The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: a target for intervention in early psychosis?

References

• Gibbons J L. Cortisol secretion rate in depressive illness. Archives of General Psychiatry 1964; 10: 572–575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips L J, McGorry P D, Garner B, et al. Stress, the hippocampus and the HPA axis: implications for the development of psychotic disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 40: 725–741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro S C, Tandon R, Grunhaus L, Greden J F. The DST as a predictor of outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1618–1629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson J C, Davis J M. DST studies in psychotic depression: a meta analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1497–1503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush A J, Giles D E, Schlesser M A, et al. The dexamethasone suppression test in patients with mood disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1996; 57: 470–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson S, Gallagher P, Del-Estal D, Hearn A, Ferrier I N, Young A H. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in patients with chronic depression. Psychological Medicine 2002; 32: 1021–1028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelson D A, Doraiswamy P M, Boyko O B, et al. In vivo assessment of pituitary volume with magnetic resonance imaging and systematic stereology: relationship to dexamethasone suppression test results in patients. Psychiatry Research 1992; 44: 63–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante C M, Dazzan P, Danese A, et al. Increased pituitary volume in antipsychotic-free and antipsychotic-treated patients of the AEsop first-onset psychosis study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30: 1923–1931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante C M, Vassilopoulou K, Velakoulis D, et al. Pituitary volume in psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 185: 5–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner B, Pariante C M, Wood S J, et al. Pituitary volume predicts future transition to psychosis in individuals at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis. Biological Psychiatry 2005; 58: 417–423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen R G, Mull C, McClure R, Hamer R M, Lieberman J A. Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 188: 510–518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, McGorry P D, et al. Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a crosssectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. [see comment]. Lancet 2003; 361: 281–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepin M C, Beaulieu S, Barden N. Antidepressants regulate glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA concentrations in primary neuronal cultures. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research 1989; 6: 77–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McQuade R, Young A H. Future therapeutic targets in mood disorders: the glucocorticoid receptor. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 177: 390–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barden N. Regulation of corticosteroid receptor gene expression in depression and antidepressant action. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 1999; 24: 25–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seckl J R, Fink G. Antidepressants increase glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in rat hippocampus in vivo. Neuroendocrinology 1992; 55: 621–626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossby S P, Nalepa I, Huang M, et al. Norepinephrineindependent regulation of GRII mRNA in vivo by a tricyclic antidepressant. Brain Research 1995; 687: 79–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahn H, Schick M, Kiefer F, Kellner M, Yassouridis A, Wiedemann K. Metyrapone as additive treatment in major depression: a double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004; 61: 1235–1244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zobel A W, Nickel T, Sonntag A, Uhr M, Holsboer F, Ising M. Cortisol response in the combined dexamethasone/CRH test as predictor of relapse in patients with remitted depression: a prospective study. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2001; 35: 83–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holsboer F, Spengler D, Heuser I. The role of corticotropinreleasing hormone in the pathogenesis of Cushing’s disease, anorexia nervosa, alcoholism, affective disorders and dementia. Progress in Brain Research 1992; 93: 385–417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holsboer F. The rationale for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRH-R) antagonists to treat depression and anxiety. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1999; 33: 181–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zobel A W, Nickel T, Kunzel H E, et al. Effects of the high-affinity corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist R121919 in major depression: the first 20 patients treated. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2000; 34: 171–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert J. Neurosteroids brain damage mental illness. Experimental Gerontology 1998; 33: 713–727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulcova J, Hill M, Hampl R, Starka L. Age and sex related differences in serum levels of unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulphate in normal subjects. Journal of Endocrinology 1997; 154: 57–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young A H, Gallagher P, Porter R J. Elevation of the cortisoldehydroepiandrosterone ratio in drug-free depressed patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1237–1239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch M, Schmidt P J, Danaceau M A, Adams L F, Rubinow D R. Dehydroepiandrosterone treatment of midlife dysthymia. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1533–1541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt P J, Daly R C, Bloch M, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone monotherapy in midlife-onset major and minor depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005; 62: 154–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupien S J, Gaudreau S, Tchiteya B M, et al. Stress-induced declarative memory impairment in healthy elderly subjects: relationship to cortisol reactivity. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1997; 82: 2070–2075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huppert F A, Van Niekerk J K. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation for cognitive function. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001; CD000304
   Google Scholar
• de Kloet E R, Oitzl M S, Joels M. Functional implications of brain corticosteroid receptor diversity. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 1993; 13: 433–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belanoff J K, Rothschild A J, Cassidy F, et al. An open label trial of C-1073 (mifepristone) for psychotic major depression. Biological Psychiatry 2002; 52: 386–392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson G M, El Sheshai A, Loza N, et al. An 8-week open-label trial of a 6-day course of mifepristone for the treatment of psychotic depression. [see comment]. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2005; 66: 598–602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young A H, Gallagher P, Watson S, Del-Estal D, Owen B M, Nicol Ferrier I. Improvements in neurocognitive function and mood following adjunctive treatment with mifepristone (RU- 486) in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29: 1538–1545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher P, Watson S, Smith M S, Ferrier I N, Young A H. Effects of adjunctive mifepristone (RU-486) administration on neurocognitive function and symptoms in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2005; 57: 155–161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar