The incidence, risk factors and obstetric outcome in primigravid women sustaining anal sphincter tears

References

• Sultan AH, Monga AK, Kumar D, Stanton SL. Primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture using overlap technique. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106: 318–23.
   Google Scholar
• Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Bartram CL. Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair. Br Med J 1994; 308: 887–91.
   Google Scholar
• Tetzschner T, Sorensen M, Lose G, Christianen J. Anal and urinary incontinence in women with obstetric anal sphincter rupture. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996; 103: 1034–40.
   Google Scholar
• Klein MC, Gauthier RJ, Robbins JM, Kaczorowski J, Jorgensen SH, Franco ED et al. Relation of episiotomy to perineal trauma and morbidity, sexual dysfunction and pelvic floor relaxation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171: 591–8.
   Google Scholar
• Moeller Bek K, Laurberg S. Intervention during labour: risk factors associated with complete tear of the anal sphincter. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1992; 71: 520–4.
   Google Scholar
• Green JR, Soohoo SL. Factors associated with rectal injury in spontaneous deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 73: 732–8.
   Google Scholar
• Sultan AH. Obstetrical perineal injury and anal incontinence. Clin Risk 1999; 5: 193–6.
   Google Scholar
• Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Thomas JM, Bartram CI. Anal-sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1905–11.
   Google Scholar
• Donnelly V, Fynes M, Campbell D, Johnson H, O’Connell PR, O’Herlihy C. Obstetric events leading to anal sphincter damage. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 92: 955–61.
   Google Scholar
• Fynes M, O’Herlihy C. The influence of mode of delivery on anal sphincter injury and fecal continence. [Review.] Obstetrician Gynaecologist 2000; 3: 120–5.
   Google Scholar
• Combs CA, Robertson PA, Laros RK Jr. Risk factors for third degree and fourth degree lacerations in forceps and vacuum deliveries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163: 100–4.
   Google Scholar
• Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJ, Dekker GA, Deville W, Cuesta MA, Meuwissen SG. Third degree obstetric perineal tears: risk factors and the preventive role of mediolateral episiotomy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 563–6.
   Google Scholar
• Samuelsson E, Ladfors L, Wennerholm UB, Garebeg B, Nyberg K, Hagberg H. Anal sphincter tears: a prospective study of obstetric risk factors. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2000; 107: 926–31.
   Google Scholar
• de Leeuw JW, Struijk PC, Vierhout ME, Wallenburg HC. Risk factors for third degree perineal ruptures during delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2001; 108: 383–7.
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox LS, Strobino DM, Baruffi G, Dellinger WS Jr. Episiotomy and its role in the incidence of perineal lacerations in a maternity centre and a tertiary hospital obstetric service. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 1047–52.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds JL. Reducing the frequency of episiotomies through a continuous quality improvement program. Can Med Assoc J 1995; 153: 275–82.
   Google Scholar
• Henriksen TB, Bek KM, Hedegaard M, Secher NJ. Methods and consequences of changes in use of episiotomy. Br Med J 1994; 309: 1255–8.
   Google Scholar
• Williams FLV, Florey C, Mires GJ, Ogston SA. Episiotomies and perineal tears in low-risk UK primigravidae. J Public Health Med 1998; 20: 422–7.
   Google Scholar
• Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Bartram CI, Hudson CN. Anal sphincter trauma during instrumental delivery. A comparison between forceps and vacuum extraction. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1993; 43: 263–70.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick M, Fynes M, Cassidy M, Behan M, O’Connell PR, O’Herlihy C. Prospective study of the influence of parity and operative technique on the outcome of primary anal sphincter repair following obstetrical injury. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000; 89: 159–63.
   Google Scholar
• Johanson RB, Rice C, Doyle M, Arthur J, Anyanwu L, Ibrahim J et al. A randomized prospective study comparing the new vacuum extractor policy with forceps delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 524–30.
   Google Scholar
• Chalmer JA, Chalmer I. The obstetric vacuum extractor should be the instrument of choice for operative vaginal delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 505–6.
   Google Scholar
• Jander C, Lyrenas S. Third and fourth degree perineal tears. Predictor factors in a referral hospital. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001; 80: 229–34.
   Google Scholar
• Janni W, Schiessl B, Peschers U, Huber S, Strobi B, Hantschmann P et al. The prognostic impact of a prolonged second stage of labor on maternal and fetal outcome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002; 81: 214–21.
   Google Scholar