An Investigation of Postural Sway in Sitting of Normal Children and Children with Neurological Disorders

REFERENCES

• Shumway-Cook A: Equilibrium deficits in children, in Woollacott MH, Shumway-Cook A (eds): Development of Posture and Gait Across the Life Span Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989, pp 229–252.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes KC, Riach CL: Preparatory postural adjustments and postural sway in young children, in Woollacott MH, Shumway-Cook A (eds): Development of Posture and Gait Across the Life Span Columbia, SC: University of South Caro-lina Press, 1989, pp 97–127.
   Google Scholar
• Reed ES: Changing theories of postural development, in Woollacott MH, Shumway-Cook A (eds): Development of Posture and Gait Across the Life Span Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1989, pp 3–24.
   Google Scholar
• Lee WA: A control systems framework for understanding normal and ab-normal posture. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 43(5): 291–301, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Nashner LM, McCollum G: The organization of human postural move-ments: A formal basis and experimental synthesis. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8: 135–172, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH: The growth of stability: Postural con-trol from a developmental perspective. Journal of Motor Behavior 17(2): 131–147, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Nashner LM, Shumway-Cook A, Mann 0: Stance posture control in se- lect groups of children with cerebral palsy: Deficits in sensory organization and muscular coordination. Experimental Brain Research 49: 393–409, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Williams HG, Fisher IM, Tritschler K: Descriptive analysis of static pos-tural control in 4, 6, and 8 year old normal and motorically awkward children. American Journal of Physical Medicine 62: 12–26, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Shambes GM: Static postural control in children. American Journal of Physical Medicine 55: 221–252, 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Hass G, Diener HC, Bacher M, Dichgans J: Development of postural control in children: Short-, medium-, and long-latency EMG responses of leg muscles after perturbation of stance. Experimental Brain Research 24: 127–132, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Riach CL, Hayes KC: Maturation of postural sway in young children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 29: 650–658, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Woollacott MH, von Hosten C, Rosblad B: Relation between muscle re-sponse onset and body segmental movements during postural perturbations in hu-mans. Experimental Brain Research 72: 593–604, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Lee WA, Deming L, Sahgal V: Static balance control in hemiparetic, young and older normal subjects. Physical Therapy 68: 970–976, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Horak FB, Nashner LM: Central programming of postural movements: Adaptation to altered support-surface configurations. Journal of Neurophysiology 55(6): 1369–1381, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Woollacott M, Debu B, Mowatt M: Neuromuscular control in the infant and child: Is vision dominant? Journal of Motor Behavior 19(2): 167–186, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Butterworth G, Hicks IL: Visual proprioception and postural stability in infancy: A developmental study. Perception 6: 255–262, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Sochaniwskyj A, Koheil R, Bablich K, Milner M, Lotto W: Dynamic monitoring of sitting posture of children with spastic cerebral palsy. Clinical Bio-mechanics, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Nwaobi OM, Brubaker CE, Cusick B, Sussman MD: Electromyographic investigation of extensor activity in cerebral palsied children in different seating positions. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 25:175–183, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Nwaobi OM, Smith PD: Effects of adaptive seating on pulmonary func-tion of children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurol-ogy 28: 351–354, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart KC, McQuilton G: Straddle seating for the cerebral palsied child. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 50(4): 136–138, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Seeger BR, Caudrey DJ, O'Mara NA: Hand function in cerebral palsy: The effect of hip flexion angle. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 26: 601–606, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Mandal AC: The correct height of school furniture. Physiotherapy Can-ada 35(4): 212–218, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Bendix T: Seated trunk posture at various seat inclinations and table heights. Human Factors 26(6): 695–703, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Bendix T, Biering-Sorensen F: Posture of the trunk when sitting on for. ward inclined seats. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 15: 197–203, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Sochaniwskyj A, Reid DT: Functional and clinical evaluation of the short and long-term effects of anteriorly tipped seating in children with cerebral palsy. Unpublished Report, Rehabilitation Engineering Department, Hugh MacMillan Rehabilitation Centre, Toronto, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Reid DT, Sochaniwskyj A, Nantais T, Milner M: On instrumentation and a protocol for monitoring the effects of an anteriorly tipped seat on upper extrem-ity function. Paper presented at the 13`" Annual RESNA Conference, Washington, DC, June, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Gallahue DL: Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children„ld-olescents, 2" ed. Indianapolis, IN, Benchmark Press, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Stoffregen T, Riccio G: An ecological theory of orientation and the vestib-ular system. Psychological Review 95: 3–14, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Bachman JC: Motor learning and performance as related to age and sex in two measures of balance coordination. Research Quarterly 32: 123137, 1961.
   Google Scholar
• Williams HG, McClenaghan B, Ward DS: Duration of muscle activity during standing in normally and slowly developing children. American Journal of Physical Medicine 64 (4): 171–189, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbloom L, Horton ME: The maturation of fine prehension in young children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 13: 3–8, 1971.
   Google Scholar
• Sellers JS: Relationship of antigravity postural control with balance in young children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 28(5), Supp1.53: 40, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Bobath K, Bobath B: The facilitation of normal postural reactions and movements in the treatment of cerebral palsy. Physiotherapy 50: 246–262, 1964.
   Google Scholar
• Stokes IAF, Abery JM: Influence of the hamstring muscles on the lumbar spine curvature in sitting. Spine 5(6): 525–528, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Rang M, Douglas G, Bennet GC, Koreska J: Seating for children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Paediatric Orthopedics 1:279.287, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Bleck EE: Postural and gait abnormalities caused by hip flexion deformity in spastic cerebral palsy, treatment by iliopsoas recession. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 53A (1): 68–74, 1971.
   Google Scholar