Preventive interventions for youth suicide: A risk factor-based approach

References

• Trovato F. A Durkheimian analysis of youth suicide: Canada 1971 and 1981. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1992; 22: 413–427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee on Prevention of Mental Disorders. Reducing the risks for mental disorders: frontiers for preventive intervention research1st edn. National Academy Press, Washington 1994
   Google Scholar
• Beautrais A. Risk factors for suicide and attempted suicide amongst young people. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 34: 420–436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose G. The strategy of preventive medicine. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1992
   Google Scholar
• Durlak JA, Wells AM. Primary prevention mental health programs for children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology 1997; 25: 115–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenman SJ. Preventing suicide: what will work and what will not: population, not individual approaches to suicide prevention. Medical Journal of Australia 1998; 169: 100–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent DA, Holder D, Kolko D, et al. A clinical psychotherapy trial for adolescent depression comparing cognitive, family, and supportive therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry 1997; 97: 877–885
   Google Scholar
• Clarke GN, Hops H, Lewinsohn PM, Andrews J, Seeley JR, Williams J. Cognitive-behavioural group treatment of adolescent depression: prediction of outcome. Behaviour Therapy 1992; 23: 341–354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine S, Forth A, Gilbert M, Hayley G. Group therapy for adolescent depressive disorder: a comparison of social skills and therapeutic support. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1991; 30: 79–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn PM, Clarke GN, Hops H, Andrews J. Cognitive-behavioural treatment for depressed adolescents. Behaviour Therapy 1990; 21: 385–401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde P, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR. Response of depressed adolescents to cognitive-behavioural treatment: do differences in initial severity clarify the comparison of treatment?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1994; 62: 851–854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood A, Harrington R, Moore A. Controlled trial of a brief cognitive-behavioural intervention in adolescent patients with depressive disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1996; 37: 737–746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington R, Whittaker J, Shoebridge P, Campbell F. Systematic review of efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapies in childhood and adolescent depressive disorders. British Medical Journal 1998; 316: 1559–1563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazell P, O'Connell D, Heathcote D, Robertson J, Henry D. Efficacy of tricyclic drugs in treating child and adolescent depression: a meta-analysis. British Medical Journal 1995; 310: 897–901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emslie GJ, Rush J, Weinberg WA, et al. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1997; 54: 1031–1037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MB, Lavori PW, Beardslee WR, Wunder J, Ryan N. Depression in children and adolescents: new data on ‘undertreatment’ and a literature review on the efficacy of available treatments. Journal of Affective Disorders 1991; 21: 163–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veit FCM, Sanci LA, Young DYL, Bowes G. Adolescent health care: perspectives of Victorian general practitioners. Medical Journal of Australia 1995; 163: 16–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans MD, Hollon SD, DeRubeis RJ, et al. Differential relapse following cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1992; 49: 802–808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke GN, Hawkins W, Murphy M, Sheeber LB, Lewinsohn P, Seeley JR. Targeted prevention of unipolar depressive disorder in an at-risk sample of high school adolescents: a randomised trial of a group cognitive intervention. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1995; 34: 312–321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillham JE, Reivich KJ, Jaycox LH, Seligman MEP. Prevention of depressive symptoms in school children: two-year follow-up. Psychological Science 1995; 6: 343–351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaycox LH, Reivich KJ, Gillham J, Seligman M. Prevention of depressive symptoms in school children. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1994; 32: 801–816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn JS, Kehle TJ, Jensen WR, Clark E. Comparison of cognitive-behavioural, relaxation and self-modelling interventions for depression among middle-school students. School Psychology Review 1990; 19: 196–205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds WM, Coats KI. A comparison of cognitive-behavioural therapy and relaxation training for the treatment of depression in adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1986; 44: 653–660
   Google Scholar
• Stark KD, Reynolds W, Kaslow N. A comparison of the relative efficacy of self-control therapy and a behavioural problem-solving therapy for depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1987; 15: 91–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark KD, Rouse LW, Livingston R. Treatment of depression during childhood and adolescence: cognitive-behavioural procedures for the individual and family. Child and adolescent therapy: cognitive-behavioural procedures, PC. Kendall. Guilford Press, Baltimore 1991; 165–206
   Google Scholar
• Patton GC, Carlin JB, Coffey C, Wolfe R, Hibbert M, Bowes G. Depression, anxiety and smoking initiation: a prospective study over three years. American Journal of Public Health 1998; 88: 1518–1522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke GN, Hawkins W, Murphy M, Sheeber L. School-based primary prevention of depressive symptomatology in adolescents: findings from two studies. Journal of Adolescent Research 1993; 8: 183–204
   Google Scholar
• Rice KG, Meyer AL. Preventing depression among young adolescents: preliminary process results of a psycho-educational intervention program. Journal of Counselling and Development 1994; 73: 145–152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton GC, Harris R, Carlin JB, et al. Adolescent suicidal behaviours: a population based study of risk. Psychological Medicine 1997; 27: 715–724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer D, Gould MS, Fisher P, et al. Psychiatric diagnosis in child and adolescent suicide. Archives of General Psychiatry 1996; 53: 339–348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K. Controlled studies of psychosocial intervention following attempted suicide. Current research strategies in suicide and parasuicide1st edn., NP Kreitman. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1989
   Google Scholar
• Salkovskis PM, Atha C, Storer D. Cognitive-behavioural problem solving in the treatment of patients who repeatedly attempt suicide: a controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 157: 871–876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeavey BC, Daly RJ, Ludgate JW, Murray CM. Interpersonal problem-solving skills training in the treatment of self-poisoning patients. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1994; 24: 382–394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K, Arensman E, Townsend E, et al. Deliberate self harm: systematic review of efficacy of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments in preventing repetition. British Medical Journal 1998; 317: 441–447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farberow NL. Negative and positive compliance in relation to indirect and direct suicide. Journal of Compliance in Health Care 1986; 1: 91–101
   Google Scholar
• Granboulan V, Rabain D, Basquin M. The outcome of adolescent suicide attempts. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1995; 91: 265–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piacentini J, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Gillis JR, et al. Demographic predictors of treatment attendance among adolescent suicide attempters. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1995; 63: 469–473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spirito A, Plummer B, Gispert M, et al. Adolescent suicide attempts: outcomes at follow-up. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1992; 62: 464–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trautman PD, Stewart N, Morishima A. Are adolescent suicide attempters non-compliant with outpatient care?. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1993; 32: 89–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swedo SE. Postdischarge therapy of hospitalised adolescent suicide attempters. Journal of Adolescent Health Care 1989; 10: 541–544
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clarke CF. Deliberate self-poisoning in adolescents. Archives of Diseases in Childhood 1988; 63: 1479–1483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotgrove AJ, Zirinsky L, Black D, Weston D. Secondary prevention of attempted suicide in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence 1995; 18: 569–577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deykin EY, Chung-Chen H, Joshi N. Adolescent suicidal and self-destructive behaviours: results of an intervention study. Journal of Adolescent Health Care 1986; 7: 88–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pillay AL, Wassenaar DR. Psychological intervention, spontaneous remission, hopelessness and psychiatric disturbance in adolescent parasuicides. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1995; 25: 386–392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotheram-Borus MJ, Piacentini J, Van Rossem R, et al. Enhancing treatment adherence with a specialised emergency room program for adolescent suicide attempters. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1996; 35: 654–655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd MD, Rajab MH, Orman DT, Stulman DA. Effectiveness of an outpatient intervention targeting suicidal young adults: preliminary results. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996; 64: 179–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silburn S, Zubrick S, Acres J. Evaluation of an intervention to facilitate better hospital and community management of teenage deliberate self-harm admissions in Western Australia. 19th Congress of the International Association for Suicide Prevention, Adelaide, March, 231997
   Google Scholar
• Foster T, Gillespie K, McClelland R. Mental disorders and suicide in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 170: 447–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassilas CA, Morgan HG. Suicide in Avon. Life stress, alcohol misuse and use of services. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 170: 453–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland AF, Zigler E. Adolescent suicide prevention. Current research and social policy implications. American Psychologist 1993; 48: 169–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagley C. The evaluation of a suicide prevention scheme by an ecological method. Social Science and Medicine 1968; 2: 1–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barraclough BM, Jennings C, Moss JR. Suicide prevention by the Samaritans. A controlled study of effectiveness. Lancet 1977; ii: 237–238
   Google Scholar
• Dew MA, Bromet ET, Brent D, Greenhouse JB. A quantitative literature review of the effectiveness of suicide prevention centres. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1987; 55: 239–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings C, Barraclough BM, Moss JR. Have the Samaritans lowered the suicide rate? A controlled study. Psychological Medicine 1978; 8: 413–422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester D. The myth of suicide prevention. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1972; 13: 555–560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester D. Effect of suicide prevention centres on suicide rates in the United States. Health Services Report 1974; 89: 37–39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller H, Coombs D, Leeper J, Barton S. An analysis of the effects of suicide prevention facilities on suicide rates in the US. American Journal of Public Health 1984; 74: 340–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner IW. The effectiveness of a suicide prevention program. Mental Hygiene 1969; 53: 357–363
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daigle MS, Mishara BL. Intervention styles with suicidal callers at two suicide prevention centres. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1995; 25: 261–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggert LL, Thompson EA, Herting JR, Nicholas LJ. Reducing suicide potential among high-risk youth: tests of a school-based prevention program. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1995; 25: 276–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer D, Garland A, Vieland V, Underwood M. The impact of curriculum-based suicide prevention programs for teenagers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1991; 30: 588–596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieland V, Whittle B, Garland A, Hicks R, Shaffer D. The impact of curriculum-based suicide prevention programs for teenagers: an 18-month follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1991; 30: 811–815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overholser JC, Hemstreet AH, Spirito A, Vyse S. Suicide awareness programs in the schools. Effects of gender and personal experience. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1989; 28: 925–930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spirito A, Overholser J, Ashworth S, Morgan J, Benedict-Drew C. Evaluation of a suicide awareness curriculum for high school students. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1988; 27: 705–711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaFromboise T, Howard Pitney B. The Zuni life skills development curriculum: description and evaluation of a suicide prevention program. Journal of Counselling Psychology 1995; 42: 479–486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbey KJ, Madsen CH, Polland R. Short term suicide awareness curriculum. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1989; 19: 216–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingman A. School-based emergency intervention following an adolescent's suicide. Death Studies 1989; 13: 263–274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingman A, Hochdorf Z. Coping with distress and self harm: the impact of a primary prevention program among adolescents. Journal of Adolescence 1993; 16: 121–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson FL. Evaluation of a youth suicide prevention school program. Adolescence 1987; 22: 813–825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbach I, Bar-Joseph H. The impact of a suicide prevention program for adolescents on suicidal tendencies, hopelessness, ego identity, and coping. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1993; 23: 120–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Carroll PW, Mercy JA, Hersey JC, Boudreau C, Odell-Butler M. Centres for Disease Control. Youth Suicide Prevention Programs: a resource guide. Centres for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 1992
   Google Scholar
• Tobler NS. Meta-analysis of adolescent drug prevention programs: results of the 1993 meta-analysis. National Institute for Drug and Alcohol Research Monograph 1997; 170: 5–68
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins JD, Doueck HJ, Lishner DM. Changing teaching practices in mainstream classrooms to improve bonding and behaviour of low achievers. American Journal of Education Research 1988; 25: 31–50
   Google Scholar
• Haggerty RJ. Care of the poor and underserved in America. Older adolescents: a group at special risk. American Journal of Diseases in Childhood 1991; 145: 569–571
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haggerty RJ. Older adolescents, a group at special risk. What have 2 years achieved?. American Journal of Diseases in Childhood 1993; 147: 538
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aktan GB, Kumpfer KL, Turner CW. Effectiveness of a family skills training program for substance use prevention with inner city African-American families. Substance Use and Misuse 1996; 31: 157–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Morrison DM, O'Donnell J, Abbott RD, Day LE. The Seattle Social Development Project: effect of the first four years on protective and problem behaviours. Preventing antisocial behaviour: interventions from birth through to adolescence, J McCord, RE Tremblay. Guilford Press, New York 1992
   Google Scholar
• Cheadle A, Beery W, Wagner E, et al. Conference report: community-based health promotion – state of the art and recommendations for the future. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1997; 13: 240–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheadle A, Pearson D, Wagner E, Psaty BM, Diehr P, Koepsell T. A community-based approach to preventing alcohol use among adolescents on an American Indian reservation. Public Health Reports 1995; 110: 439–447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botvin GJ, Baker E, Dusenbury L, Botvin EM, Diaz T. Long-term follow-up results of a randomised drug abuse prevention trial in a white middle-class population. Journal of the American Medical Association 1995; 273: 1106–1112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellickson PL, Bell RM. Drug prevention in junior high: a multisite longitudinal test. Science 1990; 247: 1299–1305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellickson PL, Bell RM, McGuigan K. Preventing adolescent drug use. Long-term results of a junior high program. American Journal of Public Health 1993; 83: 856–861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen WB, Graham JW. Preventing alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among adolescents: peer pressure resistance training versus establishing conservative norms. Preventive Medicine 1991; 20: 414–430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry CL, Grant M, Ernberg G, et al. WHO collaborative study on alcohol education and young people: outcomes of a four-country pilot study. International Journal of the Addictions 1989; 24: 1145–1171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan M, Weissberg RP, Grober JS, Sivo PJ, Grady K, Jacoby C. Social competence promotion with inner-city and suburban young adolescents: effects on social adjustment and alcohol use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1992; 60: 56–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissberg RP, Caplan M, Harwood RL. Promoting competent young people in competence-enhancing environments: a systems-based perspective on primary prevention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1991; 59: 830–841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pentz MA, Dwyer JH, Flay B, Hansen WB, Johnson CA. A multi-community trial for primary prevention of adolescent drug abuse. Journal of the American Medical Association 1989; 261: 3259–3266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson Johnson C, Pentz MA, Weber MD, et al. Relative effectiveness of comprehensive community programming for drug abuse prevention with high-risk and low-risk adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990; 58: 447–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St Pierre TL, Kaltreider L, Mark MN, Aiken KJ. Drug prevention in a community setting: a longitudinal study of the relative effectiveness of a three-year primary prevention program in boys and girls clubs across the nation. American Journal of Community Psychology 1992; 20: 673–706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry CL, Williams CL, Veblen-Mortenson S, et al. Project Northland: outcomes of a community-wide alcohol use prevention program during early adolescence. American Journal of Public Health 1996; 86: 956–965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders, JC Howell, B Krisberg, JD Hawkins, JJ Wilson. SageThousand Oaks, , CA 1995
   Google Scholar
• Lochman JE, Coie JD, Underwood MK, Terry R. Effectiveness of a social relations intervention program for aggressive and nonaggressive, rejected children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1993; 61: 1053–1058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strayhorn JM, Weidman CS. Follow-up one year after parent-child interaction training: effects on behaviour of preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1991; 30: 138–143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szapocznik J, Rio A, Murray E, et al. Structural family versus psychodynamic child therapy for problematic Hispanic boys. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1989; 57: 571–578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay RE, Masse LC, Pihl RO, Pagani-Kurtz L, Vitaro F. A bimodal preventive intervention for disruptive kindergarten boys: its impact through mid-adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1995; 63: 560–568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay RE, McCord J, Boileau H, et al. Can disruptive boys be helped to become competent?. Psychiatry 1991; 54: 148–161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster-Stratton C, Hollinsworth T, Kolpacoff M. The long-term effectiveness and clinical significance of three cost-effective training programs for families with conduct-problem children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1989; 57: 550–553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster-Stratton C. Enhancing the effectiveness of self-administered videotape parent training for families with conduct-problem children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1990; 18: 479–492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster-Stratton C. Advancing videotape parent training: a comparison study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1994; 62: 583–593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bry BH. Reducing the incidence of adolescent problems through preventive intervention: one year and five year follow-up. American Journal of Community Psychology 1982; 10: 265–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borduin CM, Mann BJ, Cone LT, et al. Multisystemic treatment of serious juvenile offender: long term prevention of criminality and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1995; 63: 569–587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henggeler SW, Cunningham PB, Pickrel SG, Schoenwald SK, Brondino MJ. Multisystemic therapy: an effective violence prevention approach for serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Adolescence 1998; 19: 47–61
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henggeler SW, Rowland MD, Pickrel SG, et al. Investigating family-based alternatives to institution-based mental health services for youth: lessons learned from the pilot study of a randomised field trial. Journal of Clinical and Child Psychology 1997; 26: 226–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fo WS, O'Donnell CR. The buddy system: relationship and contingency conditions in a community intervention program for youth with non-professionals as behaviour change agents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1974; 42: 163–169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer DD, Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Neckerman HJ. Preventing serious, violent and chronic juvenile offending: a review of evaluations of selected strategies in childhood, adolescence and the community. Serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders, JC Howell, B Krisberg, JD Hawkins, JJ Wilson. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 1995; 61–141
   Google Scholar
• Lipsley MW. Juvenile delinquency treatment: a meta-analy inquiry into the variability of effects. DS Cordray, H Hartman. Russell Sage Foundation, New York 1992
   Google Scholar
• Klein NC, Alexander JF, Parsons BV. Impact of family systems intervention on recidivism and sibling delinquency. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1977; 45: 469–474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfredson DC, Karweit NL, Gottfredson GD. Reducing disorderly behaviour in middle schools. Centre for Research on Elementary and Middle Schools, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 1989
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredson DC, Gottfredson GD, Hybl LG. Managing adolescent behaviour: a multi-year, multi-school study. American Educational Research Journal 1993; 30: 179–215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfredson DC, Gottfredson GD, Hybl LG. Theory guided investigation: three field experiments. Preventing antisocial behaviour, J McCord, RE Tremblay. Guilford, New York 1992
   Google Scholar
• Brennan RT. Project evaluation: ECSS program of the lesson one foundation beginners' curriculum (pre-kindergarten to third grade). Lesson One Foundation, Boston 1992
   Google Scholar
• Committee for Children. Evaluation of second step, pre-school-kindergarten, a violence prevention curriculum kit. Committee for Children, Seattle 1992
   Google Scholar
• Marvel J, Moreda I, Cook I. Developing conflict resolution skills in students: a study of the fighting fair model. Peace Education Foundation, Miami 1993
   Google Scholar
• Dolan LJ, Kellam SG, Brown CH, Werthamer Larsson L. The short-term impact of two classroom-based preventive interventions on aggressive and shy behaviours and poor achievement. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 1993; 14: 317–345
   Google Scholar
• Kellam SG, Rebok GW, Lalongo N, Mayer LS. The course and malleability of aggressive behaviour from early first grade into middle school: results of a developmental epidemiologically-based preventive trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1994; 35: 259–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellam SG, Rebok GW. Building developmental and etiological theory through epidemiologically based preventive intervention trials. Preventing antisocial behaviour: interventions from birth through adolescence, J McCord, RE Tremblay. Guilford Press, New York 1992; 162–195
   Google Scholar
• Olweus D. Bully/victim problems among schoolchildren. The development and treatment of childhood aggression, K Rubin, D Pepler. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Lawrence Erlbaum AssociatesHillsdale, NJ 1991
   Google Scholar
• O'Donnell J, Hawkins D, Catalano RF, Abbott RD, Day E. Preventing school failure, drug use and delinquency among low-income children: long term intervention in elementary schools. American Orthopsychiatric Association 1995; 65: 87–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins JD, Catalano RF. Communities that care. Josey-Bass, San Francisco 1992
   Google Scholar
• Gould MS, Fisher P, Parides M, Flory M, Shaffer D. Psychosocial risk factors of child and adolescent completed suicide. Archives of General Psychiatry 1996; 53: 1155–1162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beardslee WR, Hoke L, Weelock I, Rothberg PC, van de Velde P, Swatling S. Initial findings on preventive intervention for families with parental affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 149: 1335–1340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler ON, West SG, Baca L, et al. Linking empirically based theory and evaluation. The Family Bereavement Program. American Journal of Community Psychology 1992; 20: 491–523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durlak JA, Wells AM. Primary prevention mental health programs: the future is exciting. American Journal of Community Psychology 1997; 25: 233–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadish WR. Do family and marital psychotherapies change what people do?. Meta-analysis for explanation: a casebook, TD Cook, H Cooper. Sage, New York 1992; 129–208
   Google Scholar
• Johnson DL. Primary prevention of behaviour problems in young children: The Houston Parent-Child Development Centre. Fourteen ounces of prevention: a casebook for practitioners, R Price, EL Cowen, RP Lorion, J Ramos-McKay. American Psychological Association, Washington 1991; 44–52
   Google Scholar
• Pedro-Carroll JL, Cowen EL. The children of divorce intervention program: an investigation of the efficacy of a school-based prevention program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1985; 53: 603–611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedro-Carroll JL, Cowen EL, Hightower AD. Preventive intervention with latency-aged children of divorce: a replication study. American Journal of Community Psychology 1986; 14: 277–290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedro-Carroll JL, Alpert-Gillis LJ, Cowen EL. An evaluation of the efficacy of a preventive intervention for 4th–6th grade urban children of divorce. Journal of Primary Prevention 1992; 13: 115–130
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stolberg AL, Mahler J. Enhancing treatment gains in a school-based intervention for children of divorce through skill training, parental involvement and transfer procedures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1994; 62: 147–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markman HJ, Floyd F, Stanley SM, Storaasli R. The prevention of marital distress: a longitudinal investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1988; 56: 210–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markman HJ, Renick MJ, Floyd FJ, Stanley SM, Clements M. Preventing marital distress through effective communication and conflict management: a 4- and 5-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1993; 61: 70–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen KJ, Cullen AM. Long-term follow-up of the Busselton six-year controlled trial of prevention of children's behaviour disorders. Journal of Paediatrics 1996; 129: 136–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burvill PW. The changing pattern of suicide by gassing in Australia. 1910–1987: the role of natural gas and motor vehicles. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1989; 81: 178–184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor C, Turrell G, Baume P. Access to means of suicide by young Australians. Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Carina, Qld 1996
   Google Scholar
• Carrington PJ, Moyer S. Gun control and suicide in Ontario. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 151: 606–608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester D, Leenaars AA. Suicide rates in Canada before and after tightening firearm control laws. Psychological Reports 1993; 72: 787–790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftin C, McDowall D, Wiersema B, Cottey TJ. Effects of restrictive licensing of handguns on homicide and suicide in the district of Columbia. New England Journal of Medicine 1991; 325: 1615–1620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich CL, Young JG, Fowler RC, Wagner J, Black NA. Guns and suicide: possible effects of some specific legislation. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 147: 342–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snowden J, Harris L. Firearms suicides in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 1992; 156: 79–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor CH, Slater PJ. The impact of firearm control legislation on suicide in Queensland: preliminary findings. Medical Journal of Australia 1995; 162: 583–585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan JH, Rivara FP, Reay DT, Ferris JA, Kellermann AL. Firearm regulations and rates of suicide: a comparison of two metropolitan areas. New England Journal of Medicine 1990; 322: 369–373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley M, Cantor C, De Moore G. Jumping the gun: firearms and the mental health of Australians. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 30: 370–381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver RG, Hetzel BS. An analysis of recent trends of suicide rates in Australia. International Journal of Epidemiology 1973; 2: 91–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K, Ware C, Mistry H, et al. Paracetamol self-poisoning. Characteristics, prevention and harm reduction. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 168: 43–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitlock FA. Suicide in Brisbane. 1956–73: the drug-death epidemic. Medical Journal of Australia 1975; 1: 737–743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnell D, Hawton K, Murray V, et al. Use of paracetamol for suicide and non-fatal poisoning in the UK and France: are restrictions on availability justified?. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1997; 51: 175–179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah A, Jenkins R. Mental health economic studies from developing countries reviewed in the context of those from developed countries. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1999; 100: 1–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester D. Changing rates of suicide by car exhaust in men and women in the United States after car exhaust was detoxified. Crisis 1989; 10: 164–168
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Motto JA. Newspapers influence on suicide. A controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry 1970; 23: 143–148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etzersdorfer E, Sonneck G, Nagel-Kuess S. Newspaper reports and suicide. New England Journal of Medicine 1992; 327: 502–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent DA, Perper JA, Moritz G, et al. Adolescent witnesses to a peer suicide. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1993; 32: 1184–1188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent DA, Perper JA, Moritz G, Liotus L, Schweers J, Canobbio R. Major depression or uncomplicated bereavement? A follow-up of youth exposed to suicide. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1994; 33: 231–239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews JA, Lewinsohn PM. Suicidal attempts among older adolescents: prevalence and co-occurrence with psychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1992; 31: 655–662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner BM. Family risk factors for child and adolescent suicidal behaviour. Psychological Bulletin 1997; 121: 246–298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazell P, Lewin T. An evaluation of postvention following adolescent suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1993; 23: 101–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callahan J. Negative effects of a school suicide postvention program – a case example. Crisis 1996; 17: 108–115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Etzersdorfer E, Sonneck G. Letter to the editors on ‘Negative effects of a school suicide postvention program – a case example’. Crisis 1997; 18: 96
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rutter M, Maughan B, Mortimore P, Ouston J, Smith A. Fifteen thousand hours: secondary schools and their effects on children. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1979
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds D, Jones D, St Leger S. Schools do make a difference. New Society 1976; 37: 321
   Google Scholar
• Mortimore P. The positive effects of schooling. Psychosocial disturbances in young people: challenges for prevention, M Rutter. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1995
   Google Scholar
• Rutter M. School effects on pupil progress: research findings and policy implications. Child Development 1983; 54: 1–29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer JP. Educating poor minority children. Scientific American 1988; 259: 42–48
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis C, Frederico M. Inventory of the current Australian research effort in youth suicide prevention. National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra 1997
   Google Scholar
• Knapp M. Economic evaluations and interventions for children and adolescents with mental health problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1997; 38: 3–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar