325
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Triacylglycerol Fatty Acid Positional Distribution and Postprandial Lipid Metabolism

&
Pages 331-355 | Published online: 06 Feb 2007

References

  • Abia , R. , Perona , J. S. , Pacheco , Y. M. , Montero , E. , Muriana , F. J. G. and Ruiz-Gutiérrez , V. 1999 . Postprandial triacylglycrols from dietary virgin olive oil are selectively cleared in humans . J. Nutr. , 129 : 2184 – 2191 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Ågren , J. J. , Ravandi , A. , Kuksis , A. and Steiner , G. 2002 . Structural and compositional changes in very low density lipoprotein triacylglycerols during basal lipolysis . Eur. J. Biochem. , 269 : 6223 – 6232 . [CROSSREF]
  • Aoe , S. , Yamamura , J. , Matsuyama , H. , Hase , M. , Shiota , M. and Miura , S. 1997 . The positional distribution of dioleoyl-palmitoyl glycerol influences lymph chylomicron transport, composition and size in rats . J. Nutr. , 127 : 1269 – 1273 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Aoyama , T. , Fukui , K. , Taniguchi , K. , Nagaoka , S. , Yamamoto , T. and Hashimoto , Y. 1996 . Absorption and metabolism of lipids in rats depend on fatty acid isomeric position . J. Nutr. , 126 : 225 – 231 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Becker , C. , Lund , P. and Hølmer , G. 2001 . Effect of randomization of mixtures of butter oil and vegetable oil on absorption and lipid metabolism in rats . Eur. J. Nutr. , 40 : 1 – 9 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Berger , A. , Fleith , M. and Crozier , G. 2000 . Nutritional implications of replacing bovine milk fat with vegetable oil in infant formulas . J. Pediatr. Enteral. Nutr. , 30 : 115 – 130 . [CROSSREF]
  • Bernard , A. and Carlier , H. 1991 . Absorption and intestinal catabolism of fatty acids in the rat: Effect of chain length and unsaturation . Exp. Physiol. , 76 : 445 – 455 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Bernbäck , S. , Bläckberg , L. and Hernell , O. 1990 . The complete digestion of human milk triacylglycerol in vitro requires gastric lipase, pancreatic colipase-dependent lipase, and bile salt-stimulated lipase . J. Clin. Invest. , 85 : 1221 – 1226 .
  • Berr , F. and Kern , F. J. 1984 . Plasma clearance of chylomicrons labeled with retinyl palmitate in healthy human subjects . J. Lipid Res. , 25 : 805 – 812 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Björkegren , J. , Packard , C. J. , Hamsten , A. , Bedford , D. , Caslake , M. , Foster , L. , Shepherd , J. , Stewart , P. and Karpe , F. 1996 . Accumulation of large very low density lipoprotein in plasma during intravenous infusion of a chylomicron-like triglyceride emulsion reflects competetion for a common lipolytic pathway . J. Lipid Res. , 37 : 76 – 86 .
  • Borgström , B. and Erlanson , C. 1973 . Pancreatic lipase and colipase. Interactions and effects of bile salts and other detergents . Eur. J. Biochem. , 37 : 60 – 68 . [CROSSREF]
  • Bottino , N. R. , Vandenburg , G. A. and Reiser , R. 1967 . Resistance of certain long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine oils to pancreatic lipase hydrolysis . Lipids. , 2 : 489 – 493 .
  • Braun , J. E. A. and Severson , D. L. 1992 . Regulation of the synthesis, processing and translocation of lipoprotein lipase . Biochem. J. , 287 : 337 – 347 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Breckenridge , W. C. , Yeung , S. K. F. and Kuksis , A. 1976 . Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols by rat intesinal mucosa in vivo . Can. J. Biochem. , 54 : 145 – 152 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Brink , E. J. , Haddeman , E. , de Frow , N. J. and Weststrate , J. A. 1995 . Positional distribution of stearic acid and oleic acid in a triacylglyserol and dietary calcium concentration determines the apparent absorption of these fatty acids in rats . J. Nutr. , 125 : 2379 – 2387 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Brockerhoff , H. , Hoyle , R. J. and Wolmark , N. 1966 . Positional distribution of fatty acids in triglycerides of animal depot fats . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 116 : 67 – 72 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Bugaut , M. , Myher , J. J. , Kuksis , A. and Hoffman , A. G. D. 1984 . An examination of the stereochemical course of acylation of 2-monoacylglycerols by rat intestinal villus cells using [2H3] palmitic acid . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 792 : 254 – 269 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Carnielli , V. P. , Luijendijk , I. H. T. , van Beek , R. H. T. , Boerma , G. J. M. , Degenhart , H. J. and Sauer , P. J. J. 1995 . Effect of dietary triacylglycerol fatty acid positional distributiton on plasma lipid classes and their fatty acid composition in preterm infants . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 62 : 776 – 781 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Carnielli , V. P. , Luijendijk , I. H. T. , van Goudoever , J. B. , Sulkers , E. J. , Boerlage , A. A. , Degenhart , H. J. and Sauer , P. J. J. 1995 . Feeding premature newborn infants palmitic acid in amounts and stereoisomeric positions similar to that of human milk: Effect on fat and mineral balance . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 61 : 1037 – 1042 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Carvajal , O. , Nakayma , M. , Kishi , T. , Sato , M. , Ikeda , I. , Sugano , M. and Imaizumi , K. 2000 . Effect of medium-chain fatty acid positional distribution in dietary triacylglycerol on lymphatic lipid transport and chylomicron composition in rats . Lipids , 35 : 1345 – 1351 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Chen , I. S. , Subramaniam , S. , Cassidy , M. M. , Sheppard , A. J. and Vahouny , G. V. 1985 . Intestinal absorption and lipoprotein transport of (omega-3) eicosapentaenoic acid . J. Nutr. , 115 : 219 – 225 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Chen , I. S. , Subramaniam , S. , Vahouny , G. V. , Cassidy , M. M. , Ikeda , I. and Kritchevsky , D. 1989 . A comparison of the digestion and absorption of cocoa butter and palm cernel oil and their effects on cholesterol absorption in rats . J. Nutr. , 119 : 1569 – 1573 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Cheng , C. and Gross , M. L. 1998 . Complete structural elucidation of triacylglycerols by tandem sector mass spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 70 : 4417 – 4426 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Chow , S.-L. and Hollander , D. 1979 . A dual, concentration-dependent absorption mechanism of linoleic acid by rat jejunum in vitro . J. Lipid Res. , 20 : 349 – 356 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Christensen , M. M. and Høy , C.-E. 1997 . Early dietary intervention with structured triacylglycerols containing docosahexaenoic acid. Effects on brain, liver and adipose tissue lipids . Lipids , 32 : 185 – 191 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Christensen , M. S. and Høy , C.-E. 1992 . Time-related incorporation of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids from seal oil or fish oil into rat tissue phospholipids . Nutr. Res. , 12 : 1141 – 1154 .
  • Christensen , M. S. , Høy , C. E. , Becker , C. C. and Redgrave , T. G. 1995 . Intestinal absorption and lymphatic transport of eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), and decanoic acids: dependence on intramolecular triacylglycerol structure . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 61 : 56 – 61 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Christensen , M. S. , Høy , C.-E. and Redgrave , T. G. 1994 . Lymphatic absorption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from marine oils with different intramolecular fatty acid distributions . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1215 : 198 – 204 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Christensen , M. S. , Mortimer , B.-C. , Høy , C.-E. and Redgrave , T. G. 1995 . Clearance of chylomicrons following fish oil and seal oil feeding . Nutr. Res. , 15 : 359 – 368 . [CROSSREF]
  • Christie , W. W. 1986 . “ The positional distributions of fatty acids in triglycerides ” . In Analysis of Oils and Fats , Edited by: Hamilton , R. S. and Rossell , J. B. 313 – 339 . London : Elsevier Applied Science .
  • Christie , W. W. and Moore , J. H. 1970 . A comparison of the structures of triglycerides from various pig tissues . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 210 : 46 – 56 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Coleman , R. A. and Lee , D. P. 2004 . Enzymes of triacylglycerol synthesis and their regulation . Prog. Lipid Res. , 43 : 134 – 176 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Currie , G. J. and Kallio , H. 1993 . Triacylglycerols of human milk: Rapid analysis by ammonia negative ion tandem mass spectrometry . Lipids , 28 : 217 – 222 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Decker , E. A. 1996 . The role of stereospecific saturated fatty acid positions on lipid nutrition . Nutr. Rev. , 54 : 108 – 111 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • de Fouw , N. J. , Kivits , G. A. A. , Quinlan , P. T. and van Nielen , W. G. L. 1994 . Absorption of isomeric, palmitic acid-containing triacylglyserols resembling human milk fat in the adult rat . Lipids , 29 : 765 – 770 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Denke , M. A. , Fox , M. M. and Schulte , M. 1993 . Short-term dietary calcium fortification increases fecal saturated fat content and reduces serum lipids in men . J. Nutr. , 123 : 1047 – 1053 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • de Schrijver , R. , Vermeulen , D. and Viaene , E. 1991 . Lipid metabolism responses in rats fed beef tallow, native or randomized fish oil and native or randomized peanut oli . J. Nutr. , 121 : 948 – 955 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Emken , E. A. , Adlof , R. O. , Duval , S. M. , Shane , J. M. , Walker , P. M. and Becker , C. 2004 . Effect of triacylglycerol structure on absorption and metabolism of isotope-labeled palmitic acid and linoleic acids by humans . Lipids , 39 : 1 – 9 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Filer , L. J. , Mattson , F. H. and Fomon , J. 1969 . Triglyceride configuration and fat absorption by the human infant . J. Nutr. , 99 : 293 – 298 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Gibbons , G. F. , Islam , K. and Pease , R. J. 2000 . Mobilisation of triacylglycerol stores . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1483 : 37 – 57 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Goodman , D. S. , Huang , H. S. and Shiratori , T. 1965 . Tissue distribution and metabolism of newly absorbed vitamin A in the rat . J. Lipid Res. , 6 : 390 – 395 .
  • Gore , J. and Hoinard , C. 1993 . Linolenic acid transport in hamster intestinal cells is carrier-mediated . J. Nutr. , 126 : 66 – 73 .
  • Guillot , E. , Vaugelade , P. , Lemarchal , P. and Rerat , A. 1993 . Intestinal absorption and liver uptake of medium-chain fatty acids in non-anaesthetized pigs . Br. J. Nutr. , 69 : 431 – 442 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Hauton , J. C. , Chanussot , F. and Lafont , H. 1987 . Determination of the physicochemical parameters of a lipoprotein class from weight precentage data . Biochimie , 69 : 543 – 545 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Ho , S.-Y. and Storch , J. 2001 . Common mechanisms of monoacylglycerol and fatty acid uptake by human intestinal caco-2 cells . Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. , 281 : C1106 – C1117 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Hodge , J. , Li , D. , Redgrave , T. G. and Sinclair , A. J. 1999 . The metabolism of native and randomized butterfat chylomicrons in the rat is similar . Lipids , 34 : 579 – 582 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Holt , L. E. J. , Tidwell , H. C. , Kirk , C. M. , Cross , D. M. and Neale , S. 1935 . Studies in fat metabolism . J. Pediatr. , 6 : 427 – 480 .
  • Hosaka , K. , Schiele , U. and Numa , S. 1977 . Diacylglycerol acyltransferase from rat liver microsomes. Separation and acyl-donor specificity . Eur. J. Biochem , 76 : 113 – 118 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Hsu , F.-F. and Turk , J. 1999 . Structural characterization of triacylglycerols as lithiated adducts by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using low-energy collisionally activated dissociation on a triple stage quadrupole instrument . J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. , 10 : 587 – 599 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Hsu , K.-T. and Storch , J. 1996 . Fatty acid transfer from liver and intestinal fatty acid-binding proteins to membranes occurs by different mechanisms . J. Biol. Chem , 271 : 13317 – 13323 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Hunter , J. E. 2001 . Studies on effects of dietary fatty acids as related to their position on triglycerides . Lipids , 36 : 655 – 668 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Hussain , M. M. , Kancha , R. K. , Zhou , Z. , Luchoomun , J. , Zu , H. and Bakillah , A. 1996 . Chylomicron assembly and catabolism: role of apolipoproteins and receptors . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1300 : 151 – 170 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Ikeda , I. , Sasaki , E. , Yasunami , H. , Nomiyama , S. , Nakayama , M. , Sugano , M. , Imaizumi , K. and Yazawa , K. 1995 . Digestion and lymphatic transport of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids given in the forms of triacylglycerol, free acid and ethyl ester in rats . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1259 : 297 – 304 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Ikeda , I. , Tomari , Y. , Sugano , M. , Watanabe , S. and Nagata , J. 1991 . Lymphatic absorption of structured glycerolipids containing medium-chain fatty acids and linoleic acid, and their effect on cholesterol absorption in rats . Lipids , 26 : 369 – 373 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Ikeda , I. , Yoshida , H. , Tomooka , M. , Yosef , A. , Imaizumi , K. , Tsuji , H. and Seto , A. 1998 . Effects of long-term feeding of marine oils with different positional distribution of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on lipid metabolism, eicosanoid production, and platelet aggregation in hypercholesterolemic rats . Lipids , 33 : 897 – 904 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Innis , S. M. and Dyer , R. 1997 . Dietary triacylglycerols with palmitic acid (16:0) in the 2-position increase 16:0 in the 2-position of plasma and chylomicron triacylglycerols, but reduce phospholipid arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, and alter cholesteryl ester metabolism in formula-fed piglets . J. Nutr. , 127 : 1311 – 1319 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Innis , S. M. , Dyer , R. A. and Lien , E. L. 1997 . Formula containing randomized fats with palmitic acid (16:0) in the 2-position increases 16:0 in the 2-position of plasma and chylomicron triglycerides in formula-fed piglets to levels approaching those of piglets fed sow's milk . J. Nutr. , 127 : 1362 – 1370 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Innis , S. M. , Dyer , R. and Nelson , C. M. 1994 . Evidence that palmitic acid is absorbed as sn-2 monoacylglycerol from human milk by breast-fed infants . Lipids , 29 : 541 – 545 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Innis , S. M. , Dyer , R. , Quinlan , P. T. and Diersen-Schade , D. 1996 . Dietary triacylglycerol structure and saturated fat alter plasma and tissue fatty acids in piglets . Lipids , 31 : 497 – 505 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Innis , S. M. , Quinlan , P. and Diersen-Schade , D. 1993 . Saturated fatty acid chain length and positional distribution in infant formula: Effects on growth and plasma lipids and ketones in piglets . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 57 : 382 – 390 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Iverson , S. J. , Kirk , C. L. , Hamosh , M. and Newsome , J. 1991 . Milk lipid digestion in the neonatal dog: the combined actions of gastric and bile salt stimulated lipases . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1083 : 109 – 119 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Jandacek , R. J. 1991 . The solubilization of calcium soaps by fatty acids . Lipids , 26 : 250 – 253 .
  • Jandacek , R. J. , Whiteside , J. A. , Holcombe , B. N. , Volpenhein , R. A. and Taulbee , J. D. 1987 . The rapid hydrolysis and efficient absorption of triglycerides with octanoic acid in the 1 and 3 positions and long-chain fatty acid in the 2 position . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 45 : 940 – 945 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Jensen , M. M. , Christensen , M. S. and Høy , C.-E. 1994 . Intestinal absorption of octanoic, decanoic, and linoleic acids: Effects of triglyceride structure . Ann. Nutr. Metab , 38 : 104 – 116 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Jensen , M. M. , Skarsfeldt , T. and Høy , C.-E. 1996 . Correlation between level of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain phospholipids and learning ability in rats. A multiple generation study . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1300 : 203 – 209 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Jensen , M. M. , Sørenson , P. H. and Høy , C.-E. 1996b . Influence of triacylglycerol structure and fatty acid profile of dietary fats on milk triacylglycerols in rats. A two-generation study . Lipids , 31 : 187 – 192 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Kallio , H. and Currie , G. 1993 . Analysis of low erucic acid turnip rapeseed oil (Brassica campestris) by negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A method giving information on the fatty acid composition in positions sn-2 and sn-1/3 of triacylglycerols . Lipids , 28 : 207 – 215 .
  • Kallio , H. and Rua , P. 1994 . Distribution of the major fatty acids of human milk between sn-2 and sn‐1/3 positions of triacylglycerols . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 71 : 985 – 992 .
  • Karpe , F. , Bell , M. , Björkegren , J. and Hamsten , A. 1995 . Quantification of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in healthy men by retinyl ester labeling and simultaneous measurement of apolipoproteins B-48 and B-100 . Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. , 15 : 199 – 207 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Krasinski , S. D. , Cohn , J. S. , Russell , R. M. and Schaefer , E. J. 1990 . Postprandial plasma vitamin A metabolism in humans: A reassessment of the use of plasma retinyl esters as markers for intestinally derived chylomicrons and their remnants . Metabolism , 39 : 357 – 365 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Kritchevsky , D. , Tepper , S. A. , Chen , S. C. , Meijer , G. W. and Krauss , R. M. 2000 . Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. 23. Effects of specific synthetic triglycerides . Lipids , 35 : 621 – 625 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Kritchevsky , D. , Tepper , S. A. and Kuksis , A. 1999 . Effects of palm oil, randomized palm oil and red palm oil on experimental atherosclerosis . FASEB J , 13 : A213
  • Kritchevsky , D. , Tepper , S. A. , Kuksis , A. , Eghtedary , K. and Klurfeld , D. M. 1998 . Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. 21. Native and randomized lard and tallow . J. Nutr. Biochem. , 9 : 582 – 585 . [CROSSREF]
  • Kritchevsky , D. , Tepper , S. A. , Kuksis , A. , Wright , S. and Czarnecki , S. K. 2000 . Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. 22. Refined, bleached, deodorized (RBD) palm oil, randomized palm oil and red palm oil . Nutr. Res. , 20 : 887 – 892 . [CROSSREF]
  • Kritchevsky , D. , Tepper , S. A. , Wright , S. , Kuksis , A. and Hughes , T. A. 1998 . Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. 20. Cottonseed oil and randomized cottonseed oil . Nutr. Res. , 18 : 259 – 264 . [CROSSREF]
  • Kubow , S. 1996 . The influence of positional distribution of fatty acids in native, interesterified and structure-specific lipids on lipoprotein metabolism and atherogenesis . Nutr. Biochem. , 7 : 530 – 541 . [CROSSREF]
  • Larsson , A. and Erlanson-Albertsson , C. 1986 . Effect of phosphatidylcholine and free fatty acids on the activity of pancreatic lipase-colipase . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 876 : 543 – 550 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Lehner , R. and Kuksis , A. 1996 . Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols . Prog. Lipid Res. , 35 : 169 – 201 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Lehner , R. , Kuksis , A. and Itabashi , Y. 1993 . Stereospecificity of monoacylglycerol and diacylglycerol acyltransferases from rat intestine as determined by chiral phase high-performance liquid chromatography . Lipids , 28 : 29 – 34 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Lien , E. L. , Boyle , F. G. , Yuhas , R. , Tomarelli , R. M. and Quinlan , P. 1997 . The effect of triglyceride positional distribution on fatty acid absorption in rats . J. Ped. Gastr. Nutr. , 25 : 167 – 174 . [CROSSREF]
  • Lien , E. L. , Yuhas , R. J. , Boyle , F. G. and Tomarelli , R. M. 1993 . Corandomization of fats improves absorption in rats . J. Nutr. , 123 : 1859 – 1867 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Litchfield , C. 1973 . Taxonomic patterns in the triglyceride structure of natural fats . Fette, Seifen, Anstrichtmittel , 75 : 223 – 231 .
  • Lykids , A. , Mougios , V. and Arzoglou , P. 1995 . Kinetics of the two-step hydrolysis of triglyceride by pancreatic lipase . Eur. J. Biochem. , 230 : 892 – 898 . [CROSSREF]
  • Mansbach , C. M. , Arnold , A. and Garret , M. 1987 . Effect of chloroquine on intestinal lipid metabolism . Am. J. Physiol. , 253 : G673 – G678 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Martins , I. J. , Mortimer , B.-C. , Miller , J. and Redgrave , T. G. 1996 . Effects of particle size and number on the plasma clearance of chylomicrons and remnants . J. Lipid Res. , 37 : 2696 – 2705 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Mattson , F. H. , Granville , N. A. and Webb , M. R. 1979 . The absorbability by rats of various triglycerides of stearic and oleic acid and the effect of dietary calcium and magnesium . J. Nutr. , 109 : 1682 – 1687 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Mattson , F. H. and Lutton , E. S. 1958 . The specific distribution of fatty acids in the glycerides of animal and vegetable fats . J. Biol. Chem. , 233 : 868 – 871 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Mead , J. R. , Irvine , S. A. and Ramji , D. P. 2002 . Lipoprotein lipase: structure, function, regulation, and role in disease . J. Mol. Med. , 80 : 753 – 769 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Meijer , G. W. and Weststrate , J. A. 1997 . Interesterification of fats in margarine: effect on blood lipids, blood enzymes, and hemostasis parameters . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , 51 : 527 – 534 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Monsma , C. C. and Ney , D. M. 1993 . Interrelationship of stearic acid content and triacylglycerol composition of lard, beef tallow and cocoa butter in rats . Lipids , 28 : 539 – 547 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Mortimer , B.-C. , Holthouse , D. J. , Martins , I. J. , Stick , R. V. and Redgrave , T. G. 1994 . Effects of triacylglycerol-saturated acyl chains on the clearance of chylomicron-like emulsions from the plasma of the rat . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1211 : 171 – 180 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Mortimer , B.-C. , Kenrick , M. A. , Holthouse , D. J. , Stick , R. V. and Redgrave , T. G. 1992 . Plasma clearance of model lipoproteins containing saturated and polyunsaturated monoacylglycerols injected intravenously in the rat . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1127 : 67 – 73 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Mortimer , B.-C. , Simmonds , W. J. , Joll , C. A. , Stick , R. V. and Redgrave , T. G. 1988 . Regulation of the metabolism of lipid emulsion model lipoproteins by a saturated acyl chain at the 2-position of triacylglycerol . J. Lipid Res. , 29 : 713 – 720 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Mortimer , B.-C. , Simmonds , W. J. , Joll , C. A. , Stick , R. V. and Redgrave , T. G. 1989 . The effect of added monoacylglycerols on the removal from plasma of chylomicron-like emulsions injected intravenously in rats . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1002 : 359 – 364 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Morton , R. E. and Greene , D. J. 1997 . Suppression of lipid transfer inhibitor protein activity by oleate: A novel mechanism of cholesteryl ester transfer protein regulation by plasma free fatty acids . Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. , 17 : 3041 – 3048 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Mu , H. and Høy , C.-E. 2001 . Intestinal absorption of specific structured triacylglycerols . J. Lipid Res , 42 : 792 – 798 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Mu , H. and Høy , C.-E. 2004 . The digestion of dietary triacylglycerols . Prog. Lipid Res. , 43 : 105 – 133 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Myher , J. J. , Kuksis , A. , Breckenridge , W. C. and Little , J. A. 1984 . Studies of triacylglycerol structure of very low density lipoproteins of normolipemic subjects and patients with type III and type IV hyperlipoproteinemia . Lipids , 19 : 683 – 691 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Myher , J. J. , Kuksis , A. , Breckenridge , W. C. , McGuire , V. and Little , J. A. 1985 . Comparative studies of triacylglycerol structure of very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons of normolipemic subjects and patients with type II hyperlipoproteinemia . Lipids , 20 : 90 – 101 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Myher , J. J. , Kuksis , A. , Geher , K. W. P. P. and Diersen-Schade , D. A. 1996 . Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerols rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids . Lipids , 31 : 207 – 215 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Myher , J. J. , Kuksis , A. , Yang , L.-Y. and Marai , L. 1987 . Stereochemical course of intestinal absorption and transport of mustard-seed oil triaclyglycerols in the rat . Biochem. Cell. Biol. , 65 : 811 – 821 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Nagata , J. , Kasai , M. , Watanabe , S. , Ikeda , I. and Saito , M. 2003 . Effects of highly purified structured lipids containing medium-chain fatty acids and linoleic acid on lipid profiles in rats . Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. , 67 : 1937 – 1943 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Nelson , C. M. and Innis , S. M. 1999 . Plasma lipoprotein fatty acids are altered by the positional distribution of fatty acids in infant formula triacylglycerols and human milk . Am. J. Clin. Nutr , 70 : 62 – 69 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Nestel , P. J. , Noakes , M. , Belling , B. , McArthur , R. and Clifton , P. 1995 . Effect on plasma lipids of interesterifying a mix of edible oils . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 62 : 950 – 955 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Nilsson , Å. , Landin , B. and Scholtz , M. C. 1987 . Hydrolysis of chylomicron arachidonate and linoleate ester bonds by lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase . J. Lipid Res. , 28 : 510 – 517 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • O’Doherty , P. J. A. and Kuksis , A. 1974 . Microsomal synthesis of di- and triacylglycerols in rat liver and ehrlich ascites cells . Can. J. Biochem. , 52 : 514 – 524 .
  • O’Doherty , P. J. A. , Kuksis , A. and Buchnea , D. 1972 . Enantiomeric diglycerides as stereospecific probes in triglyceride synthesis in vitro . Can. J. Biochem. , 50 : 881 – 887 .
  • Patton , J. S. , Rigler , M. W. , Liao , T. H. , Hamosh , P. and Hamosh , M. 1982 . Hydrolysis of triacylglycerol emulsion by lingual lipase . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 712 : 400 – 407 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Pavero , C. , Bernard , A. and Carlier , H. 1992 . Administration modalities and intestinal lymph absorption of arachidonic acid in rats . J. Nutr. , 122 : 1672 – 1681 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Porsgaard , T. , Straarup , E. M. and Høy , C.-E. 1999 . Lymphatic fatty acid absorption profile during 24 hours after administration of triglycerides to rats . Lipids , 34 : 103 – 107 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Pufal , D. A. , Quinlan , P. T. and Salter , A. M. 1995 . Effect of dietary triacylglycerol structure on lipoprotein metabolism: A comparison of the effects of dioleoylpalmitoylglycerol in which palmitate is esterified to the 2- or 1(3)-position of the glycerol . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1258 : 41 – 48 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Raclot , T. 1997 . Selective mobilization of fatty acids from white fat cells: Evidence for a relationship to the polarity of triacylglycerols . Biochem. J. , 322 : 483 – 489 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Raclot , T. , Leray , C. , Bach , A. C. and Groscolas , R. 1995 . The selective mobilization of fatty acids is not based on their positional distribution in white-fat-cell triacylglycerols . Biochem. J. , 311 : 911 – 916 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Ransac , S. , Rogalska , E. , Gargouri , Y. , Deveer , A. M. T. J. , Paltaulf , F. , de Haas , G. H. and Verger , R. 1990 . Stereoselectivity of lipases. I. Hydrolysis of eantiomeric glyceride analogues by gastric and pancreatic lipases, a kinetic study using the monomolecular film techique . J. Biol. Chem. , 265 : 20263 – 20270 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Raybould , H. E. 1999 . Nutrient tasting and signaling mechanisms in the gut I. Sensing of lipid by the intestinal mucosa . Am. J. Physiol. , 277 : G751 – G755 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Redgrave , T. G. , Kodali , D. R. and Small , D. M. 1988 . The effect of triacyl-sn-glycerol structure on the metabolism of chylomicrons and triacylglycerol-rich emulsions in the rat . J. Biol. Chem. , 263 : 5118 – 5123 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Redgrave , T. G. and Maranhao , R. C. 1985 . Metabolism of protein-free lipid emulsion models of chylomicrons in rats . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 835 : 104 – 112 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Renaud , S. C. , Ruf , J. C. and Petithory , D. 1995 . The positional distribution of fatty acids in palm oil and lard influences their biologic effects in rats . J. Nutr. , 125 : 229 – 237 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Reshef , L. , Olswang , Y. , Cassuto , H. , Blum , B. , Cronigers , C. M. , Kalhan , S. C. , Tilghman , S. M. and Hanson , R. W. 2003 . Glyceroneogenesis and the triglyceride/fatty acid cycle . J. Biol. Chem. , 278 : 30413 – 30416 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Rogalska , E. , Ransac , S. and Verger , R. 1990 . Stereoselectivity of lipases. II. Stereoselective hydrolysis of triglycerides by gastric and pancreatic lipases . J. Biol. Chem. , 265 : 20271 – 20277 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Roy , C. C. , Roulet , M. , LeFebvre , D. , Chartrand , L. , Lepage , G. and Fournier , C. A. 1979 . The role of gastric lipolysis in fat absorption and bile acid metabolism in the rat . Lipids , 14 : 811 – 815 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Rubin , M. , Moser , A. , Vasenberg , N. , Greig , F. , Levy , Y. , Spivak , H. , Ziv , Y. and Lelcuk , S. 2000 . Structured triacylglycerol emulsion, containing both medium- and long-chain fatty acids, in long-term home parenteral nutrition: A double blind randomized cross-over study . Nutrition , 16 : 95 – 100 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Ruíz-Gutiérrez , V. , Prada , J. L. and Pérez-Jiménez , F. 1993 . Determination of fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of human very-low-density lipoproteins . J. Chrom. , 622 : 117 – 124 .
  • Sakono , M. , Takagi , H. , Sonoki , H. , Yoshida , H. , Iwamoto , M. , Ikeda , I. and Imaizumi , K. 1997 . Absorption and lymphatic transport of interesterified or mixed fats rich in saturated fatty acids and their effects on tissue lipids in rats . Nutr. Res. , 17 : 1131 – 1141 . [CROSSREF]
  • Sakr , S. W. , Attia , N. , Haourigui , M. , Paul , J. L. , Soni , T.D.V. and Girard-Globa , A. 1997 . Fatty acid composition of an oral load affects chylomicron size in human subjects . Br. J. Nutr. , 77 : 19 – 31 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Sanders , D. J. , Howes , D. and Earl , L. K. 2001 . The absorption, distribution and excretion of 1- and 2‐[14C]palmitoyl triacylglycerols in the rat . Food Chem. Toxicol. , 39 : 709 – 716 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Sanders , T. A. B. , Berry , S. E. E. and Miller , G. J. 2003 . Influence of triacylglycerol structure on the postprandial response of factor VII to stearic acid-rich fats . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 77 : 777 – 782 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Sato , K. , Takahashi , T. , Takahashi , Y. , Shiono , H. , Katoh , N. and Akiba , Y. 1999 . Preparation of chylomicrons and VLDL with monoacid-rich triacylglycerol and characterization of kinetic parameters in lipopotein lipase mediated hydrolysis in chickens . J. Nutr. , 129 : 126 – 131 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Schulthess , G. , Lipka , G. , Compassi , S. , Boffelli , D. , Weber , F. E. , Paltauf , F. and Hauser , H. 1994 . Absorption of monoacylglycerols by small intestinal brush border membrane . Biochemistry , 33 : 4500 – 4508 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Shahkhalili , Y. , Murset , C. , Meirim , I. , Duruz , E. , Guinchard , S. , Cavadini , C. and Acheson , K. 2001 . Calcium supplementation of chocolate: effect on cocoa butter digestibility and blood lipids in humans . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 73 : 246 – 252 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Shiau , Y.-F. , Popper , D. A. , Reed , M. , Umstetter , C. , Capuzzi , D. and Levine , G. M. 1985 . Intestinal triglycerides are derived from both endogenous and exogenous sources . Am. J. Physiol. , 248 : G164 – G169 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Smith , S. B. , Yang , A. , Larsen , T. W. and Tume , R. K. 1998 . Positional analysis of triacylglycerols from bovine adipose tissue lipids varying in degree of unsaturation . Lipids , 33 : 197 – 207 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Sommer , H. M. , Mu , H. , Sorig , H. K. , Lund , S. P. , Xu , X. and Høy , C.-E. 2004 . Influence of dietary triacylglycerol structure and level of n-3 fatty acids administered during development on brain phospholipids and memory and learning ability of rats . Ann. Nutr. Metab. , 48 : 16 – 27 .
  • Sreenivasan , B. 1978 . Interesterifcation of fats . J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. , 55 : 796 – 805 .
  • Straarup , E. M. and Høy , C.-E. 2000 . Structured lipids improve fat absorption in normal and malabsorbing rats . J. Nutr. , 130 : 2802 – 2808 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Stremmel , W. 1988 . Uptake of fatty acids by jejunal mucosal cells is mediated by a fatty acid binding membrane protein . J. Clin. Invest. , 82 : 2001 – 2010 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Sugano , M. and Imaizumi , K. 1991 . Effect of palm oil on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and eicosanoid production in rats . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 53 : 1034S – 1038S . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Summers , L. K. M. , Fielding , B. A. , Herd , S. L. , Ilic , V. , Clark , M. L. , Quinlan , P. T. and Frayn , K. N. 1999 . Use of structured triacylglycerols containing predominantly stearic and oleic acids to probe early events in metabolic processing of dietary fat . J. Lipid Res. , 40 : 1890 – 1898 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Summers , L. K. , Fielding , B. A. , Ilic , V. , Quinlan , P. T. and Frayn , K. N. 1998 . The effect of triacylglycerol-fatty acid positional distribution on postprandial metabolism in subcutaneous adipose tissue . Br. J. Nutr. , 79 : 141 – 147 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Swift , L. L. , Hill , J. O. , Peters , G. C. and Greene , H. L. 1990 . Medium-chain-fatty-acids: Evidence for incorporation into chylomicron triglycerides in humans . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 52 : 834 – 836 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Tomarelli , R. M. , Meyer , B. J. , Weaber , J. R. and Bernhart , R. W. 1968 . Effect of positional distribution on the absorption of the fatty acids of human milk and infant formulas . J. Nutr. , 95 : 583 – 590 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Trigatti , B. L. and Gerber , G. E. 1996 . The effect of intracellular pH on long-chain fatty acid uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: Evidence that uptake involves passive diffusion of protonated long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane . Biochem. J. , 313 : 487 – 494 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Trotter , P. J. , Ho , S. Y. and Storch , J. 1996 . Fatty acid uptake by Caco-2 human intestinal cells . J. Lipid Res. , 37 : 336 – 346 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Tso , P. , Karlstad , M. D. , Bistrian , B. R. and DeMichele , S. J. 1995 . Intestinal digestion, absorption, and transport of structured triglycerides and cholesterol in rats . Am. J. Physiol. , 268 : G568 – G577 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Uiterwaal , C. S. P. M. , Grobbee , D. E. , Witteman , J. C. M. , van Stiphout , W.-A. H. J. , Krauss , X. H. , Havekes , L. M. , de Bruijn , A. M. , van Tol , A. and Hofman , A. 1994 . Postprandial triglyceride response in young adult men and familial risk for coronary atherosclerosis . Ann. Int. Med. , 121 : 576 – 583 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Vallot , A. , Bernard , A. and Carlier , H. 1985 . Influence of the diet on the portal and lymph transport of decanoic acid in rats. Simultaneous study of its mucosa catabolism . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , 82A : 693 – 699 . [CROSSREF]
  • Veerkamp , J. H. and Maatman , R. G. H. J. 1995 . Cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins: their structure and genes . Prog. Lipid Res. , 34 : 17 – 52 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Verkade , H. J. , van Asselt , W. A. , Vonk , R. J. , Bijleveld , C. M. A. , Fernandes , J. , de Jong , H. , Fidler , V. and Okken , A. 1989 . Fat absorption in premature infants: The effect of lard and antibiotics . Eur. J. Pediatr. , 149 : 126 – 129 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Wang , C.-S. , Hartsuck , J. and McConathy , W. J. 1992 . Structure and functional properties of lipoprotein lipase . Biochim. Biophys. Acta , 1123 : 1 – 17 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Weintraub , M. S. and Grosskopf , I. 1996 . Clearance of chylomicron remnants in normolipidaemic patients with coronary artery disease: Case control study over three years . Br. Med. J. , 312 : 935 – 939 .
  • Xu , X. 2000 . Production of specific-structured triacylglycerols by lipase-catalyzed reactions: A review . Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. , : 2:287 – 303 .
  • Yang , L.-Y. and Kuksis , A. 1991 . Apparent convergence (at 2-monoacylglycerol level) of phosphatidic acid and 2-monoacylglycerol pathways of synthesis of chylomicron triacylglycerols . J. Lipid Res. , 32 : 1173 – 1186 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Yang , L.-Y. , Kuksis , A. and Myher , J. J. 1990 . Intestinal absorption of menhaden and rapeseed oils and their fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters in the rat . Biochem. Cellular Biol. , 68 : 480 – 491 .
  • Yli-Jokipii , K. , Kallio , H. , Schwab , U. , Mykkänen , H. , Kurvinen , J.-P. , Savolainen , M. J. and Tahvonen , R. 2001 . Effects of palm oil and transesterified palm oil on chylomicron and VLDL triacylglycerol structures and postprandial lipid response . J. Lipid. Res. , 42 : 1618 – 1625 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Yli-Jokipii , K. M. , Schwab , U. S. , Tahvonen , R. L. , Kurvinen , J.-P. , Mykkänen , H. M. and Kallio , H. P. T. 2002 . Triacylglycerol molecular weight and to a lesser extent, fatty acid positional distribution, affect chylomicron triacylglycerol composition in women . J. Nutr. , 132 : 924 – 929 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Yli-Jokipii , K. M. , Schwab , U. S. , Tahvonen , R. L. , Kurvinen , J.-P. , Mykkänen , H. M. and Kallio , H. P. T. 2003 . Chylomicron and VLDL triacylglycerol structures and postprandial lipid response induced by lard and modified lard . Lipids , 38 : 693 – 703 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Yli-Jokipii , K. M. , Schwab , U. S. , Tahvonen , R. L. , Xu , X. , Mu , H. and Kallio , H. P. T. 2004 . Positional distribution of decanoic acid: Effect on chylomicron and VLDL TAG structures and postprandial lipemia . Lipids , 39 : 373 – 381 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Yoshida , H. , Kumamaru , J. , Mawatari , M. , Ikeda , I. , Imaizumi , K. , Tsuji , H. and Seto , A. 1996 . Lymphatic absorption of seal and fish oils and their effect on lipid metabolism and eicosanoid production in rats . Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. , 60 : 1293 – 1298 .
  • Zampelas , A. , Williams , C. M. , Morgan , L. M. and Wright , J. 1994 . The effect of triacylglycerol fatty acid positional distribution on postprandial plasma metabolite and hormone responses in normal adult men . Br. J. Nutr. , 71 : 401 – 410 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Zilversmit , D. B. 1979 . Atherogenesis: A postprandial phenomenon . Circulation , 60 : 473 – 485 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Zock , P. L. , de Vries , J. H. , de Fouw , N. J. and Katan , M. B. 1995 . Positional distribution of fatty acids in dietary triglycerides: Effect on fasting blood lipoprotein concentrations in humans . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 61 : 48 – 55 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]
  • Zock , P. L. , Gerritsen , J. and Katan , M. B. 1996 . Partial conservation of the sn-2 position of dietary triglycerides in fasting plasma lipids in humans . Eur. J. Clin. Invest. , 26 : 141 – 150 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF]
  • Zsinka , A. J. , Peredi , J. , Szepvolgyi , J. , Maucha , E. , Foldes , V. and Biro , G. 1989 . Effect of interesterified fat mixtures on certain lipid indices in experimental fat metabolism disturbance . Nahrung , 33 : 107 – 118 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE]

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.