady-state cooling of food products . Trans. ASAE , 44 ( 5 ) : 1235 – 1240 .
  • Skudder , P. J. and Bonsey , A. D. 1985 . “ The effect of milk pH and citrate concentration on the formation of deposit during UHT processing ” . In Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing , Edited by: Lund , D. B. , Plett , E. A. and Sandu , C. 226 – 234 . Madison, WI : The University of Wisconsin Press .
  • Steinhagen , R. and Maani , K., Muller-Steinhagen, H. 1989 . “ Heat exchanger application and fouling problems in New Zealand industries ” . In Technology for Our Third Century , 432 – 440 . Queensland : Chemeca 89 .
  • Thom , R. 1970 . Studies on the structure of milk deposits in plate heaters . Milchwiss. , 25 ( 9 ) : 519 – 528 .
  • Tissier , J. P. and Lalande , M. 1986 . Experimental device and methods for studying milk deposit formation on heat exchanger surfaces . Biotechnol. Progress. , 2 ( 4 ) : 218 – 229 .
  • Truong , T. , Anema , S. , Kirkpatrick , K and Chen , H. 2002 . The use of a heat flux sensor for in-line monitoring of fouling of non-heated surfaces . Food Bioprod. Process. , 80 ( 4 ) : 260 – 269 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Visser , J. , Lindell , A. and Paulsson , M. 1995 . “ Heat-induced depositions of milk components onto a rotating disk ” . In Heat Treatment and Alternative Methods, Proceedings of the IDF Symposium September 6–8 Vol. 9602 , Vienna, Austria
  • Wadsworth , K. D. and Bassette , R. 1985 . Laboratory—scale system to process ultra high temperature milk . J. Food Prot. , 48 ( 6 ) : 530 – 531 .
  • Withers , P. 1994 . Ultrasonic sensor for the detection of fouling in UHT processing plants . Food Control. , 5 ( 2 ) : 67 – 72 . [CROSSREF]
  • Withers , P. M. 1996 . Ultrasonic, acoustic and optical techniques for the non-invasive detection of fouling in food processing equipment . Trends Food Sci. Technol. , 7 : 293 – 298 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Yoon , J. and Lund , D. B. 1989 . “ Effect of operating conditions, surface coatings and pretreatments on milk fouling in a plate heat exchanger ” . In Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing, September 6–8 59 – 80 .
  • Zadow , J. G. , Hardham , J. F. , Kocak , H. R. and Mayes , J. J. 1983 . The stability of goat’s milk to UHT processing . Aust. J. Dairy Technol. , 38 ( 1 ) : 20 – 23 .
  • Zelver , N. , Roe , F. L. and Characklis , W. G. 1985 . “ Potential for monitoring fouling in the food industry ” . In Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing , Edited by: Lund , D.B. , Plett , E.A. and Sandu , C. 255 – 262 . Madison, WI : The University of Wisconsin Press .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.