In pregnant women who smoke, caffeine consumption is associated with an increased level of homocysteine

References

• Ueland PM, Refsum H, Brattstrom L. Plasma homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. In: Francis RB Jr (ed.): Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, hemostasis, and endothelial function. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1992: 183–236.
   Google Scholar
• Malinow M. Homocyst(e)in and arterial occlusive disease. J Int Med 1994; 236: 603–17.
   Google Scholar
• Vollset SE, Refsum H, Irgens LM et al. Plasma total homocysteine, pregnancy complications, and adverse pregnancy outcomes: the Hordaland Homocysteine study. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 962–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray JG, Laskin CA. Folic acid and homocyst(e)ine metabolic defects and the risk of placental abruption, preeclampsia and spontaneous pregnancy loss: a systematic review. Placenta 1999; 20: 519–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hague WM. Homocysteine and pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2003; 17: 459–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelen WL, Blom HJ, Steegers EA, den Heijer M, Eskes TK. Hyperhomocysteinemia and recurrent early pregnancy loss: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2000; 74: 1196–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubben MJ, Boers GH, Blom HJ et al. Unfiltered coffee increases plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy volunteers: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 480–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urgert R, van Vliet T, Zock PL, Katan MB. Heavy coffee consumption and plasma homocysteine: a randomized controlled trial in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 1107–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygard O, Refsum H, Ueland PM et al. Coffee consumption and plasma total homocysteine. The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 136–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshaug A, Bugge KH, Refsum H. Diet, an independent determinant for plasma total homocysteine. A cross sectional study of Norwegian workers on platforms in the North Sea. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998; 52: 7–11.
   Google Scholar
• Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Miller ER III, Maguire MG, Selhub J, Appel LJ. Association of dietary protein intake and coffee consumption with serum homocysteine concentrations in an older population. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 467–75.
   Google Scholar
• Jacques PF, Bostom AG, Wilson PW, Rich S, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J. Determinants of plasma total homocysteine concentration in the Framingham Offspring cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 613–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell M, Spielberg S, Kalow W. A urinary metabolite ratio that reflects systemic caffeine clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987; 42: 157–65.
   Google Scholar
• Shively C, Tarka S, Arnaud M, Dvorchik B, Passananti G, Vesell E. High levels of methylxanthines in chocolate do not alter theobromine disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985; 37: 415–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkinen P, Jouppila P, Koivula A, Vuori J, Puukka M. The effect of caffeine on placental and fetal blood flow in human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 147: 939–42.
   Google Scholar
• Cnattingius S, Signorello LB, Anneren G et al. Caffeine intake and the risk of first-trimester spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1839–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannelli M, Doyle P, Roman E, Pelerin M, Hermon C. The effect of caffeine consumption and nausea on the risk of miscarriage. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003; 17: 316–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisborg K, Kesmodel U, Bech BH, Hedegaard M, Henriksen TB. Maternal consumption of coffee during pregnancy and stillbirth and infant death in first year of life: prospective study. BMJ 2003; 326: 420–4.
   Google Scholar
• Bracken M, Triche E, Belanger K, Hellenbrand K, Leaderer B. Association of maternal caffeine consumption with decrements in fetal growth. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Vik T, Bakketeig LS, Trygg KU, Lund-Larsen K, Jacobsen G. High caffeine consumption in the third trimester of pregnancy: gender-specific effects on fetal growth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003; 17: 324–31.
   Google Scholar
• Knutti R, Rothweiler H, Schlatter C. The effect of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Arch Toxicol Suppl 1982; 5: 187–92.
   Google Scholar
• Cook DG, Peacock JL, Feyerabend C et al. Relation of caffeine intake and blood caffeine concentrations during pregnancy to fetal growth: prospective population based study. BMJ 1996; 313: 1358–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons WD, Neims AH. Effect of smoking on caffeine clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 24: 40–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalow W, Tang B-K. Caffeine as a metabolic probe: exploration of the enzyme-inducing effect of cigarette smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991; 49: 44–8.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons W, Neims A. Effect of smoking on caffeine clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 24: 734–9.
   Google Scholar
• Bakketeig LS, Jacobsen G, Hoffman HJ et al. Pre-pregnancy risk factors of small-for-gestational age births among parous women in Scandinavia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993; 72: 273–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergsjø P, Hoffman HJ, Davis RO et al. Preliminary results from the Collaborative Alabama and Scandinavian Study of Successive Small-for-Gestational Age Births. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1989; 68: 19–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunker MC, McWilliams M. Caffeine content of common beverages. J Am Diet Assoc 1979; 74: 28–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen GA. The developmental toxicology of caffeine. Issues and reviews in teratology. New York, USA: Plenum Press, 1988: 305–50.
   Google Scholar
• Verhoef P, Pasman WJ, Van Vliet T, Urgert R, Katan MB. Contribution of caffeine to the homocysteine-raising effect of coffee: a randomized controlled trial in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 1244–8.
   Google Scholar
• Olthof MR, Hollman PC, Zock PL, Katan MB. Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid, present in coffee, or of black tea increases plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 532–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lelo A, Miners JO, Robson R, Birkett DJ. Assessment of caffeine exposure: caffeine content of beverages, caffeine intake, and plasma concentrations of methylxanthines. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986; 39: 54–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klebanoff MA, Levine RJ, Dersimonian R, Clemens JD, Wilkins DG. Serum caffeine and paraxanthine as markers for reported caffeine intake in pregnancy. Ann Epidemiol 1998; 8: 107–11.
   Google Scholar
• de Leon J, Diaz FJ, Rogers T et al. A pilot study of plasma caffeine concentrations in a US sample of smoker and nonsmoker volunteers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003; 27: 165–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen TS, Lui CK, Smith CH. Folacin content of tea. J Am Diet Assoc 1983; 82: 627–32.
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson JM, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Croft KD, Puddey IB. Can black tea influence plasma total homocysteine concentrations? Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 907–11.
   Google Scholar
• Rasch V. Cigarette, alcohol, and caffeine consumption: risk factors for spontaneous abortion. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 182–8.
   Google Scholar
• Brazier JL, Ritter J, Berland M, Khenfer D, Faucon G. Pharmacokinetics of caffeine during and after pregnancy. Dev Pharmacol Ther 1983; 6: 315–22.
   Google Scholar