References
- Blaivas JG. Diagnostic evaluation. Semin Urol 1989; Vol VII, No 2: 65–77.
- Rud T. The effects of estrogens and gestagens on the urethral pressure profile in urinary continent and stress incontinent women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1980; 59: 265–70.
- Elbadawi A. Anatomy and innervation of the vesicourethral musculature unit of micturition. In: Krane RJ, Siroky MB, eds. Clinical Neurourology. Boston: Little, Brown & Co, 1991: 5–23.
- Gosling JA, Dixon JS, Critchley HOO, Thompson SA. A comparative study of the human external sphincter and periurethral levator ani muscles. Br J Surg 1981; 53: 35–41.
- Snooks SJ, Barnes PRH, Swash M. Damage to the innervation of the voluntary anal and periurethral sphincter musculature in incontinence; An electrophysiological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1984; 47: 1269–75.
- Stålberg E, Trontelj JV Single fiber electromyography. Studies in healthy and diseased muscle. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press, 1994.
- Willison RG. Analysis of electrical activity in healthy and dystrophic muscle in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1964; 27: 386–94.
- Stålberg E, Chu J, Bril V, Nandedkar SD, Stålberg S, Ericsson M. Automatic analysis of EMG interference pattern. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1983; 56: 672–81.
- Henneman E. Relation between size of neurons and their susceptibility to discharge. Science 1957; 126: 1345–6.
- Neil ME, Swash M. Increased motor unit fibre density in the external anal sphincter muscle in ano-rectal incontinence: a single fibre EMG study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psy- chiatr 1980; 43: 343–7.
- Anderson RS. Increased motor unit fibre density in the external anal sphincter in genuine stress incontinence; A single fibre EMG study. Neurourol Urodyn 1983; 2: 45–50.
- Aanestad Ö, Flink R. Interference pattern in perineal muscles. A quantitative electromyographic study in patients with feacal incontinence. Eur J Surg 1994; 160: 111–18.
- Stålberg E, Ekstedt J. Single fibre EMG and microphysiology of the motor unit in normal and diseased human muscle. In: Desmedt JE, ed. New developments in electromyography and clinical neurophysiology. Basel: Karger, 1973: 113–29.
- Aanestad Ö, Flink R, Stålberg E. Interference pattern in perineal muscles 1. A quantitative electromyographic study in normal subjects. Neurourol Urodyn 1989; 8: 1–9.
- Rud T, Andersson KE, Asmussen M, Hunting A, Ulmsten U. Factors maintaining the intraurethral pressure in women. Invest Urol 1980; 17: 343–7.
- Chappel CR, Helm CW, Blease S, Milroy EJG, Rickards D, Osborne JL . Asymptomatic bladder neck incompetence in nulliparous females. Br J Urol 1989; 64: 357–9.
- Turner-Warwick R, Brown ADG. A urodynamic evaluation of urinary incontinence in the female and its treatment. Urol Clin North Am 1979; 6: 203–16.
- Mayo ME. The value of sphincter electromyography in uro- dynamics. J Urol 1979; 122: 357–60.
- Boe K, Larsen S. Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: Classification and characterization of responders. Neurourol Urodyn 1992; 11: 497–507.
- Nygaard IE, Kreder KJ, Lepic MM, Fountain KA, Rhom- berg AT. Efficacy of pelvic floor muscle exercise in women with stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 174: 120–5.
- Stålberg E, Antoni L. Computer-aided EMG analysis. In: Desmedt JE, ed. Progress in clinical neurophysiology. Basel: Karger, 1983: 188–234.
- Hakelius L, Stålberg E. Electromyographic studies of free autogenous muscle transplants in man. Scand J Plast Re- constr Surg 1974; 8: 211–19.
- Gosling J. Symposium on clinical urodynamics. Urol Clin North Am 1979; 6: 31.
- Webb RJ, Fawcett PRW, Neal DE. Electromyographic abnormalities in the urethral and anal sphincters of women with idiopathic retention of urine. Br J Urol 1992; 70: 22–5.
- Beisland HO, Fossberg E, Sander S, Moer A. Urodynamic studies before and after retropubic urethropexy for stress incontinence in females. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1982; 155: 333–6.
- Thind P, Lose G, Colstrup H. Initial urethral pressure increase during stress episodes in genuine stress incontinent women. Br J Urol 1992; 69: 137–40.
- Rud T. Urethral pressure profile in incontinent women from childhood to old age. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1980; 59: 331–5.
- Kuru M. Nervous control of micturition. Physiol Rev 1965; 45: 425–94.