Fear during labor

References

• Eysenck MW Anxiety the cognitive perspective. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd, Publishers, 1992: 35–50.
   Google Scholar
• Whitley GG. Concept analysis of fear. Nurs Diagn 1992; 3: 155–61.
   Google Scholar
• Lederman RP, Lederman E, Work BA, McCann DS. The relationship of maternal anxiety, plasma catecholamines, and plasma cortisol to progress in labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978; 132 (5): 495–500.
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs AR, Fuchs F Endocrinology of human parturition: a review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1984; 91: 948–67.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien WF, Cefalo RC. Labor and delivery. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL (Obstetrics normal & problem pregnancies.): 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1991: 427–55.
   Google Scholar
• Istvan J. Stress, anxiety and birth outcomes: a critical review. Psychol Bull 1986; 100 (3): 331–48.
   Google Scholar
• Levin JS, DeFrank RS. Maternal stress and pregnancy outcomes. A review of the Psychosocial literature. J Psychosom Res 1988; 9: 3–16.
   Google Scholar
• Lobel M. Conceptualizations, measurements, and effects of prenatal maternal stress and birth outcomes. J Behav Med 1994; 17 (3): 225–72.
   Google Scholar
• Melzack R, Kinch R, Dobkin P, Lebrun M, Taenzer P Severity of labor pain: influence of physical as well as psychologic variables. Can Med Assoc J 1984; 30 (1): 579–84.
   Google Scholar
• Niven C, Gijsbers K. A study of labor pain using the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Soc Sci Med 1984; 18: 1347–51.
   Google Scholar
• Fridh G, Kopare T, Gaston-Johansson F, Norvell Turner K. Factors associated with more intense labor pain. Res Nurs Health 1988; 11: 117–24.
   Google Scholar
• Norvell Turner K, Gaston-Johansson F, Fridh G. Remembrance of labor pain: how valid are retrospective pain measurements? Pain 1987; 31: 77–86.
   Google Scholar
• Gaston-Johansson F, Fridh G, Norvell Turner K. Progression of labor pain in primiparas and multiparas. Nurs Res 1988; 37 (2): 86–90.
   Google Scholar
• Brown ST, Campbell D, Kurtz A. Characteristics of labor pain at two stages of cervical dilation. Pain 1989; 38: 289–95.
   Google Scholar
• Fridh G, Gaston-Johansson F Do primiparas and multiparas have realistic expectations of labor. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1990; 69: 103–9.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe NK. Differences in first and second stage labor pain between nulliparous and multiparous women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 13: 243–53.
   Google Scholar
• Ranta P, Jouppila P, Jouppila R. The intensity of labor pain in grand multiparas. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75: 250–4.
   Google Scholar
• Lederman RP, Lederman E, Work BA, McCann DS. Anxiety and epinephrine in multiparous women in labor. Relationship to duration of labor and fetal heart rate pattern. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153 (8): 870–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe NK. Individual variation of childbirth pain. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 1987; 7: 183–92.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe NK. Explaining the pain of active labor: The importance of maternal confidence. Res Nurs Health 1989; 12: 237–45.
   Google Scholar
• Wuitchik M, Bakal D, Lipshitz J. The clinical significance of pain and cognitive activity in latent labor. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 3 (1): 35–42.
   Google Scholar
• Wuitchik M, Bakal D, Lipshitz J. Relationships between pain, cognitive activity and epidural analgesia. Pain 1990; 41: 125–32.
   Google Scholar
• Wijma K, Wijma B, Zar M. Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ; a new questionnaire for the measurements of fear of childbirth. J Psychosom Res 1998; 19: 84–97.
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene R, Vagg PR, Jacobs GA. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, Calif.: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Smith R, Cubis J, Brinsmead M, Lewin T, Singh B, Owens P et al. Mood changes, obstetrics experiences and alterations in plasma cortisol, beta-endorphin and corticotropin releasing hormone during pregnancy and the puerperium. J Psychosom Res 1990; 34 (1): 53–69.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe NK. The pain and the discomfort of labor and pain. JOGGN 1996; 25: 82–92.
   Google Scholar
• Sjögren B, Thomassen P Obstetric outcome in 100 women with severe anxiety over childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76 (10): 948–52.
   Google Scholar
• Sjögren B. Reasons for anxiety about childbirth in 100 pregnant women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 1997; 18: 266–72.
   Google Scholar
• Melender HL, Lauri S. Fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth – experiences of women who have recently given birth. Midwifery 1999; 15: 177–82.
   Google Scholar