Alcohol consumption and psychological distress in recently widowed older men

REFERENCES

• Atkinson R M, Kofoed L L. Alcohol and drug abuse in old age: a clinical perspective. Substance and Alcohol Actions/Misuse 1982; 3: 353–368
   Google Scholar
• Schuckit M A. Geriatric alcoholism and drug abuse. Gerontologist 1977; 17: 168–174
   Google Scholar
• Glatt M M. Experiences with elderly alcoholics in England. Alcoholism 1978; 2: 23–26
   Google Scholar
• Brennan P L, Moos R H. Life stressors, social resources, and late-life problem drinking. Psychology and Aging 1990; 5: 491–501
   Google Scholar
• LaGreca A J, Akers R L, Dwyer J W. Life events and alcohol behaviour among older adults. Gerontologist 1988; 28: 552–558
   Google Scholar
• Welte J W, Mirand A L. Alcohol use by the elderly: patterns and correlates. A report on the Erie County elder drinking survey. Research Institute on Addictions, New York 1992
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher D E, Thompson L W, Peterson J A. Psychosocial factors affecting adaptation to bereavement in the elderly. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 1981; 14: 79–95
   Google Scholar
• Bruce M L, Kim K, Leaf P J, Jacob S. Depressive episodes and dysphoria resulting from conjugal bereavement in a prospective community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 147: 608–611
   Google Scholar
• Blazer D G, Bachar J R, Manton K G. Suicide in late life: review and commentary. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1986; 34: 519–525
   Google Scholar
• Helsing K J, Szklo M, Comstock G W. Factors associated with mortality after widowhood. American Journal of Public Health 1981; 71: 802–809
   Google Scholar
• Mellstrom D, Nilsson A, Oden A, Rundgren A, Svanborg A. Mortality among the widowed in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 1982; 10: 33–41
   Google Scholar
• Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Rita H. Mortality after bereavement: a prospective study of 95,647 widowed persons. American Journal of Public Health 1987; 77: 283–287
   Google Scholar
• Byrne G JA, Raphael B. The psychological symptoms of conjugal bereavement in elderly men over the first 13 months. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1997; 12: 241–251
   Google Scholar
• Daniel A. The measurement of social class. Community Health Studies 1984; 8: 218–222
   Google Scholar
• Folstein M F, Folstein S E, McHugh P R. Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975; 12: 189–198
   Google Scholar
• National Heart Foundation of Australia and Australian Institute of Health. Risk factor prevalence survey no. 3, 1989. National Heart Foundation of Australia and Australian Institute of Health, Canberra 1991; 166
   Google Scholar
• National Health and Medical Research Council. Is there a safe level of daily consumption of alcohol for men and women?. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra 1992
   Google Scholar
• Hurt R D, Finlayson R E, Morse R M, Davis L J, Jr. Alcoholism in elderly persons: medical aspects and prognosis of 216 inpatients. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1988; 63: 753–760
   Google Scholar
• Byrne G JA, Raphael B. A longitudinal study of bereavement phenomena in recently widowed elderly men. Psychological Medicine 1994; 24: 411–421
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger C D, Gorsuch R L, Luchene R, Vagg P R, Jacobs G A. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA 1983
   Google Scholar
• Himmelfarb S, Murrell S A. Reliability and validity of five mental health scales in older persons. Journal of Gerontology 1983; 38: 333–339
   Google Scholar
• Tudiver F, Hilditch J, Permaul J A. A comparison of psychosocial characteristics of new widowers and married men. Family Medicine 1991; 23: 501–505
   Google Scholar
• Fleiss J L. Statistical methods for rates and proportions, 2nd ed. John Wiley, New York 1981
   Google Scholar
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Health Survey 1989–1990. Alcohol consumption. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra 1992
   Google Scholar
• Scherr P A, LaCroix A Z, Wallace R B, et al. Light to moderate alcohol consumption and mortality in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1992; 40: 651–657
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg R J, Burchfiel C M, Reed D M, Wergowske G, Chiu D. A prospective study of the health effects of alcohol consumption in middle-aged and elderly men. The Honolulu heart program. Circulation 1994; 89: 651–659
   Google Scholar
• Ticehurst S. Alcohol and the elderly. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 24: 252–260
   Google Scholar
• Gambert S R, Katsoyannis K K. Alcohol-related medical disorders of older heavy drinkers. Alcohol and aging, T Beresford, E Gomberg. Oxford University Press, New York 1995; 70–81
   Google Scholar
• Whelan G. Alcohol-related health problems in the elderly. Medical Journal of Australia 1995; 162: 325–327
   Google Scholar
• Schuckit M A, Pastor P A. The elderly as a unique population: alcoholism. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1978; 2: 31–38
   Google Scholar
• Glass T A, Prigerson H, Kasl S V, Mendes de Leon C F. The effects of negative life events on alcohol consumption among older men and women. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 1995; 50B: S205–S216
   Google Scholar
• Saunders P A, Copeland J RM, Dewey M E, et al. Alcohol use and abuse in the elderly: findings from the Liverpool longitudinal study of continuing health in the community. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1989; 4: 103–108
   Google Scholar