9
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Scanning electron microscopy of encapsulated and non-encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans and the effect of glucose on capsular polysaccharide release

&
Pages 235-243 | Published online: 28 Aug 2009

References

  • Bhattacharjee AK, Bennett JE, Glaudemans CP. Capsular polysaccharides of Cryptococcus neoformans. Rev Infect Dis 1984; 6: 619–624.
  • Cherniak R, Sundstrom JB. Polysaccharide antigens of the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 1507–1512.
  • Cherniak R. Soluble polysaccharides of Cryptococcus neofor-mans. Curr Top Med Mycol 1988; 2: 40–54.
  • Cherniak R, Morris LC, Meyer SA. Glucuronoxylomannan of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype C: structural analysis by gas—liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry and 13C-nu-clear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Carbohyd Res 1992; 225: 331–337.
  • Cherniak R, Morris LC, Turner SH. Glucuronoxylomannan of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype D: structural analysis by gas—liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry and by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Carbohyd Res 1992; 223: 263–269.
  • Vartivarian SE, Anaissie EJ, Cowart RE, et al. Regulation of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide by iron. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 186–190.
  • Granger DL, Perfect JR, Durack DT. Virulence of Cryptococ-cus neoformans: regulation of capsule synthesis by carbon diox-ide. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 508–516.
  • Kozel TR, Gulley WF, Cazin J. Immune response to Crypto-coccus neoformans soluble polysaccharide: immunological unre-sponsiveness. Infect Immun 1977; 18: 701–707.
  • Hirano A, Zimmerman H, Levine S. The fine structure of cerebral fluid accumulation: reactions of ependyma to implan-tation of cryptococcal polysaccharide. J Pathol Bacteriol 1966; 91: 149–155.
  • Dong ZM, Murphy JW. Cryptococcal polysaccharides induce L-selectin shedding and tumor necrosis factor receptor loss from the surface of human neutrophils. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 689–698.
  • Pettoello-Mantovani M, Casadevall A, Smarnworawong P, Goldstein H. Enhancement of HIV type 1 infectivity in vitro by capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans and Haemophilus influenzae. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 1994; 10: 1079–1087.
  • Murphy JW, Cozad GC. Immunological unresponsiveness in-duced by cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide assayed by the hemolytic plaque technique. Infect Immun 1972; 5: 896–901.
  • Kozel TR, Pfrommer GS. Activation of the complement system by Cryptococcus neoformans leads to binding of iC3b to the yeast. Infect Immun 1986; 52: 1–5.
  • Vecchiarelli A, Retini C, Pietrella D, et al. Downregulation by cryptococcal polysaccharide of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta secretion from human monocytes. Infect Im-mun 1995; 63: 2919–2923.
  • Murphy JW. Cytokine profiles associated with induction of the anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune response. Infect Immun 1993; 61: 4750–4759.
  • Bloomfield N, Gordon MA. Detection of Cryptococcus neofor-mans antigen in body fluids by latex particle agglutination. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1963; 114: 64–67.
  • Jacobson ES, Tingler MJ. Strains of Cryptococcus neoformans with defined capsular phenotypes. J Med Vet Mycol 1994; 32: 401–404.
  • Casadevall A, Mukherjee J, Devi SJ, et al. Antibodies elicited by a Cryptococcus neoformans-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine have the same specificity as those elicited in infection. J Infect Dis 1992; 165: 1086–1093.
  • Chemiak R, Morris LC, Anderson BC, Meyer SA. Facilitated isolation, purification, and analysis of glucuronoxylomannan of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 59–64.
  • Dubois MG, Hamilton K, Rebers P, Smith F. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem 1956; 28: 350–356.
  • Cleare W, Casadevall A. The different binding patterns of two immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibodies to Cryptococcus ne-oformans serotype A & D strains correlate with serotype clas-sification and differences in functional assays. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998; 5: 125–129.
  • Jacobson ES, Payne WR. UDP glucuronate decarboxylase and synthesis of capsular polysaccharide in Cryptococcus neofor-mans. J Bacteriol 1982; 152: 932–934.
  • Chang YC, Kwon-Chung KJ. Complementation of a capsule-deficient mutation of Cryptococcus neoformans restores its viru-lence. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14: 4912–4919.
  • Allison D, Goldsbrough M. Polysaccharide production in Pseu-domonas cepacia. J Basic Microbiol 1994; 34: 3–10.
  • Bonet R, Congregado F. Effects of nutrients on exopolysaccha-ride production and surface properties of Aeromonas salmoni-cida. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59: 2437–2441.
  • Edwards M, Gordon M, Lapa E, Ghiorse W. Micromorphol-ogy of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Bacteriol 1967; 94: 766–777.
  • Takeo K, Uesaka I, Uehira K, Nishiura M. Fine structure of Cryptococcus neoformans grown in vitro as observed by freeze-etching. J Bacteriol 1973; 113: 1442–1448.
  • Sakaguchi N, Baba T, Fukuzawa M, Ohno S. Ultrastructural study of Cryptococcus neoformans by quick freezing and deep-etching method. Mycopathologia 1993; 121: 133–141.
  • Sakaguchi N. Ultrastructural study of hepatic granulomas in-duced by Cryptococcus neoformans by quick-freezing and deep etching method. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 1993; 64: 57–66.
  • Murphy JW, Hidore MR, Nabavi N. Binding interactions of murine natural killer cells with the fungal target Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 1476–1488.
  • Murphy JW. Slick ways Cryptococcus neoformans foils host defenses. ASM News 1996; 62: 77–80.
  • Mukherjee J, Cleare W, Casadevall A. Monoclonal antibody mediated capsular reactions (Quellung) in Cryptococcus neofor-mans. J Immunol Methods 1995; 184: 139–143.
  • Van Doom WG, Thiel F, Boekestein A. Cryoscanning electron microscopy of extracellular polysaccharides produced by bacte-rial colonies. Scanning 1990; 12: 297–299.
  • Kozel TR, Tabuni A, Young BJ, Levitz SM. Influence of opsonization conditions on C3 deposition and phagocyte bind-ing of large- and small-capsule Cryptococcus neoformans cells. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 2336–2338.
  • Littman ML. Capsule synthesis by Cryptococcus neoformans. N Y Acad Sci 1958; 20: 623–645.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.