Cigarette, alcohol, and caffeine consumption: risk factors for spontaneous abortion

References

• Vital statistics 1977. 1979. National Board of Health.
   Google Scholar
• National Board of Health. Statistics on Contraception and Legally Induced Abortions in 1994 and 1995. 1997. Copenhagen, Health Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• National Board of Health. Medical Birth Statistics 1994 and 1995. 1997. Copenhagen, Health Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, O’Connor JF, Baird DD, Schlatterer JP, Canfield RE et al. Incidence of early loss of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 189–194.
   Google Scholar
• Kline J, Stein ZA, Susser M, Warburton D. Smoking: a risk factor for spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med 1997; 297: 793–796.
   Google Scholar
• Ahlborg G, Bodin L. Tobacco smoke exposure and pregnancy outcome among working women. A prospective study at prenatal care centers in Orebro County, Sweden. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 338–347.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong BG, McDonald AD, Sloan M. Cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption and spontaneous abortion. Am J Public Health 1992; 82: 85–87.
   Google Scholar
• Harlap S, Shiono PH, Ramcharan SA. A life table of spontaneous abortions and the effects of age, parity and other variables. In: Porter IA, Hook EB, editors. Human Embryonic and Fetal Death. New York: Academic Press, 1980: 145–158.
   Google Scholar
• Windham GC, Swan SH, Fenster L. Parental cigarette smoking and the risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 1394–1403.
   Google Scholar
• Dominguez-Rojas V, de Juanes-Pardo JR, Astasio-Arbiza P, Ortega-Molina P, Gordillo-Florencio E. Spontaneous abortion in a hospital population: are tobacco and coffee intake risk factors? Eur J Epidemiol 1994; 10: 665–668.
   Google Scholar
• Dlugosz L, Belanger K, Hellenbrand K, Holford TR, Leaderer B, Bracken MB. Maternal caffeine consumption and spontaneous abortion: a prospective cohort study. Epidemiology 1996; 7: 250–255.
   Google Scholar
• Windham GC, Von BJ, Fenster L, Schaefer C, Swan SH. Moderate maternal alcohol consumption and risk of spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology 1997; 8: 509–514.
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Risk factors for early pregnancy loss. Epidemiology 1990; 1: 382–385.
   Google Scholar
• Mills JL, Holmes LB, Aarons JH, Simpson JL, Brown ZA, Jovanovic-Peterson LG et al. Moderate caffeine use and the risk of spontaneous abortion and intrauterine growth retardation [see comments]. JAMA 1993; 269: 593–597.
   Google Scholar
• Parazzini F, Tozzi L, Chatenoud L, Restelli S, Luchini L, La VC Alcohol and risk of spontaneous abortion. Hum Reprod 1994; 9: 1950–1953.
   Google Scholar
• Fenster L, Hubbard AE, Swan SH, Windham GC, Waller K, Hiatt RA et al. Caffeinated beverages, decaffeinated coffee, and spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology 1997; 8: 515–523.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen J. Cigarette smoking, tea and coffee drinking, and subfecundity. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 734–739.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen J, Overvad K, Frische G. Coffee consumption, birthweight, and reproductive failures. Epidemiology 1991; 2: 370–374.
   Google Scholar
• Kesmodel U, Wisborg K, Olsen SF, Henriksen TB, Secher NJ. Moderate alcohol intake in pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion. Alcohol Alcohol 2002; 37: 87–92.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandes O, Sabharwal M, Smiley T, Pastuszak A, Koren G, Einarson T. Moderate to heavy caffeine consumption during pregnancy and relationship to spontaneous abortion and abnormal fetal growth: a meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol 1998; 12: 435–444.
   Google Scholar
• Cnattingius S, Signorello LB, Anneren G, Clausson B, Ekbom A, Ljunger E et al. Caffeine intake and the risk of first-trimester spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1839–45.
   Google Scholar
• Klebanoff MA, Levine RJ, DerSimonian R, Clemens JD, Wilkins DG. Maternal serum paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, and the risk of spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1639–1644.
   Google Scholar
• Weigel RM, Weigel MM. Nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. A meta-analytical review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 1312–1318.
   Google Scholar
• Weigel MM, Weigel RM. Nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. An epidemiological study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 1304–1311.
   Google Scholar
• Fenster L, Eskenazi B, Windham GC, Swan SH. Caffeine consumption during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology 1991; 2: 168–174.
   Google Scholar
• Schreiber GB, Robins M, Maffeo CE, Masters MN, Bond AP, Morganstein D. Confounders contributing to the reported associations of coffee or caffeine with disease. Prev Med 1988; 17: 295–309.
   Google Scholar