22
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

The current status of tardive dyskinesia

Pages 355-369 | Received 02 Jun 1999, Accepted 02 Feb 2000, Published online: 07 Aug 2009

References

  • Schonecker M. Ein eigentuemliches Syndrom im oralen Bereich bei Megaphenapplikation. Nervenarzt 1957; 28: 35–36
  • Faurbye A, Rasch PJ, Bender P Peterson, Brandenborg G, Pakkengerg H. Neurological symptoms in the pharmaco-therapy of psychoses. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1964; 40: 10–26
  • Jeste DV, Wyatt RJ. Understanding and treating tardive dyskinesia. Guilford Press, New York 1982
  • Kruk J, Sachdev P, Singh S. Respiratory dyskinesia: a review and five new cases. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 1995; 7: 223–229
  • Kane JM, Jeste DV, Barnes TRE, et al. Tardive dyskinesia: a task force report of the American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Press, Washington 1992
  • Burke RE, Fahn S, Jankovic J, et al. Tardive dystonia: late onset and persistent dystonia caused by antipsychotic drugs. Neurology 1982; 32: 1335–1346
  • Sachdev PS. Risk factors for tardive dystonia: a case control comparison with tardive dyskinesia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1993; 88: 98–103
  • Adityanjee MD, Aderibige YA, Jampala VC, Mathews T. The current status of tardive dystonia. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 45: 715–730
  • Sachdev P. Akathisia and restless legs. Cambridge University Press, New York 1995
  • Thaker GK, Nguyen JA, Tamminga CA. Increased saccadic distractability in tardive dyskinesia: functional evidence for subcortical GABA dysfunction. Biological Psychiatry 1988; 1: 49–59
  • Waddington JL, Youssef HA, Dolphin C, Kinsella A. Cognitive dysfunction, negative symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1987; 44: 907–912
  • Chouinard G, Jones B, Annable L. Neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychoses. American Journal of Psychiatry 1978; 135: 1409–1410
  • Wilson I, Garbutt J, Lanier C, Moylan J, Nelson W, Prange AJ, Jr. Is there a tardive dysmentia?. Shizophrenia Bulletin 1983; 9: 187–192
  • Gualtieri C, Quade D, Hicks R, Mayo JP, Shroeder SR. Tardive dyskinesia and other clinical consequences of neuroleptic treatment in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 141: 20–23
  • Schooler NR, Kane JM. Research diagnosis for tardive dyskinesia [letter]. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982; 39: 486–487
  • Guy W. Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS). ECDEU Assessment manual for psychopharmacology. United States Government Printing Office, Washington 1976; 534–537
  • Ayd FJ. A survey of drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions. Journal of the American Medical Association 1961; 175: 154–1060
  • Villeneuve A. The rabbit syndrome: a peculiar extra-pyramidal reaction. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 1972; 17(Suppl. 2)SS69–SS72
  • Clayton AH. Antidepressant-induced tardive dyskinesia: review and case report. Psychopharmacological Bulletin 1995; 31: 259–264
  • Leo RJ. Movement disorders associated with serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1996; 57: 449–454
  • Klawans HL, Barr A. Prevalence of spontaneous lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesias in the elderly. Neurology 1982; 32: 558–559
  • Kane JM, Weinhold P, Kinon B, Wegher J, Leader M. Prevalence of abnormal involuntary movements (‘spontaneous dyskinesias’) in the normal elderly. Psychopharmacology 1982; 77: 105–108
  • Waddington JL, Crow TJ. Abnormal involuntary movements and psychosis in the preneuroleptic era and in unmedicated patients: implications for the concept of tardive dyskinesia. Tardive dyskinesia: biological mechanisms and clinical aspects, ME Wolf, AD Mosnaim. American Psychiatric Press, Washington 1988; 49–66
  • Kraepelin EP. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia, RM Barclay, GM Robertson. E and S Livingstone, Edinburgh 1919
  • Chorfi M, Moussaoui D. Les schizophrenes jamais traites n'ont pas de movements anormaux type dyskinesie tardive. Encephale 1985; 11: 263–265
  • Owens DGC, Johnstone EC, Frith CD. Spontaneous disorders of voluntary movement. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982; 39: 643–650
  • Chatterjee A, Chakos M, Koreen A, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of extrapyramidal signs and spontaneous dyskinesia in never-treated schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1724–1729
  • Gervin M, Browne S, Lane A, et al. Spontaneous abnormal involuntary movements in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: baseline rate in a group of patients from an Irish catchment area. American Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1202–1206
  • Yassa R, Jeste DV. Gender differences in tardive dyskinesia: a critical review of the literature. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1992; 18: 701–715
  • Woerner M, Kane JM, Lieberman J, et al. The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1991; 11: 34–42
  • McDermid SA, Hood J, Bockus S, Dalessandro E. Adolescents on neuroleptic medication - is this population at risk for tardive dyskinesia?. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 43: 629–631
  • McAndrew JB, Case Q, Treffert DA. Effects of prolonged phenothiazine intake on psychotic and other hospitalized children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 1972; 2: 75–91
  • Polizos P, Engelhardt D. Dyskinetic phenomena in children treated with psychotropic medications. Psychopharmacological Bulletin 1978; 14: 65–68
  • Paulsen JS, Caligiuri MP, Palmer B, McAdams LA, Jeste DV. Risk factors for orofacial and limbtruncal tardive dyskinesia in older patients: a prospective longitudinal study. Psychopharmacology 1996; 123: 307–314
  • Byne W, White L, Parella M, Adams R, Harvey PD, Davis KL. Tardive dyskinesia in a chronically institutionalized population of elderly schizophrenic patients: prevalence and association with cognitive impairment. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1998; 13: 473–479
  • Gualtieri CT, Schroeder SR, Hicks RE, Quade D. Tardive dyskinesia in young mentally retarded individuals. Archives of General Psychiatry 1986; 43: 335–340
  • Sachdev PS. Drug-induced movement disorders in institutionalized adults with mental retardation: clinical characteristics and risk factors. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 26: 242–248
  • Jeste DV, Caliguiri MP, Paulsen JS, et al. Risk of tardive dyskinesia in older patients: a prospective longitudinal study of 266 patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 1995; 52: 756–765
  • Chouinard G, Annable L, Mercier P, Ross-Chouinard A, Moore P. A five-year follow-up study of tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacological Bulletin 1986; 22: 259–263
  • Gardos G, Cole JO, Haskell D, Marby D, Paine SS. The natural history of tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1988; 8: 31–33
  • Bergen JA, Eyland EA, Campbell JA, et al. The course of tardive dyskinesia in patients on long-term neuroleptics. British Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 154: 523–528
  • Casey DE, Gardos G. Tardive dyskinesia: outcome at 10 years [abstract]. Schizophrenia Research 1990; 3: 11
  • Yagi G, Takamuja M, Kauba S, Kanijima K. Mortality rates of schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia during 10 years: a controlled study. Keio Journal of Medicine (Tokyo) 1989; 38: 70–72
  • Smith JM, Baldessarini RJ. Changes in prevalence, severity and recovery in tardive dyskinesia with age. Archives of General Psychiatry 1980; 37: 1368–1373
  • Morgenstern H, Glazer WM. Identifying risk factors for tardive dyskinesia among long-term outpatients maintained with neuroleptic medication. Results of the Yale Tardive Dyskinesia Study. Archives of General Psychiatry 1993; 50: 723–733
  • Smith JM, Oswald WT, Kucharski LT, Waterman LJ. Tardive dyskinesia: age and sex differences in hospitalized schizophrenics. Psychopharmacology 1978; 58: 207–211
  • Pandurangi AK, Aderibigbe YA. Tardive dyskinesia in non-western countries - a review. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1995; 246: 47–52
  • Sachdev PS. Blinking-blepharospasm after chronic neuroleptic treatment. Medical Journal of Australia 1989; 150: 341–343
  • Davis K, Berger P, Hollister L. Tardive dyskinesia and depressive illness. Psychopharmacological Communications 1976; 2: 125–130
  • Kane JM, Woerner M, Lieberman J. Tardive dyskinesia: prevalence, incidence and risk factors. Dyskinesia - research and treatment, DE Casey, TN Chase, AV Christensen, et al. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1985; 72–78
  • Kane JM, Woerner M, Weinhold P, Wegner J, Kinon B. Incidence of tardive dyskinesia: five-year data from a prospective study. Psychopharmacological Bulletin 1984; 20: 39–40
  • Sachdev PS. Depression-dependent exacerbation of tardive dyskinesia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 155: 253–255
  • Trelles L, Trelles JO, Castaneda C, Castro C. Disappearance of tardive dyskinesia in a manic attack. (French) Revue Neurologique 1985; 5: 415–416
  • Casey DE, Keepers GA. Neuroleptic side effects: acute extrapyramidal syndromes and tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology: current trends, DE Casey, AV Christensen. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1988; 74–93
  • Glazer VM. Clinical outcomes of pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia and implications for health economics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Monographs 1997; 15: 22–23
  • van Os J, Fahy T, Jones P, Harvey I, Toone B, Murray R. Tardive dyskinesia: who is at risk?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1997; 6: 206–216
  • Ganzini L, Heintz RT, Hoffman WF, Casey DE. The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in neuroleptic treated diabetics. Archives of General Psychiatry 1991; 48: 259–263
  • Woerner MG, Saltz BL, Kane JM, Lieberman JA, Alvir JMJ. Diabetes and development of tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 150: 966–968
  • Nilsson A, Waller L, Rosengren A, Adlerberth A, Wilhelmsen L. Cigarette smoking is associated with abnormal involuntary movements in the general male population - a study of men born in 1933. Biological Psychiatry 1997; 41: 717–723
  • Kane J, Woerner M, Borenstein M. Integrating incidence and prevalence of tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacological Bulletin 1986; 22: 254–258
  • Andreassen OA, MacEwen T, Gulbrandsen AK, McCreadie RG, Steen VM. Non-functional CYP2D6 alleles and risk for neuroleptic-induced movement disorders in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology 1997; 131: 174–179
  • Steen VM, Lovlie R, MacEwan T, McCreadie RG. Dopamine D3-receptor gene variant and susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia in schziphrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 1997; 2: 139–145
  • Caliguiri MP, Lacro JP, Rockwell E, McAdams LA, Jeste DV. Incidence and risk factors for severe tardive dyskinesia in older patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 171: 148–158
  • Baldessarini RJ, Cohen BM, Teicher MM. Significance of neuroleptic doses and plasma levels in the pharmacological treatment of psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 1988; 45: 79–91
  • Woerner M, Kane JM, Lieberman J, et al. The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychoparmacology 1991; 11: 34–42
  • Tamminga CA, Thaker GK, Moran M, Kakigi T, Gao XM. Clozapine in tardive dyskinesia - observations from human and animal model studies. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994; 55: 102–106
  • Nair CJ, Abraham G, Stanilla JK, et al. Therapeutic effects of clozapine on tardive dyskinesia. Cognitive and Behavioural Practice 1998; 5: 123–131
  • Gutierrez-Esteinou R, Grebb JA. Risperidone: an analysis of the first three years in general use. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1997; 12(Suppl. 4)S3–S10
  • Tollefson GD, Beasley CM, Jr, Tamura RN, Tran PV, Potvin JH. Blind, controlled, long-term study of the comparative incidence of treatment-emergent tardive dyskinesia with olanzapine or haloperidol. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1248–1254
  • Goldman MB, Luchins DJ. Intermittent neuroleptic therapy and tardive dyskinesia: a literature review. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1984; 35: 1215–1219
  • Jolley AG, Hirsch SR, McRink A, Manchanda R. Trial of brief intermittent neuroleptic prophylaxis for selected schizophrenic outpatients: clinical outcome at one year follow-up. British Medical Journal 1989; 298: 985–990
  • Pert A, Rosenblatt JE, Sivit C, Pert CB, Bunney WE, Jr. Long-term treatment with lithium prevents the development of dopamine receptor supersensitivity. Science 1979; 135: 509–514
  • Klawans HL, Goetz CG, Perlik S. Tardive dyskinesia: review and update. American Journal of Psychiatry 1980; 137: 900–908
  • Burt DR, Creese I, Snyder SH. Antischizophrenic drugs: chronic treatment elevates dopamine receptor binding in brain. Science 1977; 196: 326–328
  • Scatton B. Differential regional development of tolerance to increase in dopamine turnover upon repeated neuroleptic administration. European Journal of Pharmacology 1977; 46: 363–369
  • Gerlach J, Casey DE. Tardive dyskinesia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandnavica 1988; 77: 369–378
  • Gunne LM, Haggstrom JE, Sjokvist B. Association with persistent neuroleptic-induced dyskinesia of regional changes in the brain GABA synthesis. Nature 1984; 309: 347–349
  • Andersson U, Haggstrom JE, Levi ED, Bondessan U, Valverius M, Gunne LM. Reduced glutamate decarboxylase activity in the subthalamic nucleus in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Movement Disorders 1989; 4: 37–46
  • Thaker GK, Tamminga CA, Alphs LA, Lafferman J, Ferraro TN, Hare TA. Brain gamma-aminobutyric acid abnormality in tardive dyskinesia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1987; 44: 522–529
  • Cadet JL, Lohr JB. Possible involvement of free radicals in neuroleptic-induced movement disorders: evidence from treatment of tardive dyskinesia with vitamin E. Annals of the New York Academy Sciences 1989; 570: 178–185
  • Gunne LM, Andren PE. An animal model for coexisting tardive dyskinesia and tardive parkinsonism: a glutamate hypothesis for tardive dyskinesia. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1993; 16: 90–95
  • Lohr JB, Kuczenski R, Bracha HS, Moir M, Jeste DV. Increased indices of free radical activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tardive dyskinesia. Biological Psychiatry 1990; 28: 535–539
  • Egan ME, Apud J, Wyatt RJ. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1997; 23: 583–609
  • Lohr JB, Lavori P. Whither vitamin E and tardive dyskinesia?. Biological Psychiatry 1998; 43: 861–862
  • Adler LA, Edson R, Lavori P, et al. Long-term treatment effects of vitamin E for tardive dyskinesia. Biological Psychiatry 1998; 43: 868–872
  • Carlsson M, Carlsson A. Interaction between glutamatergic and monoaminergic systems within the basal ganglia - implications for schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Trends in Neurosciences 1990; 13: 272–276
  • Tsai G, Goff DC, Chang RW, Flood J, Bear L, Coyle JT. Markers of glutamatergic neurotransmission and oxidative stress associated with tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1207–1213
  • Gardos G, Cole JO. The treatment of tardive dyskinesias. Psychopharmacology: the fourth generation of progress, FE Bloom, DJ Kupfer. Raven Press, New York 1995; 1503–1511
  • Soni SD, Freeman HL, Bamrah JS, Sampath G. Oxypertine in tardive dyskinesia: a long-term controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1986; 74: 446–450
  • Jankovic J, Beach J. Long-term effects of tetrabenazine in hyperkinetic movement disorders. Neurology 1997; 48: 358–362
  • Weetman J, Anderson IM, Gregory RP, Gill SS. Bilateral posteroventral pallidotomy for severe antipsychotic induced tardive dyskinesia and dystonea. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1997; 63: 554–556
  • Wang Y, Turnbull I, Calne S, Stoessl AJ, Calne DB. Pallidotomy for tardive dyskinesia. Lancet 1997; 349: 777–778
  • Gibson AC. Incidence of tardive dyskinesia in patients receiving depot neuroleptic injection. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1981; 297: 111–116
  • Yassa R, Nair V, Schwartz G. Tardive dyskinesia; a two-year follow up study. Psychosomatics 1984; 25: 852–855
  • Chakos MH, Alvir JMJ, Woerner MG, et al. Incidence and correlates of tardive dyskinesia in first episode of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1996; 53: 313–319
  • Woerner MG, Ma J, Alvir J, Saltz BL, Lieberman JA, Kane JM. Prospective study of tardive dyskinesia in the elderly. Rates and Risk Factors. American Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1521–1528

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.